Aggregator-based demand response mechanism for electric vehicles participating in peak regulation in valley time of receiving-end power grid

With the increase in the power receiving proportion and an insufficient peak regulation capacity of the local units, the receiving-end power grid struggles to achieve peak regulation in valley time. To solve this problem while considering the potential of the large-scale charge load of electric vehicles(EVs), an aggregator-based demand response(DR) mechanism for EVs that are participating in the peak regulation in valley time is proposed in this study. In this aggregator-based DR mechanism, the profits for the power grid’s operation and the participation willingness of the EV owners are considered. Based on the characteristics of the EV charging process and the day-ahead unit generation scheduling, a rolling unit commitment model with the DR is established to maximize the social welfare. In addition, to improve the efficiency of the optimization problem solving process and to achieve communication between the independent system operator(ISO) and the aggregators, the clustering algorithm is utilized to extract typical EV charging patterns. Finally, the feasibility and benefits of the aggregator-based DR mechanism for saving the costs and reducing the peak-valley difference of the receiving-end power grid are verified through case studies.

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER VALLEY

ＲＥＧＩＯＮＡＬ ＤＩＦＦＥＲＥＮＣＥＳ ＯＦ ＥＣＯＮＯＭＩＣ ＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴ ＯＦ ＴＨＥ ＣＨＡＮＧＪＩＡＮＧ ＲＩＶＥＲ ＶＡＬＬＥＹ ＣｈｅｎＧｕｏＪｉｅ（陈国阶）（ＣｈｅｎｇｄｕＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎＤｉｓａｓｔｅ...

Effects on the Behavior and Neuroimmunity of Pulsed Microwaves with Different Peak Densities

Pulsed microwaves are widely used inradar,navigation, and communication. The average power density is low at narrow pulse widths or large pulse intervals,but pulsed microwaves at certain peak densities exert numerous biological effects, including

Electric Vehicle Charging Load Optimization Strategy Based on Dynamic Time-of-Use Tariff

Electric vehicle(EV)is an ideal solution to resolve the carbon emission issue and the fossil fuels scarcity problem in the future.However,a large number of EVs will be concentrated on charging during the valley hours leading to new load peaks under the guidance of static time-of-use tariff.Therefore,this paper proposes a dynamic time-of-use tariff mechanism,which redefines the peak and valley time periods according to the predicted loads using the fuzzy C-mean(FCM)clustering algorithm,and then dynamically adjusts the peak and valley tariffs according to the actual load of each time period.Based on the proposed tariff mechanism,an EV charging optimization model with the lowest cost to the users and the lowest variance of the grid-side load as the objective function is established.Then,a weight selection principle with an equal loss rate of the two objectives is proposed to transform the multi-objective optimization problem into a single-objective optimization problem.Finally,the EV charging load optimization model under three tariff strategies is set up and solved with the mathematical solver GROUBI.The results show that the EV charging load optimization strategy based on the dynamic time-of-use tariff can better balance the benefits between charging stations and users under different numbers and proportions of EVs connected to the grid,and can effectively reduce the grid load variance and improve the grid load curve.

A matching algorithm based on hybrid matrices consisting of reference differences and disparities

Unique correct correspondence cannot be obtained only by use of gray correlation technique, which describes gray similar degree of feature points between the left and right images too unilaterally. The gray correlation technique is adopted to extract gray correlation peaks as a coarse matching set called multi-peak set. The disparity gradient limited constraint is utilized to optimize the multi-peak set. Unique match will be obtained by calculating the correlation of hybrid matrices consisting of reference differences and disparities from the multi-peak set. Two of the known corresponding points in the left and right images, respectively, are set as a pair of reference points to determine search direction and search scope at first. After the unique correspondence is obtained by calculating the correlation of the hybrid matrices from the multi-peak set, the obtained match is regarded as a new reference point till all feature points in the left (or right) image have been processed. Experimental results proved that the proposed algorithm was feasible and accurate.

A Study on the Influencing Factors on Ground Motion in a Valley Site

A trapezoid valley site is chosen as a research site,and according to numerical models based on orthogonal design,the factors influencing ground motion in the valley site are studied with two-dimensional finite difference method. The influencing factors are ranked,and then the calculation results are verified by ground motion analysis. The conclusions are as follows:there are four factors that have important effects on ground motion of trapezoid valley sites,but the effects are different as the location of sites changes,the influencing factors rank differently with different site locations; The ranking of the influencing factors is the same for all the sites located within a distance of 40m from the valley's side,among them,the most effective one is the valley slope angle ranks,followed by depth-to-width ratio,overburden thickness,at last the input ground motion intensity.The impact of the factors on surface ground motion is roughly the same in the valley sites within a certain distance to the valley side,and the geometric parameters of the valley terrain play a greater part in influencing ground motion. With the increase of distance away from the valley's side,the ranking of the influencing factors also changes,the rating of slope angle moves backward,the ranking of the input ground motion and overburden thickness move ahead. The effect of valley geometric parameters on ground motions is gradually weakened,but the effect of other two influence factors are gradually increased,similar to cases of a horizontal layered site. Strong motion records in Anning River valley site were analyzed,and the results show that the valley topography has a significant amplification effect on ground motion,and that the numerical results of this paper are credible.

A Parallel Search Genetic Algorithm Based on Multiple Peak Values and Multiple Rules

In this paper the Hamming distance is used to contr ol individual difference in the process of creating an original population, and a peak-depot is established to preserve information of different peak-points. So me new methods are also put forward to improve optimization performance of genet ic algorithm, such as point-cast method and neighborhood search strategy around peak-points. The methods are used to deal with genetic operation besides of cr ossover and mutation, in order to obtain a global optimum solution and avoid GA ’s premature convergence. By means of many control rules and a peak-depot, the new algorithm carries out optimum search surrounding several peak-points. Alon g with evolution of individuals of population, the fitness of peak-points of pe ak-depot increases continually, and a global optimum solution can be obtained. The new algorithm searches around several peak-points, which increases the prob ability to obtain the global optimum solution to the best. By using some example s to test the modified genetic algorithm, the results indicate what we have done makes the modified genetic algorithm effectively to solve both of linear optimi zation problems and nonlinear optimization problems with restrictive functions.

基于峰值比拟合匹配的时差式气体超声波流量计

时差式气体超声波流量计的回波信号在气体中传播时能量衰减严重,且存在着不同程度的幅值晃动问题。因此如何在幅值晃动的气体回波信号中确定特征点,以准确测量回波信号渡越时间及其顺、逆流渡越时间差,是当前时差式气体超声波流量计信号处理方法的主要研究热点。该文基于超声回波信号的数学模型,研究构建了一种基于峰值比拟合匹配的信号处理方法,利用拟合指标来筛选符合匹配条件的波形。并且通过实际数据验证了该方法的有效性和优越性。

碳交易政策对城市能源利用效率的影响及机制

能源利用效率提升是实现碳达峰战略目标的重要抓手。本文将能源利用效率区分为单要素能源生产率与绿色全要素能源效率,以2004~2022年我国284个地级市为研究样本,运用双重差分、连续型双重差分等方法考察检验碳交易政策对试点城市能源利用效率的影响及机制。结果显示:碳交易政策能显著提升城市单要素能源生产率与全要素能源效率,且政策效应随年份推移越发显著。机制分析表明:碳价上升有助于改善城市单要素能源生产率与全要素能源效率;碳交易政策能通过能源资源错配的纠正改善城市单要素能源生产率与全要素能源效率,而绿色技术创新的中介影响为负。碳交易政策有助于提升非资源型城市、非老工业基地城市单要素能源生产率与全要素能源效率,而对老工业基地城市单要素能源生产率存在抑制作用。本文基于城市能源利用效率提升的视角,为全国范围碳交易市场建设提供政策启示。

考虑需求响应和风电不确定性的电网调度

风电不确定性对电力系统的影响日益增加,文中提出一种考虑需求响应的电网源荷网经济调度方法。根据需求价格弹性理论和消费者心理学原理构建价格型需求响应模型,基于灵活补偿激励型需求响应充分考虑两类需求响应互补特性,增加两类需求响应对系统的备用约束。引入通用概率分布描述风电出力特性,以期望成本量化风电不确定性惩罚成本,并将目标函数中的非线性变量线性化处理,采用混合整数线性规划问题对模型进行求解。仿真结果表明,所提模型能够有效降低负荷的峰谷差,提高风电的消纳能力。

使用NORLAND骨密度仪比较不同人种峰值骨量值

目的了解不同人种的峰值骨量(PBM)差异。方法收集在西文SCI和中文NSTL核心期刊上发表的,使用NORLANDDXA骨密度仪测量的欧美白种人和亚洲黄种人的PBM值,按不同性别和测量部位进行分类比较。结果欧美白种人和亚洲黄种人在腰椎、股骨颈以及股骨粗隆的PBM值差异较大,其中女性白种人股骨颈、股骨粗隆和脊柱PBM要分别比女性黄种人高17.1%、17.8%和5.6%,男性白种人脊柱PBM要比男性黄种人高9.6%,而女性桡骨PBM值在不同人种中的差别不大。结论欧美白种人和亚洲黄种人不同部位PBM值存在一定差异。

多工况车辆荷载下嵌入式压电传感路面结构动态响应分析

嵌入式智能装置与路面结构在车辆荷载作用下的动态响应对其服役性能和使用寿命意义突出。为此,采用1/4车辆振动模型,构建车辆动荷载作用下的嵌入式压电系统-路面结构有限元模型。基于足尺加速加载试验路段实测应变数据和文献振动数据,对有限元模型的响应结果进行了验证;进一步考虑了不同车辆轴载、车速和路面平整度等工况下,嵌入式路面结构的动态响应变化和压电系统的电压峰值输出。结果表明,路面结构的竖向加速度峰值、嵌入式压电系统的输出峰值随着车辆荷载的增加而增加,线性度良好;超载带来的横向应变峰值变化和竖向应变拉压交替峰峰值变化,需重点考虑;行驶速度对路面的振动和应变响应影响明显,均不为单调变化;随着路面等级从A级降为C级,路面各结构层平均竖向加速度从-10×10^(-3) g增加到-39×10^(-3) g,其中深度200 mm以内的三向振动增幅最为明显。该研究为嵌入式压电系统的实际应用和布置优化提供了支撑,也为智能道路的长期服役性能分析提供了依据。

不同耦合介质下岩石损伤特性数值模拟

为探究空气和水不耦合爆破的岩石损伤特性,利用数值模拟分析了五组不耦合系数模型爆破后的岩石损伤演化过程、破裂范围以及孔壁峰值压力,最后开展现场试验验证数值模拟结果。结果表明:随着径向不耦合系数增大,空气不耦合爆破的岩石损伤区域范围衰减更加明显;水不耦合爆破产生的初始冲击波能量更大,传播过程中的能量利用率更高,且由于水介质的几乎不可压缩性,能量能够较平缓而均匀地作用在炮孔壁上;相同不耦合系数条件下,水不耦合爆破后的孔壁峰值压力更大,但水介质能够对孔壁产生较好的保护作用,进行隧道光面爆破试验后效果更好。以上研究可为隧道光面爆破装药结构选择提供一定的参考依据。

体质量指数对足底压力的影响

背景:人体足底压力能反映下肢乃至全身的健康状况,是步态分析的重要基础,而体质量指数是其重要的影响因素。目的:探讨体质量指数对人体足底压力的影响。方法:选择徐州医科大学20名青年大学生为测试对象,其中男10名、女10名,年龄19-21岁,根据体质量指数值分为3组:超重组(体质量指数>25 kg/m2,n=3)、偏瘦组(体质量指数<18 kg/m2,n=4)、正常组(体质量指数18-25 kg/m2,n=13)。采用Zebris压力分布测量平板对3组受试者进行自然行走步态测试,获取完整步态周期参数,分析双足支撑时相各分期时间占比、压强峰值、峰值压力出现时间、峰值压力、冲量,并对各参数与体质量指数的相关性进行Person分析。结果与结论:①超重组受试者足弓支撑期时间占比相较其他两组相对较小,而足跟着地期和前掌蹬伸期时间占比相对较大;足跟着地阶段、前掌蹬伸期时间占比与体质量指数呈正相关,足弓支撑期时间占比与体质量指数呈负相关;②超重组受试者左足弓和前掌部的压强峰高于正常组,偏瘦组受试者左右足前掌部的压强峰值低于正常组;在足跟着地期,压强峰值与体质量指数呈正相关;在足弓支撑期,左足压强峰值与体质量指数、前掌蹬伸期双足压强峰值与体质量指数呈显著正相关;③3组受试者足底峰值压力出现时间由短到长为足跟<足弓<跖骨<足趾,在足跟着地期,峰值压力出现时间与体质量指数呈负相关,但在前掌蹬伸期两者呈现正相关,在足弓支撑阶段,左足弓峰值压力出现时间与体质量指数呈显著正相关;④足底峰值压力大小主要表现为足跟内侧>趾骨/中间2-4跖骨>足跟外侧>内外侧跖骨>足弓,足跟内侧峰值压力最大,足弓最小;除左足的足趾外,其余各区域峰值压力与体质量指数呈显著正相关;⑤偏瘦组和超重组地面冲量最大在足跟着地期,地面冲量最小在前掌蹬伸期,正常组足弓地面冲量最小;受试者足底不同分期的地面冲量与体质量指数呈显著正相关;⑥结果显示,青年人群应控制体质量指数、穿合适的鞋、保护好足踝,预防扁平足等的发生。

接触面倾角对干燥及饱和砂岩-混凝土组合体力学性能的影响

为研究两种含水状态下不同接触面倾角对砂岩-混凝土组合体的强度和变形特性的影响,分别对干燥与饱和状态下不同倾角的组合体开展了单轴压缩试验.结果表明:两种状态下组合体的峰值强度均随着倾角的增大先增大后减小再增大,且分别在倾角为30°和60°时取得最大值和最小值;饱和状态下不同倾角组合体弹性模量整体略高于干燥状态,而峰值应变小于干燥状态,曲线近似成W型分布;60°组合体均出现整体滑移裂纹,其余试样多为整体张拉破坏,表现出一体两介质连续性力学特性,饱水状态下试样劈裂裂纹数量少于干燥状态;对两种状态下组合体裂纹闭合压密阶段的曲线进行拟合,组合体轴向裂纹闭合应变的演化趋势能较好地贴合其演化方程.

基于溶剂峰压制与OPLS-DA法分析小儿止咳糖浆成分差异

目的利用溶剂峰压制实验结合OPLS-DA方法分析比较不同厂家小儿止咳糖浆成分的差异,并进行有效的区分和鉴别。方法采集6个厂家21个生产批号34个样品的小儿止咳糖浆氢谱,将氢谱分段积分后,利用OPLSDA模式对数据进行分析。结果6个厂家的小儿止咳糖浆的氢谱相似,但是经过溶剂峰压制实验后发现微量成分存在差异。两次实验数据经OPLS-DA分析,结果显示不同厂家的小儿止咳糖浆成分存在差异。结论^(1)H-NMR指纹图谱结合OPLS-DA模式识别能有效区分不同厂家的小儿止咳糖浆,为小儿止咳糖浆的质量标准提供新的方法。

基于多目标粒子群的电动汽车优化充电策略

居民区家用电动汽车充电具有较强的集中性,大规模电动汽车充电负荷会对配电网系统造成负荷峰谷差过大等问题。文中提出一种基于多目标粒子群(Multi-Objctive Particle Swarm Optimization,MPSO)算法的用户充电选择控制策略,通过分析预测电动汽车充电负荷建立以系统总负荷方差和调度成本最小为目标函数的多目标优化模型,同时考虑了电动汽车电池及系统功率等约束条件,采用多目标粒子群优化算法求解电动汽车最优起始充电时刻。仿真结果表明,相比居民区内电动汽车无序充电,文中所提电动汽车充电策略能有效降低负荷峰值和调度成本。

基于多维价格弹性系数的分时电价对负荷特性影响机理

基于23个省级电力公司经营区各行业固定用户群负荷曲线,测算多维价格弹性系数评估分时电价调整对各地区各行业峰谷时段用电的影响,并分析峰谷段电力需求对多维价格指标的敏感性。利用多维价格弹性系数定量评估各地区各行业降低峰段电量、提升谷段电量、缩小负荷峰谷差率三维电力电量指标对提高高峰时段电价、降低低谷时段电价、拉大峰谷电价比三维价格指标的敏感性。根据多维价格弹性系数分析结果可针对不同地区、行业、时段提出分时电价优化调整策略。

考虑需求响应与火蓄调峰的优化调度模型研究

为了应对风电等可再生能源接入引起的系统调峰压力增大且影响系统经济运行的问题,进一步挖掘新型调节电源、传统调节电源和负荷侧协同调峰的潜力,综合利用负荷侧的需求响应和电源侧的抽水蓄能、火电三种调峰措施联合调峰,构建考虑需求响应和火蓄参与深度调峰的电力系统两阶段优化调度模型。第一阶段优化模型中引入负荷侧的需求响应,以最小化负荷与风电差值的平方之和为目标,优化负荷曲线,降低系统峰谷差;第二阶段优化模型利用电源侧的抽水蓄能和火电深度调峰,计及火电深度调峰电量损失成本、抽蓄调峰成本和弃风成本,以系统总运行成本最小为目标,在第一阶段模型的基础上优化各机组出力,增加风电上网空间。以改进的IEEE30节点系统进行算例分析和两阶段优化模型有效性验证,结果表明,所建模型可提高调峰能力,促进风电消纳,并降低系统总运行成本。火电机组进一步降低出力,积极参与深度调峰,能够有效促进系统风电消纳。三种调峰方式有机结合联合参与调峰,降低了负荷的峰谷差,不仅有效降低了弃风率,还减轻了系统的调峰压力,缩短了火电深调时段。

一种电动汽车“预约充/放电”模式的优化配置方案

EV(电动汽车)数量的激增,加剧了配电网的电压越限、线路网损等问题。为了优化EV负荷与配电网之间单向且随机的充电交互模式,提出一种EV“预约充/放电”模式及其优化配置方案,通过将大规模EV负荷分时段聚集,同时计及RDG(可再生分布式电源)与EV充电站的协同优化,有效降低有功功率网损,减小电压偏差,保证配电网安全稳定运行。首先,建立考虑EV“预约充/放电”模式的配电网有功、无功协同配置数学模型,将EV充电站的有功、无功出力以及RDG的无功出力作为优化变量;其次,采用二阶锥松弛方法,将原始非凸可行域转化为凸二阶锥可行域,进而获得数学模型的最优解。最后,选用改进的IEEE 33节点系统进行仿真,验证所提方案的可行性与有效性。