The Development of the Concept of Human Rights in the United Nations

Introductory Remarks Nobody denies that the West was the cradle of the concept of human rights. Since the American and French revolutions of the end of the eigh- teenth century, the human rights were centered on the individual. Human rights were considered to be individual rights. However, within the expression ＂human rights,＂ the word ＂human,＂ meaning individual human beings, was during a rather long time understood in a rather narrow sense.

Following the Charter of the United Nations: The Basic Guarantee for the Realization of the Right to Development——From the Perspective of Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

This study discusses the basic guarantee of the Charter of the United Nations to realize the right to development from the angle of Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The concepts regarding the people as the focal point, the dignity, the worth of the human being, as well as larger aspects of freedom, and other basic concepts within the Charter of the United Nations, guide the right direction of action for the realization of the right to development. The purpose and principles of the United Nations establishment in the Charter constitute the basic legal protection of the right to development. Values of peace, international dialogue, and international cooperation show the right path to the realization of the right to development.

The Analysis of Human Development Index (HDI) for Categorizing the Member States of the United Nations (UN)

To categorize the nations to reflect the development status, to date, there are many conceptual frameworks. The Human Development index (HDI) that is published by the United Nations Development Programme is widely accepted and practiced by many people such as academicians, politicians, and donor organizations. However, though the development of HDI has gone through many revisions since its formulation in 1990, even the current version of the index formulation published in 2016 needs research to better understand and to gap-fill the knowledge base that can enhance the index formulation to facilitate the direction of attention such as release of funds. Therefore, in this paper, based on principal component analysis and K-means clustering algorithm, the data that reflect the measures of life expectancy index (LEI), education index (EI), and income index (II) are analyzed to categorize and to rank the member states of the UN using R statistical software package, an open source extensible programming language for statistical computing and graphics. The outcome of the study shows that the proportion of total eigen value (i.e., proportion of total variance) explained by PCA-1 (i.e., first principal component) accounts for more than 85% of the total variation. Moreover, the proportion of total eigen value explained by PCA-1 increases with time (i.e., yearly) though the amount of increase with time is not significant. However, the proportions of total eigen value explained by PCA-2 and PCA-3 decrease with time. Therefore, the loss of information in choosing PCA-1 to represent the chosen explanatory variables (i.e., LEI, EI, and II) may diminish with time if the trend of increasing pattern of proportion of total eigen value explained by PCA-1 with time continues in the future as well. On the other hand, the correlation between EI and PCA-1 increases with time although the magnitude of increase is not that significant. This same trend is observed in II as well. However, in contrast to these observations, the correlation between PCA-1 and LEI decreases with time. These findings imply that the contributions of EI and II to PCA-1 increase with time, but the contribution of LEI to PCA-1 decreases with time. On top of these, as per Hopkins statistic, the clusterability of the information conveyed by PCA-1 alone is far better than the clusterability of the information conveyed by PCA scores (i.e., PCA-1, PCA-2, and PCA-3) and the explanatory variables. Therefore, choosing PCA-1 to represent the chosen explanatory variables is becoming more concrete.

Integrating Sustainable Development into Global Institutions:Reforming the United Nations

This article will briefly outline the origins,structure and functions of United Nations Environment Program and the Commission on Sustainable Development in the context of the goals of ecologically sustainable development(ESD).Economic development,social development and environmental protection form the three interconnected parts of ESD.The achievements of the key UN environmental institutions and programs in opening up the global system to civil society,the private sector and a diversity of actors and interests,promoting the role of poverty alleviation as part of ESD through the Millennium Development Goals,and facilitating important Multilateral Environmental Agreements should be recognized.However,with these notable exceptions,organizations such as United Nations Environment Program and the Commission on Sustainable Development have become weak in scientific and technical leadership,global policy,co-ordination(inside and outside the UN) and has few achievements in the international and national implementation of obligations and standards in Global Environmental Governance-including enforcement,compliance and effectiveness.This article will outline the key reasons for this inadequacy.Attention will also be focused on the way forward through of a new United Nations Environment Organization.This will require a clarification of purpose and function(within the UN system and as part of global governance structures) as well as consideration of whether it depends on system-wide UN reform.It is recommended that medium and long term strategies for reform are necessary.

Balancing Development and Security in the Context of Containment and Pressure by the United States

The United States is launching an all-out crackdown against China in the name of competition,which has posed increasingly severe challenges to development and security in China.The strategic competition between China and the United States is becoming an essential part of once-in-a-century changes that is shaping the world today.Under such circumstances,the Communist Party of China applies a holistic approach to national security,which aims to balance development and security as well as opening up and security.Furthermore,it intends to implement the national rejuvenation strategy within the wider context of once-ina-century global changes.Managing China’s affairs well to achieve a dynamic balance and positive interaction among high-quality development,high-level security,and high-standard opening-up can provide the basis for realizing the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and response to containment by the United States.While fostering a new development paradigm,China advances scientific and technological innovation and pursues common prosperity.Moreover,it defends national security through firm but flexible struggles and promotes safe development by accelerating domestic circulation.However,China needs to control the costs of its security investment,pay equal attention to the risks and gains brought about by its opening-up policy,and,thus,enhance its capability to compete with the United States in the long term.

Review and Prospect of the UN Efforts for Sustainable Development

The present paper reviews the UN important efforts to promote global sustainable development in the chronological order since UN Conference on Human Environment in 1972, and ana- lyzes the progress and gap. The results show that the UN system has made great efforts for global sustainable development since the UN Conference on Human Environment, especially since UN Conference on Environment and Development, promoted the for- mation of important consensus and multilateral internhtional con- ventions on many fields, boosted the development of partnership in the field of sustainable development, and accelerated actions for sustainable development of many countries and regions. However, at present, the progress made is still far below the level required, prominently reflected in the slow progress toward the millen-nium development goals, the difficulties in negotiations in the field of environment and development, insufficient fulfillment of international agreements and conventions, and undesirable effects of partnership in the field of sustainable development. Based on these, the paper puts forward four suggestions for UN Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012（Rio＋20）： （1） to revitalize the ＂spirit of Rio＂ and accelerate the implementation of existing politi- cal commitments; （2） to make new political commitments focusing on climate change and other major global challenges under the Rio principles; （3） to lay out a blueprint of green economy under the Rio principles; and （4） to promote South-South cooperation as the focus of international cooperation.

The Relationship between Human Rights and Development——A Brief Analysis of the Perspectives of Chinese Scholars and the Practice of Chinese Government

With the change and development of the concept of human rights, the thinking about the relationship between human rights and development is becoming more and more deeply. Under this background, the author profoundly realizes that both recognizing the economic development as the first priority like some developing countries do and considering the human rights to be the most important thing as most developed countries do are unilateral and harmful to the social progress. Human rights and development are interdependent and mutually promoting each other. This paper introduces the three main viewpoints of the relationship between human rights and development. Based on the changes of the attitudes of the UN and China to the relationship between human rights and development, this paper holds that though it is a great progress for the Chinese government to understand that human rights and development are interdependent, there are still lots of difficulties in realizing their mutually benefiting relationship in reality. These difficulties are due to the lack of professionals who enjoy good understandings of the rules for social development and are capable of practicing human rights theories. Therefore, the authors suggest that the promotion of human rights education is instrumental to the development and progress of human society.

Interplay of Human Rights and Development: The Implementation and Guarantee of Development after the Victory of the World War Ⅱ

Poverty affects social development and justice. It also deeply affects the realization of human rights, inclucing the right to development. The present unjust international order cannot solve poverty by means of human rights. Many developed countries avoid their obligation of dealing with poverty, denying the general realization and actionability of economic, social and development rights. Due to the position of these countries in the issues of human rights and development, many regions of the world were falling into the extremely poor state. The efforts by the United Nations are discounted in promoting the development and fighting against the poverty.

Rise and Realization of the Right to Development after the WWⅡ

One basic conclusion which can be drawn from introspection on the evolution course of the right to development is that the realization of the right to development is not isolated but needs to be discussed from the three-dimensional perspective of war, peace and development. The study demonstrates that although the Charter of the United Nations doesn't directly use the phrase 'the right to development', it comprehensively regulates the issues of war, peace and the right to development and provides four legal sources for the right to development. The Declaration on the Right to Development specifies the legal status of the relationship between peace and the right to development in terms of norms, values, consequences, methods and countermeasures. The just historical conception towards war is the value prerequisite for realizing the right to development through development and cooperation, and we should adhere to equal development, mutual development and sustainable development during the process of this value consensus' being translated into system and action. Fully establishing the status of the right to development in the Post-2015 Development Agenda requirs widening the sphere and scope of the right to development, optimizing the concept and principle of the right to development and strengthening the efficiency and effectiveness of the right to development.

CREATING A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE TOGETHER

China is among the earliest countries to draft its national sustainable development strategy. Shortly after the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, the Chinese Government decided to formulate and implement China's Agenda 21 - the White Paper on China's Population, Environment and Development in the 21st Century. This document serves as the basic guideline to direct the social and economic development in China.

适应性海洋法治理念在全球海洋治理中的适用

新形势下,以《联合国海洋法公约》为核心的海洋法体系在应对海洋治理中的传统安全问题和非传统安全问题时呈现一定的不适应性。普芬道夫自然法哲学中的社会性义务要求社会主体承担不损害他人正当权益的普遍义务,具备此种消极调和特征的公平原则强调规则与历史演替中的社会关系保持一致,主要表现为在承认变化的基础上适应变化。通过将适应理念嵌入海洋法体系,补充法治理念的内容,并表现为面向未来的开放式规则、利益相关者的多元参与和《联合国海洋法公约》的演化解释,海洋法将更加灵活地调整权利义务关系。适应性海洋法治理念具备内在延展性,能够为解决南海问题、日本倾倒核污水等海洋危机以及未来可能出现的类似问题提供借鉴思路。中国的综合实力不断提高,海洋利益诉求也随之变化拓展。中国需要兼顾本国利益与国际社会整体利益,适时调整立场态度,通过建立适应性的国内涉海法律体系、转化参与国际海洋治理的法律逻辑,实现国内涉海管理和全球海洋治理的相互协调。

The Origin and Vision of National Cultural Park Management Policy in China

Research on the evolution of cultural policy is the key in the field of public policy study,and it is also an important means to solve the problems that have emerged in cultural heritage management.The National Cultural Park is an innovative cultural heritage protection system proposed by Chinese leaders within the context of national rejuvenation and building a culturally-strong country campaign.From the perspective of system evolution theory,this paper systematically sorts out the ideas behind international heritage management and the evolutionary process of the Cultural Relics Protection Unit system,in an effort to explore the origin,innovation and vision of the National Cultural Park System.A review of the international heritage documents revealed that the principle of heritage protection has developed from“authenticity”to“integrity”,and the focus of the protection object has also changed from“monism”to“diversity”,which provided a theoretical background for the burgeoning National Cultural Park.The Cultural Relics Protection Unit system has been promoted as the most crucial cultural heritage management system in China.Therefore,this study sheds light on the evolution and limitations of the system that lays a practical foundation for the National Cultural Park System.There have been three stages in the history of China’s National Cultural Relics Protection Unit,namely,the creation of the system(1956–1965),the survival crisis of the system(1966–1977),and the rebirth and development of the system(1978 to the present),in which the main driving concepts of China's cultural heritage management have been sequentially elucidated as simple protectionism,tolerant conservatism and comprehensive developmentalism,respectively.Since the establishment of China’s Cultural Relics Protection Unit system,tremendous progress has been made not only in the enlightenment of the public’s mindset and but also in the development of system and culture.However,the changes in the institutional environment gradually exposed its limitations regarding cultural relic management and value expression.The National Cultural Park System is the fruit created by the internal contradictions of the cultural heritage system itself and the evolution of heritage theory.Its biggest innovation lies in the two core connotations of“integrated protection”and“integrated development”.In the future,as the National Cultural Park management system matures,a Chinese cultural heritage management system will take shape in which the National Cultural Parks become dominant and various cultural resources are utilized.Finally,the National Cultural Park will become a symbol of Chinese culture and will be internalized into the common belief system of the Chinese nation.

Evaluating the role of partnerships in increasing the use of big Earth data to support the Sustainable Development Goals:an Australian perspective

Leaders are increasingly calling for improved decision support to manage human and environmental challenges in the 21^(st)Century.The 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)pro-vide a framing of these challenges,wherein 169 targets require significant data to be monitored and pursued effectively.However,many targets are still not connected with big Earth data capabilities.In this conceptual paper,the authors sought to answer the question“How are partnerships influencing progress in using big Earth data to address the SDGs?”Using the Pivotal Principles for Digital Earth,we reflect on the geospatial sector’s partnering efforts and opportunities for enhancing the use of big Earth data.We use Australia as a case study to explore partnering for action towards one or more SDGs.We conclude that partnerships are emerging for big Earth data use in addressing the SDGs,but much can still be done to harness the power of partnerships for transformative SDG outcomes.We propose four key enabling priorities:1)multiple-stakeholder collaboration,2)regular enactment of the problem-solving cycle,3)transparent and reliable georeferenced data,and 4)development and preservation of trust.Five“next steps”are outlined for Australia,which can also benefit practitioners and leaders globally in problem-solving for the SDGs.

关于当今中国亚国家层次民族概念及其英译的新思考(二)——National ethnic unit:我国亚国家层次民族英译的新探索

在当今中国,作为整体的中华民族与亚国家层面的"各民族"都被称呼为民族,这就造成语义的模糊、混用和学界的困扰争鸣;在英文翻译上也难以精准表述,目前的两种译法nationality和ethnic group都引起一些异议。民族概念必须以尊重历史、符合现实、符合我国的族际政治和民族关系为原则。本文试提出当今中国亚国家层次的各民族,包括汉族和各少数民族都应平等地称之为"族元"——即共同形塑中华民族、共同创造中华文化、共同缔造中华人民共和国的具有重要历史意义和贡献的族类单元,英文翻译取用National ethnic unit。文章对"族元"这一概念的意涵进行了阐释,从历史史实、宪法精神、学理层面和国际视野展开了论证。对National ethnic unit进行了英文词语分析,将其与nationality,ethnic group等作了比较论述。

关于当今中国亚国家层次民族概念及其英译的新思考(一)——“族元”概念的学术初探

在当今中国,作为整体的中华民族与亚国家层面的"各民族"都被称为民族,这就造成语义的模糊、混用和学界的困扰争鸣;在英文翻译上也难以精准表述,目前的两种译法nationality和eth-nic group都引起一些异议。民族概念必须以尊重历史、符合现实、符合我国的族际政治和民族关系为原则。本文试提出当今中国亚国家层次的各民族,包括汉族和各少数民族都应平等地称之为"族元"———即共同形塑中华民族、共同创造中华文化、共同缔造中华人民共和国的具有重要历史意义和贡献的族类单元,英文翻译取用National ethnic unit。文章对"族元"这一概念的意涵进行了阐释,从历史史实、宪法精神、学理层面和国际视野展开了论证。对National ethnic unit进行了英文词语分析,将其与nationali-ty,ethnic group等作了比较论述。

联合国综合发展观与中国科学发展观的比较研究——兼论联合国综合发展观中国本土化的实现

联合国综合发展观以联合国千年发展目标为具体实施方案,是一种对全球发展实践具有普遍指导意义和实际应用价值的综合发展思想。科学发展观是在科学判断我国国情,充分借鉴联合国综合发展观以及参照联合国千年发展目标的指标与要求的基础上提出的。科学发展观的提出使联合国综合发展观实现了中国的本土化,同时它也是我国从事理性化发展实践的理论起点。

论胡锦涛的民族发展观

胡锦涛在继承毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民关于发展思想的基础上,不仅提出了科学发展问题,还高度重视民族发展问题,并就民族发展问题提出了许多重要的思想和观点,突出强调了民族发展问题的重要地位和作用,形成了独具特色的民族发展观。胡锦涛的民族发展观突出强调了民族发展的重要意义、民族发展要以科学发展观来统领、基础是经济发展、核心是以人为本、重点是推动人口较少民族的发展、前提是正确处理改革发展稳定的关系等。

美俄档案解密及对我国的启示

搜集梳理美俄两国数十年的档案解密统计数据,通过对美俄档案解密制度及背景和动因的研究,总结其经验和教训,为完善我国档案解密和开放审核制度提供参考。并从四个方面提出了具体建议:以总体国家安全观为指导,建立符合党和国家重大战略、服务于人民根本利益的档案定密、保密和解密体系;以新《档案法》为依据,完善档案解密制度和档案开放审核制度;在解密过程中坚持保密与解密并重,绷紧保密之弦;建立责任清单,监督落实到位。