Research on Verification Method of Motor Startups in Nuclear Power Plants Based on Topology Recognition

There are many motors in operation or on standby in nuclear power plants,and the startup of group motors will have a great impact on the voltage of the emergency bus.At present,there is no special or inexpensive software to solve this problem,and the experience of engineers is not accurate enough.Therefore,this paper developed a method and system for the startup calculation of group motors in nuclear power plants and proposed an automatic generation method of circuit topology in nuclear power plants.Each component in the topology was given its unique number,and the component class could be constructed according to its type and upper and lower connections.The subordination and topology relationship of switches,buses,and motors could be quickly generated by the program according to the component class,and the simplified direct power flow algorithm was used to calculate the power flow for the startup of group motors according to the above relationship.Then,whether the bus voltage is in the safe range and whether the voltage exceeds the limit during the startup of the group motor could be judged.The practical example was used to verify the effectiveness of the method.Compared with other professional software,the method has high efficiency and low cost.

A Hybrid Decoupled Power Flow Method for Balanced Power Distribution Systems

This paper proposes a hybrid decoupled power flow method for balanced power distribution systems with distributed generation sources. The method formulates the power flow equations in active power and reactive power decoupled form with polar coordinates. Second-order terms are included in the active power mismatch iteration, and constant Jacobian and Hessian matrices are used. A hybrid direct and indirect solution technique is used to achieve efficiency and robustness of the algorithm. Active power correction is solved by means of a sparse lower triangular and upper triangular （LU） decomposition algorithm with partial pivoting, and the reactive power correction is solved by means of restarted generalized minimal residual algorithm with an incomplete LU pre-conditioner. Typical distribution generation models and distribution load models are included. The impact of zero-impedance branches is explicitly modeled through reconfiguring of the adjacent branches with impedances. Numerical examples on a sample distribution system with widespread photovoltaic installations are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A Novel Location Method for Interline Power Flow Controllers Based on Entropy Theory

As one of the new generation flexible AC transmission systems(FACTS)devices,the interline power flow controller(IPFC)has the significant advantage of simultaneously regulating the power flow of multiple lines.Nevertheless,how to choose the appropriate location for the IPFC converters has not been discussed thoroughly.To solve this problem,this paper proposes a novel location method for IPFC using entropy theory.To clarify IPFC’s impact on system power flow,its operation mechanism and control strategies of different types of serial converters are discussed.Subsequently,to clarify the system power flow characteristic suitable for device location analysis,the entropy concept is introduced.In this process,the power flow distribution entropy index is used as an optimization index.Using this index as a foundation,the power flow transfer entropy index is also generated and proposed for the IPFC location determination study.Finally,electromechanical electromagnetic hybrid simulations based on ADPSS are implemented for validation.These are tested in a practical power grid with over 800 nodes.A modular multilevel converter(MMC)-based IPFC electromagnetic model is also established for precise verification.The results show that the proposed method can quickly and efficiently complete optimized IPFC location and support IPFC to determine an optimal adjustment in the N-1 fault cases.

基于对等架构的虚拟电厂-配电网双层电碳协同调度模型

为使虚拟电厂更好地适应多种低碳能源并存的碳市场,建立了一种基于对等架构的虚拟电厂-配电网协同调度双层模型。引入碳排放流理论,结合电网潮流确定节点碳排放责任。建立双层模型,上层为配电网最优潮流模型,下层为虚拟电厂点对点交易模型。上、下层模型间使用目标级联分析法构建对等架构,并通过共识变量实现协同调度。下层模型使用基于共识的自适应步长交替方向乘子法处理虚拟电厂间点对点交易问题,促进资源消纳的同时实现了隐私保护。以IEEE 33节点配电网为例,对调度结果进行多种分析,验证了所提模型的有效性。

Study and FDTD Modeling of the Influence of Direct Lightning Shock on the Power Transmitted by a High-Voltage Power Transmission Line

Electric towers of high voltage transmission lines are more exposed to natural lightning phenomena thanks to their high heights. These lines are crossed by powerful current sources to dissipate in the ground, which can, at one time or another, create disturbances or other phenomena can be generated. This is why we have set ourselves the objective of studying the FDTD modeling of the influence of direct lightning strikes on the power transmitted by a High-Voltage power line. To do this, we have implemented Kirchhoff’s laws to model the power transmitted by a High-Voltage power line in a steady state. Calculating the electromagnetic field generated by lightning requires the lightning current along the channel and its spatiotemporal distribution, the bi-exponential models and that of engineers were chosen and used to reproduce the physical phenomena best. Several works have been published in the literature and various mathematical models are proposed, to study the filamentous nature of power lines which has led to a more flexible modelling, based on the transmission line model, associated with the field theory developed from Maxwell’s equations, which explain the interaction between a lightning wave and a power transmission line. The resolution of the line equations in the lightning shock regime was the subject of the FDTD method to obtain the results in the spatio-temporal domain. Through this research, we are interested in the study of the spatiotemporal distribution of the lightning current wave to model the radiated electromagnetic field and to examine the influence of the overvoltage induced by the atmospheric discharge on the transportable power of a High Voltage AC Transmission line, for good selective protection to illuminate the parasites. 2D simulations based on proposed models were developed as well as the verification of the consistency of the different models, by comparing the fractal dimensions of the results of our program with those of the figures obtained experimentally. The aspects developed in this article could have direct implications in practical applications in the engineering and design of high-voltage transmission systems.

不平衡网压下M-DCPFC脉动功率分配控制策略

在多端直流配电网中,变换器的交流侧发生网压不平衡会导致其直流侧产生2倍频脉动,从而影响配电网中敏感负荷的供电电能质量。针对该问题,以适用于多端直流配电网的直流潮流控制器(DCPFC)为研究对象,提出一种不平衡网压下的脉动功率分配控制策略。在DCPFC各端口处加入针对2倍频脉动的虚拟阻抗,可以实现2倍频脉动功率在任意线路上的自由分配,以减小对敏感负荷的影响。各端口加入的虚拟阻抗以线路损耗最小为原则进行设计,并利用根轨迹法进一步精确虚拟阻抗的选取范围,使其在分配脉动功率的同时不会影响系统稳定性。通过仿真和实验验证所提控制策略和设计方法的有效性。

面向新型电力系统的常规直流在线潮流反转应用启示

高压直流输电系统是中国大范围能源资源优化配置的主体。现有常规直流潮流反转以直流闭锁方式下电压极性反转为核心,难以满足含高比例新能源的新型电力系统跨分区的灵活调节互济和暂态稳定支撑需求。文中面向国内跨异步分区互济需求,结合国外常规直流柔性调节应用经验,提出面向常规直流的新型在线潮流反转技术,可以显著提升常规直流的柔性调节能力。基于标准两区域异步互联系统和南方区域极端场景,验证了所提在线潮流反转控制的有效性。所提方法对于构建直流异步互联跨区域互济体系具有重大意义。

Study on the Application of UHVDC Hierarchical Connection Mode to Multi-infeed HVDC System

随着我国特高压交直流技术的广泛应用，多馈入直流集中落入受端负荷中心将是未来我国电网发展所面临的重要问题。为从电网结构上有效解决多馈入直流系统的问题，提出一种特高压直流分层接入交流电网的方式。研究分层接入方式直流多馈入短路比计算方法的适用性，从理论上对比特高压直流不同接入方式下多馈入直流电网的系统特性，证明特高压直流分层接入方式有助于提高多馈入直流系统的电压支撑能力，引导潮流在1000kV与500kV层级间合理分布。结合国家电网规划，仿真验证了特高压直流分层接入方式的优势。

基于七阶NR法与Broyden方法的柔性直流系统潮流新算法

目的 为了解决当前柔性直流输电系统潮流算法求解效率低的问题,方法 首先提出基于七阶NR法的潮流算法,该算法相较于传统的潮流算法具有更高的收敛阶数,可以有效减少迭代次数,提高算法效率;其次,针对七阶NR法单步迭代计算量大的问题,提出基于七阶NR法与Broyden方法的改进算法,利用七阶NR法突出的收敛特性,减少迭代次数,同时保留Broyden方法单步迭代计算成本较低的优势,避免浪费计算能力,使计算效率得到较大提升;最后提出一种经验法则,以确定改进算法中高阶NR法的迭代次数。结果 使用经典和改进算法对修改后的IEEE标准算例进行仿真测试,结果表明:与经典NR法相比,交流和直流的改进算法潮流计算结果最大误差分别为1×10^(-8)和2×10^(-8);平均计算时间方面,在IEEE-14、IEEE-30、IEEE-57、IEEE-118共4种算例系统下,改进算法的平均计算时间比经典NR法的减少了约61%;当算例系统由双端变为三端和双馈入后,改进算法的迭代次数保持不变,计算时间分别增加0.352 ms和0.636 ms;在重负荷情况下,改进算法的计算效率最高,且预设迭代次数较简单,当负荷值达到2.992时,其计算时间仅为经典NR法的60%。结论 本文的改进算法具有与经典NR法相同的精确性,但在计算速度方面更有优势,且更有利于在重负荷等极端情况下使用。

考虑多馈入系统无功电压特性的同时换相失败评估方法

针对目前基于多馈入相互作用因子(multi-infeed interaction factor,MIIF)同时换相失败评估准确度不足的问题,首先阐明了多馈入高压直流系统中交流系统故障后暂态无功功率的作用机理,揭示了无功功率和电压之间复杂的相互作用对MIIF的显著影响。其次,提出了一种考虑到无功功率和电压相互作用的改进MIIF因子,用于衡量多馈入直流系统之间的相互作用,分别计算了交直流系统间无功功率不平衡引起的电压降和直流换流站间无功功率传输引起的电压变化。然后,基于最小关断角定理,综合考虑了暂态无功功率和电压特性的影响,提出了临界同时换相失败因子(critical simultaneous commutation failure factor,CSCFF)及其计算表达式。通过比较MIIF和CSCFF,提出了一种同时换相失败评估方法,在评估同时换相失败时具有更高的准确性。最后,利用PSCAD/EMTDC平台构建了双馈入和三馈入高压直流仿真模型,验证了所提方法在不同故障类型、耦合阻抗和故障严重程度下的有效性和适用性。

基于对称分量法的调相机定子故障特征分析

传统同步调相机定子绕组匝间短路故障机理分析方法通常认为电机定子电流接近三相对称,并以此为基础建立同步调相机故障电流的数学表征。但是,一旦发生定子绕组匝间短路故障,同步调相机三相定子电流的对称性将遭到破坏,使得传统故障机理分析方法所建立的数学表征无法准确反映电机内部电气量的变化。文中通过引入对称分量法,建立故障后同步调相机瞬时有功/无功功率的数学模型,提出利用瞬时有功/无功功率中的2次谐波进行定子绕组匝间短路故障诊断。仿真和实验的结果表明:相较于利用定子电流3次谐波与基波幅值之比诊断故障的传统方法,文中方法在轻微故障状态下能提高至少7倍的诊断灵敏度,更易完成早期故障诊断。同时,所提方法中的故障特征量不受同步调相机工况和故障位置的影响,具有强鲁棒性。

考虑线路动态电热特性的交直流系统分布鲁棒潮流优化策略

为了充分发挥交直流线路耐热特性、提高系统在不确定运行环境下应对故障的调控能力,以含柔性直流输电技术(VSC-HVDC)的交直流系统为研究对象,提出一种考虑线路动态电热特性的分布鲁棒潮流优化策略。首先,根据热传导理论分别建立交流架空线路、直流电缆线路的动态电热模型,而后在校正控制中引入交、直流输电线路短期最高允许温度(SAOT)约束及校正期间最大热积累量来代替长期允许温度(LAOT)作为在校正期间的暂时安全约束,以达到充分利用线路的短期过载/耐热特性的目的;其次,将故障后的校正过程划分成两个子校正过程,通过最大化储能及VSC-HVDC的快速校正能力,弥补常规调控装置难以快速响应指令的缺陷,进一步,在基于Kullback-Leibler(KL)散度所构建的风荷概率分布模糊集上,通过在考虑风荷最恶劣概率分布的情况下进行潮流优化,改善了传统鲁棒优化方法过于保守的问题;再次,在列和约束生成(C&CG)算法和Multi-cut Benders分解算法的基础上,提出一种融合物理知识的双循环分解算法,不仅能避免对非过载线路热平衡方程的线性化,同时还能避免多场景多故障协同求解;最后,在基于改进的IEEE 39测试系统中对所提模型及算法的有效性进行了验证。

考虑动态三相不平衡度的输电线路线损控制方法

为了精准计算线路三相不平衡度并降低线路损耗,治理三相电流不平衡度,研究考虑动态三相不平衡度的输电线路线损控制方法。估算输电线路的三相电压不平衡度,并以其为参考计算输电线路三相电流不平衡度,结合等值电阻法与不平衡度因素计算输电线路的线损,当线路损耗过高时,通过在线路中接入基于电压控制的统一潮流控制器,降低输电线路中的电阻功率值与阻抗,实现输电线路线损控制。实验结果证明,该方法可以有效分析三相不平衡负载下输电线路两端电压、电流波形变化,并准确计算输电线路中三相电流不平衡度,且线损率计算结果准确,控制后线损率呈明显下降趋势。

Analysis and Control of Modular Multi-terminal DC Power Flow Controller with Fault Current Limiting Function

In order to overcome the problems of power flow control and fault current limiting in multi-terminal high voltage direct current(MTDC)grids,this paper proposes a modular multi-terminal DC power flow controller(MM-DCPFC)with fault current limiting function.The topology structure,operation principle,and equivalent circuit of MM-DCPFC are introduced,and such a structure has the advantages of modularity and scalability.The power balance mechanism is studied and a hierarchical power balance control strategy is proposed.The results show that MM-DCPFC can achieve internal power exchange,which avoids the use of external power supply.The fault characteristics of MM-DCPFC are analyzed,fault current limiting and self-protection methods are proposed,and the factors affecting the current limiting capability are studied.The simulation models are established in PLECS,and the simulation results verify the effectiveness of MM-DCPFC in power flow control,fault current limiting,and scalability.In addition,a prototype is developed to validate the function and control method of MM-DCPFC.

Damping Characteristic Analysis and Optimization of Wind-thermal-bundled Power Transmission by LCC-HVDC Systems

With the rapid development of renewable energy,wind-thermal-bundled power transmission by line-commutated converter based high-voltage direct current(LCC-HVDC)systems has been widely developed.The dynamic interaction mechanisms among permanent magnet synchronous generators(PMSGs),synchronous generators(SGs),and LCC-HVDC system become complex.To deal with this issue,a path analysis method(PAM)is proposed to study the dynamic interaction mechanism,and the damping reconstruction is used to analyze the damping characteristic of the system.First,based on the modular modeling,linearized models for the PMSG subsystem,the LCC-HVDC subsystem,and the SG subsystem are established.Second,based on the closed-loop transfer function diagram of the system,the disturbance transfer path and coupling relationship among subsystems are analyzed by the PAM,and the damping characteristic analysis of the SG-dominated oscillation mode is studied based on the damping reconstruction.Compared with the PAM,the small-signal model of the system is obtained and eigenvalue analysis results are presented.Then,the effect of the control parameters on the damping characteristic is analyzed and the conclusions are verified by time-domain simulations.Finally,the penalty functions of the oscillation modes and decay modes are taken as the objective function,and an optimization strategy based on the Monte Carlo method is proposed to solve the parameter optimization problem.Numerical simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

基于改进基频调制电流源换流器的高压直流输电系统

主动换相型电流源换流器(current source converter,CSC)是一种新型的电流源换流器,其具有功率密度高,控制灵活,且无换相失败风险等优点,在直流输电领域具有广阔的应用前景。采用脉冲宽度调制的CSC存在直流电压波动大,开关损耗高等问题,不适用于直流输电场景。基频调制的CSC虽然缓解了直流电压波动,但是其仅有一个控制自由度,无法实现有功无功独立控制。针对上述问题,在基频调制CSC的基础上,提出一种适用于高压直流输电的改进型基频调制电流源换流器。首先分析改进基频调制原理和换流器交直流侧谐波特性,并设计直流滤波器;然后,建立系统的数学模型,并提出相应的系统功率控制策略;同时考虑到系统需要向无源网络供电的情况,提出一种无源网络供电控制策略。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建仿真模型,验证所提调制方法和控制策略的正确性和有效性。

面向低成本轻型化直流耗能装置的滞环控制策略

直流耗能装置是海上风电经柔直并网系统中的重要装备,用于受端电网故障时吸收风场馈入的盈余功率防止系统过压。该文针对模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)型和混合型两种工程主流耗能装置技术路线,提出一种通用的直流母线电压滞环控制策略,可显著降低耗能阀内部电容、电阻及绝缘栅双极晶体管(insulated-gate bipolar transistor,IGBT)的电气应力与选型规格参数,实现装备低成本和轻型化设计。建立融合耗能装置的柔直系统直流侧等效数学模型,揭示控制参数对系统暂态过电压和耗能装置热应力的影响机理,给出控制参数的详细设计方法。最后,搭建±250 kV/1 500 MW海上风电并网系统模型验证上述内容的正确性,仿真结果表明,所提控制策略具有良好系统特性,MMC型耗能装置无需额外配置37%的全桥子模块,电容值降低75%;混合型耗能装置内部电阻发热降低97.7%,不再需要水冷散热装置。

功率阶跃型LCC-HVDC频率支撑控制策略

随着大量常规机组被直流馈入和新能源发电替代,系统惯量水平下降,调频资源减少,频率稳定性问题日益突出。基于电网换相型换流器的直流输电(line-commutatedconverterbasedhigh-voltagedirect-current,LCC-HVDC)应用广泛,利用其功率快速调节能力为系统提供支撑是改善频率稳定性问题的有效手段。该文基于功率阶跃型频率控制的基本框架,考虑LCC的出力限制,以出现功率缺额后频率最低点最高为目标建立了LCC-HVDC系统的出力时序优化模型。基于序列二次规划法对优化问题进行求解,确定最佳的LCC附加功率与支撑时间。基于MATLAB/Simulink的仿真验证了所提频率支撑控制策略的有效性。

基于虚拟阻抗的模块化直流电源并联均流控制研究

直流电源各模块之间的参数存在差异,导致模块化直流电源并联运行时存在环流问题。为解决该问题,研究了基于虚拟阻抗的模块化直流电源并联均流控制。文章在模块化直流电源并联运行过程中检测模块间环流,设计一种纯阻性的虚拟阻抗,并加入直流电源并联系统控制结构。通过调整虚拟阻抗来抑制并联电源模块间环流,实现模块化直流电源并联均流控制。实验结果表明,设计方法下各并联直流电源模块之间负载电流的最大偏差仅0.58 A,可以实现良好的均流控制。

基于无线通信的智能变电站直流电源故障远程监测方法

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