RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEVELOPMENTS OF THE HUANGHE AND YONGDING RIVERS AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE FOSSIL LAKES OF THE CENOZOIC ERA IN THE DRAINAGE AREA

The Huanghe and Yongding rivers were formed before the early and middle Pliocene epoch. Then they became interior rivers because of the appearance of interior fault lake basins at the end of the Pliocene epoch. The interior flow period continued until the end of the early Pleistocene or the middle pf the Middle Pleistocene, and then they changed into the exterior rivers again till today.

THE INTERIOR LAYER FOR A NONLINEAR SINGULARLY PERTURBED DIFFERENTIAL-DIFFERENCE EQUATION

In this article, the interior layer for a second order nonlinear singularly perturbed differential-difference equation is considered. Using the methods of boundary function and fractional steps, we construct the formula of asymptotic expansion and point out that the boundary layer at t = 0 has a great influence upon the interior layer at t = a. At the same time, on the basis of differential inequality techniques, the existence of the smooth solution and the uniform validity of the asymptotic expansion are proved. Finally, an example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of our result. The result of this article is new and it complements the previously known ones.

Monitoring and Forecasting of Interior and Exterior Pressures on Shaftwalls through Deep Soil

Upon the analysis of the interior and exterior pressures observed on the double-tubbing shaftwalls of the West Ventilation Shaft in Xieqiao Coal Mine of Huainan, deep-going investigations are made into foreign loads on the shaftwalls of thes kind at each working stage and into the distributiona patterns of interior pressures. As a result, a calculation model is established for forecasting exterior loads on the shaftwalls by using the grey theory.

High Order Compact Difference Scheme and Multigrid Method for 2D Elliptic Problems with Variable Coefficients and Interior/Boundary Layers on Nonuniform Grids

In this paper, a high order compact difference scheme and a multigrid method are proposed for solving two-dimensional (2D) elliptic problems with variable coefficients and interior/boundary layers on nonuniform grids. Firstly, the original equation is transformed from the physical domain (with a nonuniform mesh) to the computational domain (with a uniform mesh) by using a coordinate transformation. Then, a fourth order compact difference scheme is proposed to solve the transformed elliptic equation on uniform girds. After that, a multigrid method is employed to solve the linear algebraic system arising from the difference equation. At last, the numerical experiments on some elliptic problems with interior/boundary layers are conducted to show high accuracy and high efficiency of the present method.

Interior and Exterior Differential Systems for Lie Algebroids

A theorem of Maurer-Cartan type for Lie algebroids is presented. Suppose that any vector subbundle of a Lie algebroid is called interior differential system (IDS) for that Lie algebroid. A theorem of Frobenius type is obtained. Extending the classical notion of exterior diffential system (EDS) to Lie algebroids, a theorem of Cartan type is obtained.

Exploration on the Components and Landscape Factors of Railway Landscape

The components of railway landscape were analyzed,and the railway landscape was classified as railway interior and exterior landscape from the perspective of its characters.After analysis and summarization,the components and contents of the railway landscape factors were put forward.

Sound Source Localisation for a High-Speed Train and Its Transfer Path to Interior Noise

Noise is one of the key issues in the operation of high-speed railways, with sound source localisation and its transfer path as the two major aspects. This study investigates both the exterior and interior sound source distribution of a high-speed train and presents a method for performing the contribution analysis of airborne sound with regard to the interior noise. First, both exterior and interior sound source locations of the high-speed train are identified through in-situ measurements. Second, the sound source contribution for di erent regions of the train and the relationships between the exterior and interior noises are analysed. Third, a method for conducting the contribution analysis of airborne sound with regard to the interior noise of the high-speed train is described. Lastly, a case study on the sidewall area is carried out, and the contribution of airborne sound to the interior noise of this area is obtained. The results show that, when the high-speed train runs at 310 km/h, dominant exterior sound sources are located in the bogie and pantograph regions, while main interior sound sources are located at the sidewall and roof. The interior noise, the bogie area noise and the sound source at the middle of the coach exhibit very similar rates of increase with increasing train speed. For the selected sidewall area, structure-borne sound dominates in most of the 1/3 octave bands.

Reduction of Cogging Torque and Electromagnetic Vibration Based on Different Combination of Pole Arc Coefficient for Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

Cogging torque and electromagnetic vibration are two important factors for evaluating permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM)and are key issues that must be considered and resolved in the design and manufacture of high-performance PMSM for electric vehicles.A fast and accurate magnetic field calculation model for interior permanent magnet synchronous machine(IPMSM)is proposed in this article.Based on the traditional magnetic potential permeance method,the stator cogging effect and complex boundary conditions of the IPMSM can be fully considered in this model,so as to realize the rapid calculation of equivalent magnetomotive force(MMF),air gap permeance,and other key electromagnetic properties.In this article,a 6-pole 36-slot IPMSM is taken as an example to establish its equivalent solution model,thereby the cogging torque is accurately calculated.And the validity of this model is verified by a variety of different magnetic pole structures,pole slot combinations machines,and prototype experiments.In addition,the improvement measure of the machine with different combination of pole arc coefficient is also studied based on this model.Cogging torque and electromagnetic vibration can be effectively weakened.Combined with the finite element model and multi-physics coupling model,the electromagnetic characteristics and vibration performance of this machine are comprehensively compared and analyzed.The analysis results have well verified its effectiveness.It can be extended to other structures or types of PMSM and has very important practical value and research significance.

THE DIRCHLET PROBLEM FOR A CERTAIN DEGENERATE ELLIPTIC EQUATION AND POTENTIAL METHOD

In this paper we consider the Dirichlet problem for the equation uxx+yuyy= 0 （y】0） on the domainDlocated in upper half-plane, which is bounded by the suitable smooth curve T with the ends A; （-α, 0）and B; （α, 0） and the segment AB. By means of the potential method, the uniqueness and existence of the so-lution of the problem,having a representation of potential, are proved.0 A Special Solution With An Logarithmic SingularityLet two points in upper half-plane, P; （x, y） and M; （ζ,η）, be given. We may construct a special so-lution of the equation above as follows;

The Association between Pulmonary Function Impairment and Colon Inflammation in Ulcerative Colitis Patients： A Scientific Basis for Exterior-Interior Correlation between Lung and Large Intestine

Objective： To investigate the involvement of pulmonary function impairment in ulcerative colitis（UC）, and explore a scientific basis for the Chinese medicine（CM） theory of exterior-interior correlation between Lung（Fei） and Large intestine（Dachang）. Methods： Totally 120 patients with a diagnosis of UC were recruited and the demographics, clinical data, and blood samples were collected. C-reactive protein（CRP） and erythrocyte sedimentation rate（ESR） concentrations were measured. Every patient accepted pulmonary function test and took chest radiograph（CXR）. Results： Pulmonary function abnormalities were present in 72 of 120 patients. The median（interquartile range） vital capacity（VC）, forced vital capacity（FVC）, forced expiratory volume in 1 s（FEV_1）, carbon monoxide diffusion capacity（DL_∞） of lung, total lung capacity（TLC） and functional residual volume（FRV） were decreased in distal UC and pancolitis compared with ulcerative prochitis（P〈0.0005）. Male patients had increased VC, FEV_1/FVC, and residual volume（RV）/TLC compared with female（P〈0.0005）, but decreased DLCO and carbon monoxide iffusion capacity（KCO） of lung/alveolar ventilation（P〈0.0005）. Age was strongly correlated with RV（Spearman rank correlation coefficient（rs）=–0.57, P〈0.0001）, and RV/TLC（rs=0.48, P〈0.0001）. Age was also correlated with FEV_1/FVC（rs=–0.29, P=0.001）, forced expiratory flow in 75% vital capacity（FEF75%, rs=–0.20, P=0.03）, DLCO（rs=–0.21, P=0.02）, TLC（rs=–0.25, P=0.006）, and FRV（rs=–0.28, P=0.002）. The course of disease was correlated with FEF75%（rs=–0.18, P=0.049） and KCO（rs=–0.19, P=0.036）. Chest radiograph abnormalities were presented in 38 of 120. Pulmonary symptoms were presented in 10 of 120. Other extraintestinal complications were presented in 21 of 120. Conclusions： Pulmonary function impairment was more frequently than other extraintestinal complications in UC patients, which may be affected by sex, age, extent and course of disease. These results may be a scientific basis for the theory of exterior-interior correlation between Lung and Large intestine.

Experimental Study on the Mechanism of Protective Effect of Free Fu on Gut-derived Endotoxin-Mediated Lung Damage

The effect of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on endotoxin (ET)-mediated lung damage caused by incomplete ligation of large intestine and the influence of free Fu on the expression of TNF-α mRNA were explored. Forty SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control group, model group, ligation group and treatment group (n=10 in each group). The models were made by the method of partly ligating the rectum outside the body. The plasma level of lipopolysaccaride was measured by dynamic nephelo metric method and the serum level of TNF-α was detected by the method of radioactive immunity. The expression of TNF-α mRNA in lung tissue was detected by RT-PCR method. The results were compared among the 4 groups. The results showed the plasma levels of ET and serum TNF-α in the model group and the expression of TNF-α mRNA in the lung tissues were remarkably higher than those in the normal control group (P<0.01). After the treatment of free Fu, all of the above indexes in the treatment group were all decreased as compared with model group (all P<0.01), and the damage to lung was alleviated. It was concluded that TNF-α might play a very important role in the ET-mediated lung damage caused by incomplete ligation of large intestine, free Fu could protect the lung from damage.

Infrared Thermal Imaging-Based Research on the Intermediate Structures of the Lung and Large Intestine Exterior-Interior Relationship in Asthma Patients

Objective: By observing body surface temperature variation of the intermediate structures of the Lung(Fei) and Large Intestine(Dachang) exterior-interior relationship in asthmatic patients, to investigate the pathological response on the pathway of channels and to substantiate the objective existence of the intermediary structures. Methods: The study included 60 subjects meeting the bronchial asthma inclusion criteria(experimental group) and 60 healthy subjects(normal control group). ATIR-M301 infrared thermal imaging device was used for detecting body surface temperature of the subjects and collecting the infrared thermal images. The temperature values of the intermediate structures of Lung and Large Intestine exterior-interior relationship [throat, Quepen, elbow, nose, Lieque(LU 7), Pianli(LI 6)], control areas(0.2 cm lateral to the above structures) and Yintang(EX-HN 3) were measured on the infrared thermal image by infrared imaging system. Then, the above temperature values were compared and analyzed within and between two groups. Results: There were insignificant differences between the temperature on the left and right sides of the intermediate structures(Quepen, elbow, LU 7, LI 6) in normal control group(P>0.05). Except for that of Quepen, there were insignificant differences between the temperature of the intermediate structures and their corresponding control areas in normal control group(P>0.05). In the experimental group, the temperature on the left and right sides of the intermediate structures(Quepen, elbow, LU 7, LI 6) showed statistically significant differences(P<0.05 or P<0.01); the temperature difference between intermediate structure(throat, Quepen, elbow, nose, LI 6) and their respective control areas were also significant(P<0.05 or P<0.01). The temperature of the intermediate structures(throat, Quepen, elbow, LU7, LI 6) between the experimental group and normal control group showed significant differences(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusions: This study is an initial step to validate the objective existence of Lung and Large Intestine exterior-interior relationship intermediate structures, as described in the Chinese classical medical literatures, through the functional imaging angle. The intermediate structures are the pathological reaction areas of the bronchial asthmatic patients.

THE EXPLORATION ON THE TENDENCY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACUPUNCTURE-MOXIBUSTION FROM ITS HISTORY

The history is the mirror of future.Studyon the medical history for understanding theconcrete process of medical development,canhelp us not only to draw the experiences,achievements and the historical academic viewpoints of the ancients,but also to master the lawof medical development and look forward thetendency of future development.Just the same,

THE EIGHT EXTRAORDINARY MERIDIANS

Besides the 12 Ordinary Meridians(12Regular Meridians)that are the vessels of VitalEnergy(Qi), there are 8 Extraordinary Meridi-ans of Primary Qi(Yuan Qi), i. e. Governor(Du Mai), Conception(Ren Mai), Chong,Belt, Yinwei, Yangwei, Yinqiao, YangqiaoMeridians. They differ significantly from the12 Ordinary Meridians:

THE LINEAR SAMPLING METHOD FOR RECONSTRUCTING A PENETRABLE CAVITY WITH UNKNOWN EXTERNAL OBSTACLES

We consider the interior inverse scattering problem for recovering the shape of a penetrable partially coated cavity with external obstacles from the knowledge of measured scattered waves due to point sources.In the first part,we obtain the well-posedness of the direct scattering problem by the variational method.In the second part,we establish the mathematical basis of the linear sampling method to recover both the shape of the cavity,and the shape of the external obstacle,however the exterior transmission eigenvalue problem also plays a key role in the discussion of this paper.

杨燕教授从肺论治儿童功能性便秘的临床经验

儿童功能性便秘约占小儿便秘的95%以上,是小儿消化系统的常见病,病程迁延易对儿童的身心健康产生严重影响。文章总结杨燕教授治疗儿童功能性便秘的临床经验。杨燕教授认为便秘的病机主要是大肠的传导功能失常,但与肺脏密切相关。肺与大肠相表里,肺气亏虚或肺气郁闭,宣肃失职,气机不畅,津液疏布失常,肺热移于大肠,肠失濡润,均可导致便秘发生。从肺论治,临证采用塞因塞用之法补气启闭治虚秘,提壶揭盖之法理肺通腑治实秘,同时重视良好的饮食结构及日常护理,临床疗效显著。附验案1则以佐证。

Explanation of Gegen Qinlian Decoction Syndrome and Its Clinical Application

Gegen Qinlian Decoction is one of the commonly used classical prescriptions,which consists of fourherbs:Gegen(Puerariae Lobatae Radix),Huangqin(Scutellariae Radix),Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma),and Zhigancao Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle.The clinical application experience of Gegen Qinlian Decoction is as follows:first,according to Zhongjing Zhang's original text,heat distressing the large intestine with unresolved exterior syndrome is theoriginal meaningof Gegen Qinlian Decoction syndrome.In clinical practice,bacillary dysentery,gastrointestinal cold,etc.,belong to simultaneous exterior and interior disease,which are completely consistent with the original meaning of this prescription;second,the clinical digestive system diseases with exuberant heat of the large intestine as the core manifestation cannot be treated merely based on the exterior syndrome;third,due to the interior-exterior relationship between the lung and the large intestine and between the meridians,the use of Gegen(Puerariae Lobatae Radix),Huangqin(Scutellariae Radix),and Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)can make the source of body clear,and the waste qi can be released and thepore can be easily opened,so this prescription can also be used for exogenous fever;fourth,with multidimensional comprehensive understanding of the syndrome,pathogenesis,symptoms and pharmacology,Gegen Qinlian Decoction has also been further applied to the treatment of hypertension,diabetes,etc.

基于“心肠合治法”论乌梅丸

“心肠合治法”理论起源可追溯至《黄帝内经》,阐释了心与小肠在生理和病理上的相互影响,近年来,研究者多从“颅脑肠脑说”“心与肠道菌群说”“肠道菌群-脑-肠轴”等方面进行研究,证实了“心与小肠相表里”学说的科学性,从而也证明了“心肠合治法”在临床中的可行性、重要性。该文中“心”即心、脑、血脉,包括现代医学中的心血管系统、神经系统等,“肠”即小肠,包括消化系统中的十二指肠、空肠、回肠等。“心肠合治法”是一种很重要但未被重视起来的治疗思路,而乌梅丸即“心肠合治法”的代表方剂,在临床中常被用来治疗心系与肠系病。故该文就“心肠合治法”理论渊源、现代研究机制及其临床运用的研究概况进行探讨,以期从更多角度探究乌梅丸的配伍规律及临床应用。

智能汽车内外饰造型意象耦合度评价方法研究

为帮助设计人员在智能汽车造型设计早期更好地控制内外饰传达的整体意象,提出一种基于眼动实验,结合感性工学理论的智能汽车内外饰造型意象耦合度评价方法。以耦合理论为核心,通过调研获取感性意象词汇集和内外饰并存图库,引入观察距离作为调剂因子统一内外饰意象评价,运用语义差分法构建内外饰总体意象空间并获取意象过渡线;运用眼动实验获取车内外关键设计要素及客观认知权重,经专家评审修正后计算其综合权重并与意象评分结合,探索基于意象认知耦合的智能汽车内外饰造型耦合度评价方法。该方法以3款智能汽车为评价对象,将评价结果与语义差分所得评分进行对比验证,结果表明该方法准确性良好,可以指导后续智能汽车内外饰造型耦合设计。

基于“肺与大肠相表里”探析血管内皮细胞与肠道菌群的关联

肠道菌群及其代谢物失调对内皮细胞损伤和功能障碍具有重要影响。中医“肺”与血管内皮细胞在结构、生理及病理方面具有相关性。中医学“肺与大肠相表里”理论是肺与肠在结构、生理及病理方面相关性的高度概括,可作为血管内皮细胞与肠道菌群相关联的理论基础。本文可为以肠道菌群为切入点、修复血管内皮细胞损伤干预心血管疾病的实验研究提供理论依据,并为中医药临床治疗相关疾病提供参考。