Recent Situation of Acupuncture and Moxibustion in the Treatment of Stomach Pain with Deficiency and Cold of Spleen and Stomach

Stomachache is one of the most common diseases of digestive system, among which stomach pain of deficiency cold of spleen and stomach is the most common. Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy as an external treatment of traditional Chinese medicine for relieving stomach pain due to deficiency of spleen and stomach, has the advantages of convenient operation, small adverse reactions and remarkable curative effect, which is easy for patients to accept. In this paper, acupuncture and moxibustion therapy such as moxibustion and warm acupuncture therapy for stomach pain of spleen and stomach deficiency cold type is summarized to provide evidence-based basis for clinical treatment of stomach pain of spleen and stomach deficiency cold type.

Effect of Acupoint Liquid Nitrogen Cryotherapy on Neuro-Endocrine-Immune Network System in Patients with Lung Qi Deficiency Syndrome in Remission Stage of Bronchial Asthma

[Objectives]To observe the effect of acupoint liquid nitrogen cryotherapy on the neuro-endocrine-immune network system of lung qi deficiency syndrome during the remission period of bronchial asthma and explore its possible mechanism.[Methods]A total of 100 patients with bronchial asthma were randomly divided into control group and observation group,with 50 cases in each group.The control group was given budesonide spray inhalation treatment,combined with acupoint liquid nitrogen freezing treatment,twice a year for a course of treatment,followed up for 1 year.The other 50 healthy volunteers were included in the healthy group,and no treatment was given in the healthy group.Serum immunoglobulins A,G,E(IgA,IgG,IgE)were detected before and after treatment in each group,serum cytokines[interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-10(IL-10),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interferon-γ(IFN-γ)],plasma neurotransmitters[substance P(SP),vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)].[Results]Before treatment,compared with healthy group,the contents of IgA,IgG,IL-10,IFN-γand VIP in observation group and control group were decreased,while the contents of IgE,IL-4,TNF-αand SP were increased,with statistical significance(P<0.05).After treatment,compared with before treatment,IgA,IgG,IL-10,IFN-γand VIP contents in observation group and control group were increased(P<0.05),and observation group was higher than control group(P<0.05),IgE,IL-4 and SP contents in observation group and control group were decreased(P<0.05).The observation group was lower than the control group(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Acupoint liquid nitrogen cryotherapy may improve the immune function of the body,regulate the release of cytokines and regulate neuromediators,and thus play a role in the prevention and treatment of bronchial asthma.

Research on the Index System of Old Neighborhood Renovation Based on Green Building Evaluation Standard

With the advancement of the transformation,the contradiction between the residents’demand for a better living environment and the convenience of living in the settlements comes to the fore.Effective identification,organic integration,timely adoption,and correct decision-making for the transformation of old neighborhoods are pressing issues in the transformation of old neighborhoods.Therefore,this paper takes the green building evaluation standards of various countries as the research basis and support for the construction of the transformation strategy of old neighborhoods.Through the collection and comparative analysis of the indicators of green building evaluation standards,the index system of transformation is formed,and it also provides a certain foundation for the subsequent related research.

Inverse Halogen Bonds Interactions Involving Br Atom in the Electronic Deficiency Systems of CH3＋… Br-Y （Y--H, CCH, CN, NC）

Inverse halogen bonds interactions involving Br in the electronic deficiency systems of CH3＋...Br-Y （Y=H, CCH, CN, NC） have been investigated by B3LYP/6- 311＋＋G（d, p） and MP2/6-311＋＋G（d, p） methods. The calculated interaction energies with basis set super-position error correction of the four IXBs complexes are 218.87, 219.48, 159.18, and 143.05kJ/mol （MP2/6-311＋＋G（d, p））, respectively. The relative stabilities of the four complexes increased in the order： CH3＋ … BrCN〈CH3＋…- BrNC〈CH3＋… BrH≈CH3＋ …BrCCH. Natural bond orbital theory analysis and the chemical shifts calculation of the related atoms revealed that the charges flow from Br-Y to CH3e. Here, the Br of Br-Y acts as both a halogen bond donor and an electron donor. Therefore, compared with conventional halogen bonds, the IXBs complexes formed between Br-Y and CH3＋. Atoms-in-molecules theory has been used to investigate the topological properties of the critical points of the four IXBs structures which have more covalent content.

A comparison of the effect of alendronate and You-Gui-Wan on osteoporosis in female rats with kidney-yang deficiency

Background:In traditional Chinese medicine,You-Gui-Wan(YGW)is typically used to treat osteoporosis associated with kidney-yang deficiency.However,there have been few mechanistic studies on the effectiveness of kidney-yang deficiency-type osteoporosis with YGW.To further clarify the role of YGW in the effect of osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency,the study analyzed the therapeutic advantages of YGW by comparing the therapeutic effects of YGW and alendronate(ALN)on osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency.Methods:SPF female SD rats were randomly divided into control,osteoporosis,osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency,osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency+YGW and osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency+ALN groups.Except for the control group,osteoporosis was induced by the removal of bilateral ovaries.After 12 weeks,rats with osteoporosis in the kidney-yang deficiency group had kidney-yang deficiency syndrome triggered by hydrocortisone for 14 days.Rats were treated with YGW or ALN for 12 weeks.The weights of rats were recorded.Hematoxylin-eosin staining staining was used to observe pathological changes in bone trabeculae,liver,spleen,and kidneys of rats.Depletion of the growth plate cartilage of rats in different groups was observed by safranine-O staining.The expression of osteoclast key indices(ACP)and osteoblast key indices(ALP)in the bone tissue of rats in the different groups was observed by immunohistochemical staining.The expression of bone resorption-related indicators(TRAP and NXT-1),bone formation-related indicators(BALP,BGP,and P1NP),and major indicators of kidney-yang deficiency(ACTH,T3,T4,cAMP,and cGMP)were observed using an ELISA detection kit.The expression levels of the main indices of liver function(ALT and AST)were detected in different groups.Results:The differences between the osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency group and osteoporosis group were that the weight of rats and the expression of ACTH,T3,T4,and cAMP decreased significantly,and the expression of cGMP increased in the osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency group.Moreover,both YGW and ALN effectively improved the symptoms of osteoporosis,including the injury of bone trabeculae and growth plates,as well as the expression of bone metabolism-related indicators.However,unlike ALN,YGW simultaneously ameliorated the expression of key indicators of kidney-yang deficiency and prevented weight loss in rats.In addition,YGW caused no obvious damage to the liver,spleen,or kidney,whereas ALN led to liver cirrhosis.Conclusion:The results reveal that YGW plays a crucial part in osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency,increases bone mineral density,and improves bone metabolism indicators,and is safe and efficient for the efficacy of osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency.YGW might have a better therapeutic effect on osteoporosis in patients with kidney-yang deficiency.Therefore,alendronate should be used cautiously in patients with osteoporosis and poor liver function.

Is magnesium deficiency the major cause of needle chlorosis of Pinus taeda in Brazil?

Needle chlorosis(NC)in Pinus taeda L.systems in Brazil becomes more frequent after second and third harvest rotation cycles.In a study to identify factors contributing to yellowing needle chorosis(YNC),trees were grown in soils originating from contrasting parent materials,and soils and needles(whole,green and chlorotic portions)from 1-and 2-year-old branches and the first and second needle flush release at four sites with YNC on P.taeda were analyzed for various elements and properties.All soils had very low base levels(Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+)and K^(+))and P,suggesting a possible lack of multiple elements.YNC symptoms started at needle tips,then extended toward the needle base with time.First flush needles had longer portions with YNC than second flush needles did.Needles from the lower crown also had more symptoms along their length than those higher in the canopy.Symptoms were similar to those reported for Mg.In chlorotic portions,Mg and Ca concentrations were well below critical values;in particular,Mg levels were only one third of the critical value of 0.3 g kg^(-1).Collectively,results suggest that Mg deficiency is the primary reason for NC of P.taeda in various parent soils in Brazil.

Distinct and Additive Effects of Alcohol and Thiamine Deficiency in the Developing Brain: Relevance to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Background: Neurodevelopmental abnormalities in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) are linked to brain insulin resistance and oxidative stress. However, the role of thiamine deficiency as a distinct or additive factor in the pathogenesis of the neurodevelopmental and metabolic derangements in FASD has not been determined. Methods: Control and ethanol-exposed human PNET2 cerebellar neuronal cells and rat cerebellar slice cultures were treated with vehicle or pyrithiamine (Pyr) to assess independent and additive effects of thiamine deficiency on ethanol-mediated neurotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, inhibition of neuronal and glial genes, and oxidative stress. Results: Pyr treatments (0 - 200 µM) caused dose-dependent cell loss (Crystal Violet assay) and reduced mitochondrial function (MTT assay) in PNET2 neuronal cultures. Ethanol alone (100 mM) significantly reduced PNET2 neuronal viability, MTT activity, and ATP production. Over the broad dose range of Pyr treatment, ethanol significantly reduced ATP content and cell number and increased mitochondrial mass (MitoTracker Green). Ex vivo cerebellar slice culture studies revealed ethanol-induced developmental architectural disruption that was substantially worsened by Pyr. The adverse effects of ethanol were linked to increased lipid peroxidation and inhibition of asparatyl-asparaginyl-β-hydroxylase (ASPH) expression. The independent and additive effects of Pyr were associated with increased cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, Caspase 3 activation, and Tau accumulation. Conclusions: During development, alcohol exposure and thiamine deficiency exert distinct but overlapping molecular pathologies that ultimately impair the structure and function of cerebellar neurons. While both insults drive cell loss and mitochondrial dysfunction with increased lipid peroxidation, ethanol’s additional inhibitory effects on ASPH reflect impairments in insulin and IGF signaling. In contrast, Pyr’s main adverse effects were likely due to neurotoxicity and the activation of apoptosis cascades. The findings suggest that FASD severity may be reduced by thiamine supplementation, but without additional support for insulin/IGF signaling networks, FASD would not be prevented.

Improving the Quality of Public Space in Old Residential Areas Based on Superposition and Intervention:A Case Study of Baihuazhou District of Nanchang City

With the development of cities,China has entered an era of stock planning.The functions of old residential areas in urban development can no longer meet the needs of residents in the new era for a better life,and new standards have been put forward for the quality of public spaces for living.This paper analyzes and sorts out the characteristics and problems of the public space in the old residential areas of Baihuazhou district.Combining superposition and intervention techniques,the spatial,historical,cultural and other characteristic elements of the residential areas are preserved to the greatest extent.The public space in the old residential areas of Baihuazhou District is updated and reconstructed in order to achieve the goal of improving the quality of its public space.

Network pharmacology-based exploration of molecular mechanisms underlying therapeutic effects of Jianpi Huatan Quyu recipe on chronic heart failure with spleen Qi deficiency syndrome

BACKGROUND Chronic heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome.The Chinese herbal compound preparation Jianpi Huatan Quyu recipe has been used to treat chronic heart failure;however,the underlying molecular mechanism is still not clear.AIM To identify the effective active ingredients of Jianpi Huatan Quyu recipe and explore its molecular mechanism in the treatment of chronic heart failure.METHODS The effective active ingredients of eight herbs composing Jianpi Huatan Quyu recipe were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform.The target genes of chronic heart failure were searched in the Genecards database.The target proteins of active ingredients were mapped to chronic heart failure target genes to obtain the common drugdisease targets,which were then used to construct a key chemical componenttarget network using Cytoscape 3.7.2 software.The protein-protein interaction network was constructed using the String database.Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed through the Metascape database.Finally,our previously published relevant articles were searched to verify the results obtained via network pharmacology.RESULTS A total of 227 effective active ingredients for Jianpi Huatan Quyu recipe were identified,of which quercetin,kaempferol,7-methoxy-2-methyl isoflavone,formononetin,and isorhamnetin may be key active ingredients and involved in the therapeutic effects of TCM by acting on STAT3,MAPK3,AKT1,JUN,MAPK1,TP53,TNF,HSP90AA1,p65,MAPK8,MAPK14,IL6,EGFR,EDN1,FOS,and other proteins.The pathways identified by KEGG enrichment analysis include pathways in cancer,IL-17 signaling pathway,PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,HIF-1 signaling pathway,calcium signaling pathway,cAMP signaling pathway,NF-kappaB signaling pathway,AMPK signaling pathway,etc.Previous studies on Jianpi Huatan Quyu recipe suggested that this Chinese compound preparation can regulate the TNF-α,IL-6,MAPK,cAMP,and AMPK pathways to affect the mitochondrial structure of myocardial cells,oxidative stress,and energy metabolism,thus achieving the therapeutic effects on chronic heart failure.CONCLUSION The Chinese medicine compound preparation Jianpi Huatan Quyu recipe exerts therapeutic effects on chronic heart failure possibly by influencing the mitochondrial structure of cardiomyocytes,oxidative stress,energy metabolism,and other processes.Future studies are warranted to investigate the role of the IL-17 signaling pathway,PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,HIF-1 signaling pathway,and other pathways in mediating the therapeutic effects of Jianpi Huatan Quyu recipe on chronic heart failure.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and Pi^(*)Z allele as important co-factors in the development of liver fibrosis

BACKGROUND Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency(AATD)is a codominant autosomal hereditary condition that predisposes patients to the development of lung and/or liver disease,and Pi*Z allele is the most clinically relevant mutation.AIM To evaluate the impact of clinical parameters and AATD phenotypes,particularly the Pi*Z allele,in liver fibrosis.METHODS Cross-sectional cohort study including consecutive patients with AATD followed in Pulmonology or Hepatology consultation.RESULTS Included 69 patients,49.3%had Pi*MZ phenotype and 10.1%Pi*ZZ.An age≥55 years,age at diagnosis≥41 years and AAT at diagnosis<77 mg/dL predicted a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score(NFS)not excluding advanced fibrosis[area under the curve(AUC)=0.840,P<0.001;AUC=0.836,P<0.001;AUC=0.681,P=0.025].An age≥50 years and age at diagnosis≥41 years predicted a fibrosis-4 index of moderate to advanced fibrosis(AUC=0.831,P<0.001;AUC=0.795,P<0.001).Patients with hypertension,type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM),dyslipidaemia,metabolic syndrome,and regular alcohol consumption were more likely to have a NFS not excluding advanced fibrosis(P<0.001,P=0.002,P=0.008,P<0.001,P=0.033).Patients with at least one Pi*Z allele and type 2 DM were 8 times more likely to have liver stiffness measurement≥7.1 kPa(P=0.040).CONCLUSION Risk factors for liver disease in AATD included an age≥50 years,age at diagnosis≥41 years,metabolic risk factors,regular alcohol consumption,at least one Pi*Z allele,and AAT value at diagnosis<77 mg/dL.We created an algorithm for liver disease screening in AATD patients to use in primary care,selecting those to be referred to Hepatology consultation.

Observation on the Nursing Effect of Ginger Moxibustion on Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Heart Failure Due to Yang Qi Deficiency

Objective:To evaluate the nursing measures and effects of ginger moxibustion in the treatment of heart failure(yang qi deficiency type)with gastrointestinal symptoms.Methods:86 patients with heart failure(yang qi deficiency type)accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms who were admitted to the hospital between January 2023 and January 2024 were selected and divided into 43 cases in each group by random number table grouping;Group I implemented integrated care,while Group II adopted conventional care.The indicators of care were compared between the two groups.Results:After the nursing care,the digestive symptom scores of Group I were lower than those of Group I,and the psychological scores were lower than those of Group II(P<0.05).Conclusion:Ginger moxibustion can improve gastrointestinal symptoms and enhance the psychological health of patients with heart failure(yang qi deficiency type)with gastrointestinal symptoms.

Establishing the homologous recombination score threshold in metastatic prostate cancer patients to predict the efficacy of PARP inhibitors

Background:The homologous recombination deficiency(HRD)score serves as a promising biomarker to iden-tify patients who are eligible for treatment with PARP inhibitors(PARPi).Previous studies have suggested a 3-biomarker Genomic Instability Score(GIS)threshold of≥42 as a valid biomarker to predict response to PARPi in patients with ovarian cancer and breast cancer.However,the GIS threshold for prostate cancer(PCa)is still lacking.Here,we conducted an exploratory analysis to investigate an appropriate HRD score threshold and to evaluate its ability to predict response to PARPi in PCa patients.Methods:A total of 181 patients with metastatic castration-resistant PCa were included in this study.Tumor tissue specimens were collected for targeted next-generation sequencing for homologous recombination repair(HRR)genes and copy number variation(CNV)analysis.The HRD score was calculated based on over 50,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP)distributed across the human genome,incorporating three SNP-based as-says:loss of heterozygosity,telomeric allelic imbalance,and large-scale state transition.The HRD score threshold was set at the last 5th percentile of the HRD scores in our cohort of known HRR-deficient tumors.The relation-ship between the HRD score and the efficacy in 16 patients of our cohort who received PARPi treatment were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Genomic testing was succeeded in 162 patients.In our cohort,61 patients(37.7%)had HRR mutations(HRRm).BRCA mutations occurred in 15 patients(9.3%).The median HRD score was 4(ranged from 0 to 57)in the total cohort,which is much lower than that in breast and ovarian cancers.Patients who harbored HRRm and BRCA or TP53 mutations had higher HRD scores.CNV occured more frequently in patients with HRRm.The last 5th percentile of HRD scores was 43 in the HRR-mutant cohort and consequently HRD high was defined as HRD scores≥43.In the 16 patients who received PARPi in our cohort,4 patients with a high HRD score achieved an objective response rate(ORR)of 100%while 12 patients with a low HRD score achieved an ORR of 8.3%.Progression-free survival(PFS)in HRD high patients was longer compared to HRD low patients,regardless of HRRm.Conclusions:A HRD score threshold of 43 was established and preliminarily validated to predict the efficacy of PARPi in this study.Future studies are needed to further verify this threshold.

Discussion on Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment of Liver-Depression-Spleen-Deficiency Type Insomnia Based on the State-Target Theory and the Regulation of Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis

Insomnia has become an urgent clinical problem in modern society.Current research has found that the gut flora-gut-brain axis plays an important role in regulating insomnia.The state-target theory is a product of the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and modern molecular biology technology.This paper clarifies the correlation between the state-target theory,the intestinal flora-gut-brain axis,and liver-depression-spleen-deficiency insomnia.The use of traditional Chinese medicine to regulate the structure and abundance of intestinal flora was also explored,aiming to integrate traditional Chinese medicine with Western medicine for the prevention and treatment of liver-depression-spleen-deficiency insomnia.

Clinical Observation of the Therapeutic Effects of Wenzhong Hewei Formula in Treating Spleen and Stomach Qi Deficiency Syndrome in Internal Medicine Diseases

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of Wenzhong Hewei Formula in treating spleen and stomach qi deficiency syndrome in internal medicine diseases.Methods:Sixty patients with spleen and stomach qi deficiency syndrome admitted to the hospital from April 2022 to June 2023 were randomly divided into observation and control groups,with 30 patients in each group.The control group received conventional internal medicine treatment,while the observation group was additionally treated with Wenzhong Hewei Formula on the basis of conventional treatment.Both groups were treated for 4 weeks.Results:The total effective rate of treatment in the observation group was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores of both groups were significantly lower than before treatment,with the observation group showing a more pronounced reduction(P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Wenzhong Hewei Formula can effectively improve clinical symptoms in patients with spleen and stomach qi deficiency syndrome,enhance clinical efficacy,and have a high level of safety,making it worthy of clinical promotion.

Exploring the medication pattern and mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine in treating polycystic ovary syndrome with kidney deficiency and blood stasis based on data mining and network pharmacology

Background:Using network pharmacology to explore the potential molecular mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in treating polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)with kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome.Method:Collect the related literature materials of PCOS with kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome treated by traditional Chinese medicine in four databases in recent ten years,extract the information of prescriptions and complete the frequency analysis.Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database was used to screen out the effective components.Use Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man and other databases to screen PCOS disease targets.The intersection targets obtained by clustering prescription and PCOS disease targets were submitted to STRING database for protein-protein interaction network analysis,and Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways were analysed by Metascape.Result:There are 155 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines used in the literature.The most commonly utilized ones are Cuscutae Semen,Angelicae Sinensis Radix,and Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata.The results of the cluster analysis indicated that the plants most commonly found throughout the prescription were Leonuri Herba,Lycopi Herba,Dipsaci Radix,etc.GO results show that biological processes include cell reaction to organic nitrogen compounds and cell reaction to nitrogen compounds.The functional display of GO molecule includes cytokine receptor binding,signal receptor regulator activity and so on.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes results show that the possible mechanisms of action are cancer pathway,an endocrine resistance signal pathway.Conclusion:Through data mining,the cluster prescription for PCOS with kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome is Leonuri Herba,Lycopi Herba,Dipsaci Radix,etc.The network pharmacology research of cluster prescription shows that the main drug components for treating PCOS with kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome are quercetin,kaempferol,luteolin,tanshinone IIA,etc.,which act on PTGS2,NCOA2,and other targets,and treat PCOS with kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome through cancer and endocrine resistance.

Efficacy and Safety of Iron Isomaltoside Compared with an Oral Iron Supplement in the Management of Patients with Iron Deficiency Anemia

Objective: To evaluate the treatment outcome of iron isomaltoside compared with an oral iron supplement in the management of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Methods: The study included patients with IDA who visited the Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from October 2021 to August 2022 and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. According to the actual application of iron supplementation, the patients were divided into two groups: iron isomaltoside treatment group and oral iron treatment group. Baseline measurements were collected before the start of treatment, and measurements were collected subsequently at intervals of 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. The hematological parameters analyzed included Hemoglobin (Hb), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Hemoglobin content (MCH), Mean corpuscular Hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and Platelet (Plt). Safety data and adverse event profiles were recorded. Results: Intra-group comparisons: After 1 month of treatment, the Hb significantly improved (P 0.05). Inter-group comparisons: The biochemical parameters were significantly improved (P 0.05) in the iron isomaltoside group compared with those in the oral iron group after 1 month of iron supplementation in patients with mild and moderate anemia. Adverse reactions were tolerable for the patients in both iron isomaltoside group and oral iron group. Only 1 patient in iron isomaltoside group developed anaphylactic shock during medication and recovered after aggressive rescue. Conclusions: Iron isomaltoside which increases Hb more rapidly compared with the oral iron supplementation has few adverse reactions and good acceptance.

The biochemical pathways of central nervous system neural degeneration in niacin deficiency

Neural degeneration is a very complicated process. In spite of all the advancements in the molecular chemistry, there are many unknown aspects of the phenomena of neurodegeneration which need to be put together. It is a common sequela of the conditions of niacin deficiency. Neural degeneration in Pellagra manifests as chromatolysis mainly in pyramidal followed by other neurons and glial cells. However, there is a gross lack of understanding of biochemi- cal mechanisms of neurodegeneration in niacin deficiency states. Because of the necessity of niacin or its amide derivative NAD in a number of biochemical pathways, it is understandable that several of these pathways may be involved in the common outcome of neural degener- ation. Here, we highlight five pathways that could be involved in the neuraldegeneration for which evidence has accumulated through several studies. These pathways are： 1） the trypto- phan-kyneurenic acid pathway, 2） the mitochondrial ATP generation related pathways, 3） the poly （ADP-ibose） polymerase （PARP） pathway, 4） the BDNF-TRKB Axis abnormalities, 5） the genetic influences of niacin deficiency.

Performance of RAP in the System of Cold Inplace Recycling of Asphalt Pavement

The property of reclaimed asphalt pavement（RAP） mixture will be affected mainly by composition of old asphalt/soil and cement content in CIR system. We studied the relationship between A/S and cementitious materials. It showed that if there was no soil in RAP, the unconfined compressive strength was only from 0.18 MPa to 1.07 MPa even if adding cement was from 2% to 6%, and RAP samples collapsed during conserving in water. The optimum water content rose from 6.5% to 11% with the declining of A/S from S=0 to A/S=1/5. Five RAP samples all got the maximum compressive strength when A/S=5/5, and the maximum compressive strength of the samples adding 6% cement was 3.17 MPa. It showed that the capacity of RAP was not only affected by A/S, but also by the content of cement. The dynamic modulus of RAP will increase with the rise of loading frequency and decrease with the temperature rising. SEM test showed that C-S-H interlacing formed the netted structure, and it enwrapped the aggregate and improved the strength of RAP.

Relative Deficiency of Intracellular Potassium in Relation to the Functional Changes and Diseases in Non-Nervous System

Because of the huge differences in cellular structures and functions in non-nervous system and interaction between the nervous and non-nervous systems in potassium ion absorption, storage and effective utilization, the organs, tissues and tissue cells in non-nervous system have different functional dependence on potassium ion and its characteristics in competitive distribution differences. Therefore, I propose that the relative deficiency of potassium in cells in non-nervous organs and tissues may show very different functional changes and disease characteristics. Some are susceptible to pathogenic microorganisms, some may result in decrease of cell functions, and other may have comprehensive changes such as chronic inflammation. Therefore, the core causes for the functional changes and lesions of these non-nervous organs and tissues are closely related to the relative deficiency of potassium ions in their cells, which provides important ideas for the prevention and treatment of these functional changes and diseases.

Effect of hydrotherapy on sleep deficiency among older people in integrated community health services in Pandak Ⅰ Bantul

Objective: Relaxation technique is a nonpharmacological treatment applied to increase sleep efficiency and the quality of sleep.Hydrotherapy is one of the relaxation techniques and uses warm water to decrease stress and muscle stiffness, as well as to warm the body. The incidence of sleep deficiency among older people in Integrated Community Health Services, Pandak I Bantul, has slightly increased year by year. This research aims to evaluate the effect of hydrotherapy on sleep deprivation among older people.Methods: The research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-post test design. Purposive sampling was used to enroll 66 older people from the Integrated Community Health Services, Pandak I Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, as a sample, and we divided them into two groups: 33 people formed the intervention group, and 33 people comprised the control group. The intervention group did hydrotherapy once a day for a total of 7 days. First, they soaked their feet in warm water for 10 minutes. The water temperature was adjusted according to the body temperature, to approximately 40.0℃-43.0℃. Then, the intervention group took a bath using warm water. The level of sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI) questionnaire. Data analysis was done using the Wilcoxon test.Results: The mean score for sleep quality in the pretest in the intervention group was 9.04(standard deviation [SD]: 2.57) and the score on the posttest was 42(SD: 1.43). The mean score for sleep quality in the intervention group was 4.67, with P=0.05.Meanwhile, the research found that the difference between the pretest and posttest scores for quality of sleep in the control group was 0.42, with P=0.059. Wilcoxon analysis found that in the intervention group, there was a significant difference after intervention using hydrotherapy, with P<0.05. In the control group, there was no significance difference between the pretest and posttest scores,with P> 0.05.Conclusions: According to the results of the present study, it appears that the practice of hydrotherapy is effective in reducing sleep deficiency and hence can be considered an effective method of intervention.