Revisiting the Spirit of the UDHR and Discussing Human Rights Development——Summary of Views from the Seminar Commemorating the 75th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

On December 4,2023,the China Society for Human Rights Studies hosted a seminar in Beijing commemorating the 75^(th) Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.Participants discussed topics such as the significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,China’s theories and practices in respecting and safeguarding human rights,the three global initiatives and global human rights governance,human rights protection in the digital age,and telling Chinese stories of human rights in the new era.The discussions led to a broad consensus and achieved positive results.

On the Effectiveness of“Cross-cultural Consensus”on Human Rights--Reflecting on Zhang Pengchun’s Contributions to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

In the example of formulating the Universal Declara-tion of Human Rights in 1948,which involved international human rights discourse,the“cross-cultural consensus”put forward based on Confucian culture by Zhang pengchun,the Chinese representative at that time,is widely considered an empirical reference for resolving confrontations and conflicts in the practice of human rights discourse.However,the effectiveness of this kind of cross-cultural consensus in addressing confrontations and conflicts is worth considering.Under the presumption of cultural differences,any attempt to resolve confrontations and conflicts in the human rights discourse must address the inherently controversial issues.the settlement of disputes and differences depends on how deep the consensus involves the values.Based on this,it reveals that the effectiveness of Zhang pengchun’s so-called contribution is limited.therefore,we should not overstate its relevance to the current human rights discourse.

Teaching of Human Rights Law in Chinese Universities

Teaching and research on human rights law are not purely academic, in that after graduation law students are expected to be .judges, prosetutors, lawyers and government officials who, in one way or another, will be obliged to respect human rights.

A Retrospective and Prospective Look at Human Rights Education in Chinese Universities and Colleges——A Simultaneous Discussion of the Basic Effects of Human Rights Education on the Human Rights Development Environment

1. The Role of Human Rights Education in Promoting Human Rights Development 1. Human rights education shapes the soft environment for human rights development

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the “Spirits” of Confucian Ethics

At present, the value revealed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is under attack, and the consensus on human rights value is experiencing division globally,which asserts that "human rights can only be provided by paradox". The root of this is that" reason ",the metaphysical nature of human rights proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,is infinitely magnified while the " spirit " is ignored. History and philosophy show that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights entails the Confucian ethical " spirit ".At this time,this potential factor is gradually emerging in the course of world history and became a force to bridge the global division of human rights values. The significance of Confucian ethics " spirit " to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights lies in: from the perspective of " spirit ", its holistic view, bridging individual rights and collective rights; its relational view focuses on the realization of human rights and transcends the " paradox of human right; progressing from the value consensus to common action, so that in the process of judging the progress of human rights in the world, we consider not only the value consensus, but also the common action.

On Significance of the Birth of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Introduction The Universal Declaration of Human Rights （UDHR or Declaration） adopted by the UN General Assembly is not a legally binding treaty per se. As early as the Drafting Committee was making out a draft, heated discussions and debates had been carried out for many times with regard to the nature of the UDHR. At last, the present form of UDHR was taken according to chairperson of the Commission on Human Rights Eleanor Roosevelt＇s view of pragmatism in order to provide moral guidance for UN Member States.

Knowledge of reproductive health rights and its associated factors among Wolkite University undergraduate students, Wolkite, southern Ethiopia

Objective:Reproductive health(RH)rights are the rights of all persons,regardless of age,sex,or other traits,and they have the freedom to make decisions about their sexuality and RH.However,there is limited information about Ethiopians’understanding of RH rights.Because little is known about the degree of knowledge and relevant predictors in the study area,this study was carried out to fill in the gaps.Methods:An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 3 January to 25 January 2021 G.C to determine the knowledge level of RH rights and its associated factors among Wolkite University undergraduate medical students.The minimum estimated sample size was computed by using the simple population proportion formula of 95%confidence interval(CI),with 5%of marginal error,which was 318 students.The students were stratified based on their academic year and department.Each student was selected from each department by using the simple random sampling method based on their ID numbers.Data were collected by using a pre-tested,structured self-administered questionnaire.Epi Info version 3.5.1 was used for data coding,entering,and cleaning,and then the data were expor ted to Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS)version 23 for advanced analysis.The associated factors were identified by performing analysis for bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.Results:More than half(56.33%)of the par ticipants were knowledgeable about reproductive and sexual rights and par ticipated in RH clubs(adjusted odds ratio[AOR]:2.94,95%CI:1.46,5.91).The paternal educational level(AOR:2.89,95%CI:1.34,5.65)had an association with the knowledge of reproductive health rights.Conclusions:The students’knowledge regarding reproductive and sexual rights was found to be little.The Ethiopia Ministry of Education has to include reproductive and sexual rights in the curriculum of high school and higher institution studies.

On the Making and Significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was the first common commitment of the international community to human rights. It demonstrated the belief and determination of humanity to maintain peace, democracy and human dignity. The process of formulating the Declaration was difficult. But in the spirit of cooperation,countries finally succeeded in reaching a consensus on human rights.The making of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights had great value and significance for promoting world peace and development,and it has had a far-reaching impact on the rule of law in international human rights and the development of the human rights legal systems in various countries. A re-examination and analysis of the process of formulating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights will help us understand the purposes and objectives of the Declaration and review the great value of the spirit of the Declaration to the world today.

On the Parliament Participation in the Universal Periodic Review of the United Nations Human Rights

Whether, and if so how, parliaments should participate in the Universal Periodic Review mechanism of the UN Human Rights Council is emerging. Due to their unique contributions to human rights protection and promotion, parliaments should participate in the process. Furthermore, some parliaments are already involved in this mechanism, including drafting national reports, engaging in interactive dialogues, and the implementation of review recommendations. In the past two rounds of reviews, China’s National People’s Congress has a positive record in this regard, but it should play a more active role in ratifying or acceding to international human rights conventions.

The Neutralization of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to the Concept of Human Rights and Its Historical Significance

The concept of human rights was put forward by european and american countries in modern times, which bears a strong european and american cultural influence? but human rights have since experienced a slow process of neutralization? During the drafting process of the universal Declaration of Human Rights from 1947 to 1948, the concept of human rights experienced the neutralization of multiculturalism, making it the Declaration a matrix accepted by various cultures, which thus laid a foundation of consensus for its continued expansion and wide adoption?

From the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to Building a Community with a Shared Future for Human Beings--The Past, Present, and Future of International Human Rights Protection

The UN Charter first of all affirmed the basic concept of international protection of human rights and opened up a broad space for international protection of human rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an important document in the development of the international human rights cause. It established a set of international standards for basic human rights, represents the world’s most important consensus on human rights, and contributes greatly to the creation of an international human rights legal system. The important theory put forward by President Xi Jinping to build a Community with a Shared Future for Human Beings, as a Chinese program for today s global major issues, also outlines a new blueprint for national human rights protection and will play a major role in promoting the development of China’s human rights and international human rights protection.

Dignity:the Overlap of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Traditional Chinese Culture

Human dignity is the fundamental concept of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and serves as the theoretical backbone for the international human rights system. Chinese culture has an excellent tradition of treasuring the dignity and value of people. The provisions on dignity in the Declaration can find their historical origins in traditional Chinese culture. The dignity of people has a supreme status and value in traditional Chinese culture. Chinese "etiquette" culture has a long tradition of respecting the dignity of people.Achieving benevolence through etiquette is the basic way to protect human dignity. Etiquette in ancient China was constrained by inequality and historical limitations, but it also had the elements of respecting or honoring others, and had the practical function of respecting, maintaining and achieving human dignity. The effective implementation of etiquette requires the fulfillment of people’s basic needs. Progressing from xiao kang(moderate prosperity) to da tong(great harmony) is the process of approaching the human rights standards of human dignity and equal rights that all nations and all peoples should strive to achieve.

Confucian Liberalism:Convergence Between the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Chinese Traditional Culture

As early as the 18th century,Confucian liberalism of considering others in one s own place was integrated into the provisions of freedom of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.In 1948,the Confucian idea of benevolence and other liberalism had an important influence on the drafting and content of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.The fulcrum of Confucian liberalism is self-discipline based on benevolence.The code of conduct created by Confucianism of"What you do not want done to yourself,do not do to others"has the social effect of safeguarding people’s negative freedom;the code of conduct of"while establishing himself and pursuing success,also works to establish others and enable them to succeed as well"has the social effect of safeguarding people s positive freedom.Confucian liberalism is social-oriented,which adheres to the unity of everyone’s freedom with the freedom of others,and the idea that individual freedom lies in the overall freedom of the social community.It is based on the conscience(benevolence)of the way of considering others in one’s own place and the practical path from the obligation to rights and freedoms are prominent features of traditional Chinese culture.It is consistent with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights’provision that everyone has duties to the community,and is similar to Marx’s philosophy that"the free development of every human being is the condition of the free development of all human beings",and is a unique system of liberal discourse that is different from Western liberalism.

From Country-specific Review to Universal Periodic Review:A Fairer International Human Rights Mechanism

In the Country-specific by the Commission on Human Rights,developed countries lead selective supervision and review the human rights conditions in developing countries,contributing to the inequality in the roles of developed and developing countries and highlighting the unfairness and unreasonableness of the international human rights mechanism.In the Universal Periodic Review by the Human Rights Council,developed countries and developing countries are procedurally equal when evaluating the human rights conditions of other countries,and the evaluation of human rights conditions has transitioned from selective to universal.The development from the Country-specific Review to the Universal Periodic Review system is the result of China and other developing countries working together to optimize the internal governance structure of the Human Rights Council to rationalize its operational logic.Although the Universal Periodic Review system cannot immediately change the predominant status of the Western human rights discourse,it provides a mechanism for all countries to express their human rights values on an equal footing.It is an important manifestation of a fairer and more reasonable international human rights mechanism.

Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Research Center Peking University Law School

In order to implement the stipulation in the National Human Rights Action Plan （2012-2015） requiring the addition of no less than five national human rights education and training bases by 2015, the appraisal and selection meeting for the second group of national human rights education and training bases was held on March 17, 2014 in Beijing.

Relative Universality of Human Rights: Theory and Practice

Introduction After the birth of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights （UDHR）, ＂universal human rights＂ became a novel formal legal term both in the field of jurisprudence and in the international community. The notion of ＂universal human rights＂ indicates the ideal of ＂all human rights for all.＂ As the provision in Article 2 of the UDHR stated： ＂Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, politi cal or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.＂ However, some nonWestern govern ment officials and intellectuals have expressed doubts about the justifi ability of the term, which seems only to be a reflection of unique Western culture rather than Asian or Arabian ones. At the Vienna World Human Rights Conference, many heads of state said that universal human rights cannot be compatible with nonWest em culture. Even Lee Kuan Yew, the former leader of Singapore, declared in 1996： ＂Asian values are universal values. European values are European values.＇＇~ This statement is obviously a rejection of the idea that human rights are universal. In contrast, universal rights extremists and human rights activists and NGOs, such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, try to propagandize unified international human rights standards and international human rights re gimes. The debate continues from the diplomatic field to the academic field. But, in the foreseeable future,

Southwest University of Political Science and Law Human Rights Education and Research Center

I. Overview 1. History The Southwest University of Political Science and Law devel- oped from the Southwest People＇s Revolutionary University, which was founded in 1950. Based on the former university and the law departments of Sichuan University, Chongqing University, Guizhou University, Yunnan University and Chongqing Finance and Economics College, the Southwest College of Political Science and Law was established.

Northwest University of Political Science and Law Human Rights Research and Education Center

I. Human Rights Education and Training 1. Overview The Northwest University of Political Science and Law is a diversified university, highlighting law as well as covering philosophy, economics, literature, management, art and engineering. It is an important base for training legal professionals as well as a center for legal education, research and information in Northwest China. The university, which was established 77 years ago and has trained undergraduate students for 56 years and graduate students for 35 years, is financially supported by the Shaanxi provincial govemment.

Safeguarding Farmer Workers' Rights and Interests——An interview with Ye Jingyi, professor of Beijing University Law School

Farmer workers are a new powerful workforce that has sprung up amid China＇s reform and door opening and in the process of the country＇s industrialization and urbanization. They have made great contributions to urban prosperity, rural development and their country＇s modernization. At present, however, farmer workers face numerous difficulties and problems in income, work safety, social security, vocational training, the schooling of their children and living conditions. To safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of farmer workers, the State Council in March 2006 issued Ideas of the State Council on Solving Farmer Workers-related Problems. In the document, the State Council promises to strengthen and improve leadership over work regarding farmer workers and prioritize the solving of farmer workers-related problems.

Law School of Nankai University Holds International Seminar on National Human Rights Action Plan

The Information Office of the State council issued the first National Human Rights Action Plan of China （NHRAP） （2009-2010） on April 13, 2009. The Nankai University participated in the drafting of this significant national document on human rights, with three teachers invited one after another to work at the panel of experts under the drafting committee. In cooperation with the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law （RWlHRHL） of Sweden, the Research Center for Human Rights under Law School of the university held an international seminar titled ＂Formulation and Implementation of NHRAP- Swedish Experience.＂