Sustainable Intensification and Large-scale Operation of Cultivated Land Use at the Farmers’ Scale:A Case Study of Shandong Province,China

Sustainable intensification of cultivated land use(SICLU) and large-scale operations(LSO) are widely acknowledged strategies for enhancing agricultural performance.However,the existing literature has faced challenges in precisely defining SICLU and constructing comprehensive indicators,which has hindered the exploration of factors influencing LSO within the SICLU framework.To address this gap,we integrated self-efficacy theory into the design of an index framework for evaluating SICLU.We subsequently employed econometric models to analyze the significant factors that impact LSO.Our findings reveal that SICLU can be divided into four key dimensions:intensive management,efficient output,resource conservation,and ecological environment optimization.Furthermore,it is crucial to incorporate belief-based cognitive factors into the index system,as farmers’ understanding of fertilizer and pesticide application significantly influences their willingness to engage in LSO.Moreover,we identify grain market turnover as the most influential factor in promoting LSO,with single-factor contribution rates reaching 70.9% for cultivated land transfer willingness and 62.5% for the total planting areas.Interestingly,unlike irrigation and agricultural machinery inputs,increased labor inputs correspond to larger planting areas for farmers.This trend may be attributed to reduced labor availability because of rural labor migration,whereas the reduction in irrigation and agricultural input is contingent on innovations in production practices and the transfer of cultivated land management rights.Importantly,SICLU dynamically influences LSO,with each index related to SICLU having an optimal range that fosters LSO.These insights offer valuable guidance for policymakers,emphasizing farmers as their central focus,with the adjustment of input and output factors as a means to achieve LSO as the ultimate goal.In conclusion,we propose research avenues for further enriching the SICLU framework to ensure that it aligns with the specific characteristics of regional agricultural development.

Influencing Factors of Householders' Transferring out Cultivated Land under the Background of Urban and Rural Integration

Factors influencing householders' transferring out the cultivated land are analyzed from the aspects of farmers' individual characteristics,farmers' family features,resources endowment features and external environmental features.And based on the results of the questionnaire survey of 252 households in Chengdu City,the effect of each factor is analyzed through building the dual preference model of Logistic.The result shows that 65.87% of householders have transferred out their cultivated land and proportion of non-agricultural incomes,stability of land ownership,per capita area of cultivated farmland,comminution of cultivated farmland,transferring price and distance to town have relatively significant effect on farmers' transferring out cultivated land.Non-agricultural industries should be developed with great efforts and reasonable transferring prices of cultivated land fixed.Law on Land Contract in Rural Area is to be practically implemented and the steady peasants' vocational skill training system and rural social security system established.Moreover,investment in rural infrastructure should be strengthened to improve the transportation conditions in rural area and promote the market development of cultivated land transference effectively.

Analysis of Patterns and Benefits of Cultivated Land Transfer in Rural Areas in the Loess Plateau——A Case Study of Yuanzhou District of Ningxia

Cultivated land transfer is one of hotspots in research on agriculture,rural areas and farmers in China. Based on research achievements related to cultivated land transfer and the field survey of Yuanzhou District in the Loess Plateau,the primary patterns of cultivated land transfer in rural areas in the Loess Plateau were summarized according to the management subjects of cultivated land. According to the analyses of family income and expenses of a peasant household,the benefit of various patterns of cultivated land transfer to increase farmers' income was analyzed,and the social and ecological benefits of cultivated land transfer were assessed. The results showed that cultivated land transfer had developed rapidly in the Loess Plateau,and 42. 5% of the investigated peasant households took part in cultivated land transfer. The benefit of cultivated land transfer to increase farmers' income was obvious after cultivated land transfer. There were significant differences between various patterns of cultivated land transfer in the increase of farmers' income. The pattern driven by agricultural cooperatives increased farmers' income most obviously,and the annual family earnings per peasant household reached 12072. 99 yuan / a. The social and ecological benefits of cultivated land transfer conducted by peasant households spontaneously were very remarkable. The pattern led by leading enterprises promoted the large-scale operation of cultivated land greatly,but its benefit to increase farmers' income was limited. The comprehensive benefit of the pattern guided by the government was the most balanced. Geographic environment had decisive influences on the choose of patterns of cultivated land transfer in the Loess Plateau.

Analysis on the Influencing Factors and Control Measures of "Non-Grain Conversion" of Cultivated Land in Agricultural Land Transfer

Through the method of literature analysis,this paper analyzes the present situation of the"non-grain conversion"of cultivated land in the transfer of agricultural land in China,summarizes the influencing factors and consequences of the phenomenon of"non-grain conversion"of cultivated land in the transfer of agricultural land,and finally puts forward some measures.The study found that costs and benefits are the fundamental factors affecting the"non-grain conversion"of cultivated land in agricultural land transfer,and other main factors include government and policy guidance,industrial and commercial capital to the countryside,labor transfer and so on.The"non-grain conversion"of cultivated land in the transfer of agricultural land is a serious threat to China s food security,leading to the decline of the quality of agricultural land and the destruction of the ecological environment,as well as the risk of breach of contract in"industrial and commercial capital to the countryside".Based on the understanding of the influencing factors of non-grain conversion,this paper puts forward the following measures:strengthening the control of the use of cultivated land in agricultural land transfer;implementing accurate subsidies for grain cultivation and ensuring the benefit of grain growers;adopting grain planting incentive mechanism to increase grain enthusiasm;strengthening media publicity and education to enhance food security awareness.The improvement of the current situation of the"non-grain conversion"of cultivated land in the transfer of agricultural land will be of great significance to the protection of agricultural land and food security in China.

A Study on Vertical Spatial Transfer of Cultivated Land in Yunnan Province from 1986 to 2008

Based upon ArCGIS,the vertical spatial transfer law of cultivated land in Yunnan was studied through referring to three periods of remote sensing data of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change（LUCC） in Yunnan in 1986,1995 and 2000,Digital Elevation Model（DEM） of Yunnan Province and LUCC data in Yunnan from 2000 to 2008.The main factors that promote vertical spatial transfer law of cultivated land were analyzed by using SPSS,and the influence of policies and government acts upon the change of cultivated land was clarified.The findings indicated that for Yunnan cultivated land there is a trend that in the vertical direction steep slope areas and gentle slope areas divert into mid-slope areas.The primary factor influencing the vertical spatial transfer of cultivated land was policies and government acts.Also,the gradient of ground,total population and number of agriculture employed persons were also main factors in influencing the change of cultivated land,whose influence was obviously below policies and government acts.

Empirical Study on the Will of Farmland Transfer among Different Farmer Groups——A Sampling Survey on 42 Counties and Cities,64 Towns and 74 Villages in Jiangxi Province

Taking Jiangxi Province as an example,on the basis of the sampling survey on 42 counties and cities,64 towns and 74 villages in Jiangxi Province,the will of farmland transfer among different farmer groups with different income levels,different ages,and different educational backgrounds,is analyzed.The research indicates that as for middle-income or high-income groups,leaving home to seek jobs elsewhere is the most principal factor impacting farmland transfer,while as for low-income group,the price of agricultural products is an important factor impacting farmers’ land cultivation;permanent urban residence certificate is no longer the principal factor causing farmers’ land transfer,and it tends to be rational for farmers to abandon farmland.

Cultivated land information extraction in UAV imagery based on deep convolutional neural network and transfer learning

The development of precision agriculture demands high accuracy and efficiency of cultivated land information extraction. As a new means of monitoring the ground in recent years, unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） low-height remote sensing technique, which is flexible, efficient with low cost and with high resolution, is widely applied to investing various resources. Based on this, a novel extraction method for cultivated land information based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network and Transfer Learning （DTCLE） was proposed. First, linear features （roads and ridges etc.） were excluded based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network （DCNN）. Next, feature extraction method learned from DCNN was used to cultivated land information extraction by introducing transfer learning mechanism. Last, cultivated land information extraction results were completed by the DTCLE and eCognifion for cultivated land information extraction （ECLE）. The location of the Pengzhou County and Guanghan County, Sichuan Province were selected for the experimental purpose. The experimental results showed that the overall precision for the experimental image 1, 2 and 3 （of extracting cultivated land） with the DTCLE method was 91.7%, 88.1% and 88.2% respectively, and the overall precision of ECLE is 9o.7%, 90.5% and 87.0%, respectively. Accuracy of DTCLE was equivalent to that of ECLE, and also outperformed ECLE in terms of integrity and continuity.

Influences of labor migration on rural household land transfer:A case study of Sichuan Province,China

The influence of labor migration on rural household land transfer has been hotly debated in academic circles, which focuses on whether part-time employment leads to land transfer. Using survey data on rural households in the Sichuan Province, and applying the theoretical framework of new economics of labor migration, this study explores the influences of labor migration on the direction and scale of land transfer from the perspective of rural household structure. The results indicate that: 1) the quantity of laborers has significant influence on the direction and scale of land transfer. The larger the on-farm labor variable(Labor), the lesser the possibility that land will be rented-out and the amount of land rented out will also be smaller. In addition, there is a greater probability that land will be rented-in and the amount of land rented-in will be greater. 2) The greater the ratio of off-farm laborers to rural household laborers(Off-farm) the greater the possibility that land will be rented-out. In addition the higher the ratio of on-farm laborers to the total household laborers(On-farm), the larger the possibility that land will be rented-in. Meanwhile, if the household has individuals at the age of 64 or older(Old) who are engaged in agriculture, there is a smaller possibility that land will be rentedout. 3) the ratio of part-time laborers to rural household laborers(Pluriactivity) have significant inverse U-shaped influences on the rent-in of land as well as the amount of land rented-in. The inflection points are 33.27% and 14.10%, respectively. Such findings confirm the significance of this study in better understanding the influence of labor migration on rural household land transfer.

Empirical Research on Influencing Factors of Cultivation Land Intensive Use in Chongqing

Taking Chongqing as example, the paper ascertains the influencing factors of cultivation land intensive use from aspects of land conditions, family conditions and land operation conditions and theoretically expects the influencing relations of factors to the intensive uses. Collecting the land conditions, family conditions and land operation conditions through surveys, analyzes each influencing factors in a statistical description way. Constructing the empirical model, calculates the relations of land intensive use to the influencing factors with SPSS. The calculation results show a significant inverse correlation between land intensive use and land area, the space between land and counties, family members, the number of migrant workers, types of cultivation land, land transfer conditions. There is a significant positive correlation between land use and family average income, land investment. Based on these, the paper puts forwards corresponding suggestions and countermeasures of highlighting the land intensive using levels.

西辽河平原地下水失衡及其与土地利用的互馈关系

西辽河平原是我国北方重要的生态屏障,但是生态环境脆弱。2004年以来农田灌溉用水增加,地下水水位持续下降。为查明区域地下水失衡、生态效应及其影响因素,开展了西辽河平原地下水水位统测和长期监测,采用空间相关性分析、水均衡分析、土地利用转移矩阵、对地下水水位变化贡献度分析等方法,分析了区域地下水均衡状况及其与土地利用的互馈关系。结果表明:西辽河平原2020年地下水水位比2004年平均下降2.23 m,地下水储存量年均减少10.90×10^(8) m^(3);平原中部农业集中灌溉区地下水水位下降幅度较大,尤其通辽科尔沁区地下水水位下降最为明显;西辽河平原地下水开采量对地下水水位下降的贡献度为33%,科尔沁区超过50%;地下水水位下降区水位埋深从4.71 m下降至8.34 m,导致草地退化,面积减少,覆盖度下降;西辽河平原地下水可持续开采量为24.28×10^(8) m^(3)/a。用于农业灌溉的地下水开采量增大是造成地下水水位下降的主要原因,为防止地下水水位持续下降,提出了提高节水灌溉能力,调整种植结构、引入外源水及压缩地下水开采量等综合治理建议。该研究成果可为区域农业种植规划、地下水管理与保护提供技术支撑。

互联网使用对农户优化生产要素配置的影响——基于CFPS数据的实证分析

本文通过建立一个典型农户模型,从理论上推导互联网使用对农户生产要素配置决策的影响机制,并基于2014—2020年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,使用联立方程模型进一步实证检验互联网使用在农户非农就业、土地流转和风险投资方面的作用。研究结果表明,互联网使用对农户生产要素配置决策的影响是逐步递进的,总体而言能够促进农户参与非农就业、土地流转和风险投资,且该影响主要通过提升农户生产组织水平和增加农户信息获取渠道两条途径得以实现。同时,互联网使用对所在地区、经济状况和土地稳定性不同的农户的生产要素配置表现出差异化影响效果,因此可以根据农户各自特征优化其生产要素配置决策,从而改善农户收入状况。

基于GlobeLand 30的耕地资源损失过程研究——以环渤海地区为例

研究目的:认识和理解耕地资源损失过程。研究方法:基于中国成功研制出的世界上首套30 m分辨率2000—2010年GlobeLand 30数据,利用GIS空间分析方法,综合分析环渤海地区耕地资源损失流向、质量和空间特征。研究结果:2000—2010年,环渤海地区土地利用/覆盖变化剧烈,耕地资源明显减少,主要损失流向为人造覆盖、草地、水体和森林;耕地资源损失区域主要位于降水量较少、海拔较高等耕作条件较差的地区;耕地资源重心总体向东南方向移动,破碎化程度日趋严重。研究结论:基于GlobeLand30数据的耕地资源损失过程研究能有效揭示耕地资源损失流向、质量和空间特征,为区域耕地资源利用与保护提供了积极借鉴和参考。

耕地流转模式绩效评价及差异分析

基于河南省滑县问卷调研数据,从经济、社会、生态三个维度建立耕地流转绩效评价指标体系,运用层次分析法(AHP)与模糊综合评价法(FCE)相结合的方法对农户自发、集体主导、市场参与三种耕地流转模式的绩效进行综合评价。结果表明:从单一绩效来看,经济绩效和社会绩效的评分排序同为“市场参与模式>集体主导模式>农户自发模式”,生态绩效评分排序为“农户自发模式>市场参与模式>集体主导模式”;综合绩效评价的评分排序与经济绩效和社会绩效的评分排序相同;市场参与模式除生态绩效外,绩效优势明显,集体主导模式次之,农户自发模式除生态绩效占优势外,整体绩效落后。

耕地细碎化对农户种植业收入的影响——“非粮化”和耕地流转率的调节效应

耕地细碎化会导致农户种植活动的分散化,减少了农户的有效劳动时间,并阻碍了机械化作业的开展,不利于种植业的增产增收。采用“全国农村固定观察点调查”2009—2020年的面板数据,以种植主导型农户为研究样本,分析发现:农户的耕地细碎化程度提高对其种植业收入具有显著的负向影响,该结论在经过一系列稳健性检验和内生性处理后依然成立;家庭种植结构“非粮化”和村庄耕地流转率提高可以显著弱化耕地细碎化对农户种植业收入增长的抑制作用;相对而言,耕地细碎化对化肥施用强度较高农户、老龄化程度较高农户、丘陵山区农户的种植业收入具有更强的负向影响。因此,应促进耕地流转市场发育,加强农村土地整治,提高粮食生产比较收益,推动化肥农药使用减量增效,拓展优化农业社会化服务,在降低农户耕地细碎化程度的同时,有效缓解耕地细碎化对农民收入增长的抑制作用。

土地利用变化转移矩阵数据处理计算方法研究

转移矩阵是分析研究土地利用变化的数据基础,目前多数学者均是直接运用转移矩阵结果对土地利用变化情况进行分析研究,而对转移矩阵的数据处理过程及数据计算原理尚无系统详细的研究。为此,针对目前对土地利用变化转移矩阵数据处理计算方法研究的缺失,特别是田坎面积与其他地类面积之间转移计算难点问题研究的空白,对土地利用变化转移矩阵数据处理计算方法进行研究。基于ArcGIS环境构建计算模型,层层递进阐述转移矩阵的计算原理。将构建的计算模型检验不同地区的数据,均能够精确计算耕地与其余地类之间转移变化的面积,同时能得到准确的土地利用变化转移矩阵数据。研究结果可为从事自然资源工作的同行及土地利用变化研究的学者提供一套理解掌握土地利用变化转移矩阵数据处理计算的思路,以更好地掌握耕地面积变化,为实现耕地“占补平衡”“进出平衡”、耕地保护等提供理论和数据支撑。

不同模式农地整治权属调整对耕地细碎化的影响研究

基于湖北省483份农户问卷调查数据,采用双重差分模型(DID)分析单一权属调整模式、权属调整结合农地流转模式对耕地细碎化的影响,运用配对样本t检验比较两种模式对耕地细碎化治理效果的差异。结果表明:不同模式农地整治权属调整的实施,均能够显著降低耕地细碎化程度,权属调整结合农地流转模式对降低耕地细碎化的治理效果优于单一权属调整模式;当前权属调整工作开展并不充分,且农户的土地流转方式仍是自发、分散的,尚未达到实施农地规模化经营的目标。据此,应在完善权属调整的法制建设和规范管理的基础上,建立权属调整与农地流转的联结机制,推动土地空间重组与要素市场化配置有效结合,全面推进现代化农业高质量发展。

耕地弃耕抛荒下的强制代耕合同制度研究

研究目的:探究强制代耕的法律属性,并从合同订立和合同内容两个方面完善强制代耕合同的制度构建。研究方法:文献分析法和归纳演绎法。研究结果:(1)强制代耕属于土地经营权的强制流转,农村集体经济组织与土地承包经营权人应当签订书面合同。(2)强制代耕合同订立的民法依据是强制缔约义务。在土地承包经营权人连续弃耕抛荒两年以上的情形下,农村集体经济组织应当履行强制要约义务,土地承包经营权人负强制承诺义务。(3)强制代耕合同的典型合同类型是土地经营权流转合同。土地承包经营权人不能获得流转价款,土地承包经营权人继续耕种土地或者自愿流转土地经营权的,可以依法解除合同。研究结论:强制代耕合同订立的强制性及其双方当事人权利义务的明晰,使其成为解决耕地弃耕抛荒的有效途径。

高标准农田建设、农地流转与耕地细碎化治理

破解耕地细碎化问题是推进农地适度规模经营和现代农业高质量发展的重要举措。当前研究多从高标准农田建设或农地流转单方面探讨耕地细碎化的治理路径,难以全面、系统刻画耕地细碎化的治理效果。文章深入解析高标准农田建设、农地流转与耕地细碎化的关系,利用湖北省466份农户问卷调查数据,采用双重差分模型揭示高标准农田建设与农地流转的不同联动模式对耕地细碎化的影响效应及其差异,探求适应现代农业高质量发展的耕地细碎化治理新路径。研究表明:“先建设后流转”与“先流转后建设”模式对耕地细碎化的影响效应分别为-2.32和-3.14,均在1%的显著性水平上通过了检验,且“先流转后建设”模式显著优于“先建设后流转”模式。通过一系列稳健性检验后,基本结论仍然成立,具有可靠性和科学性。基于此,文章从充分发挥市场调整与工程技术的融合作用、因地制宜推进高标准农田建设与农地流转的联动模式等方面提出政策启示,不仅有利于农业规模化、专业化、产业化发展,还能对促进林地细碎化治理、优化配置林地资源、加快“绿水青山”向“金山银山”转化具有重要的现实意义,为高水平推进中国式农业农村现代化探路领向。

地方政府参与耕地流转“非粮化”的逻辑及其治理——基于耕地种树绿化的案例研究

研究目的:以博弈论为基础建立双层博弈分析框架,选取耕地流转种树绿化典型案例,复盘地方政府参与耕地流转“非粮化”的博弈过程并揭示各方利益相关者的决策动机和行为逻辑,为国家治理耕地流转“非粮化”问题提供科学依据和政策建议。研究方法:质性分析法和案例分析法。研究结果:耕地流转“非粮化”问题能否得到有效抑制具有明显的情境依赖特征,即各参与主体间的利益博弈是耕地流转“趋粮化”和“非粮化”选择的本质。因此,无论对各级政府还是对种粮主体而言,在国家层面对耕地保护实施“辅之以义、辅之以利”又“辅之以法”的“三辅”并治机制才是防治耕地流转“非粮化”的良策。研究结论:为有效防治地方政府参与耕地流转“非粮化”,提升国家粮食安全治理能力,应在“三辅”并治的基础上以层层设防的策略来遏制耕地流转“非粮化”的不良趋势,即以“中央政府的奖惩、地方政府的规制、社会媒体的监督和种粮主体的抵抗”这4道防线来筑牢粮食安全的“堤坝”。

农村劳动力转移对耕地利用生态效率的空间溢出效应

研究目的:探讨农村劳动力转移对不同区域耕地利用生态效率的影响机理及其空间溢出效应。研究方法:非期望超效率EBM模型和空间杜宾模型。研究结果:(1)全国农村劳动力转移率和耕地利用生态效率整体呈上升趋势,但区域差异显著。(2)全国层面,农村劳动力转移对耕地利用生态效率的影响呈“U型”变化,并在劳动力转移至一定程度后具有显著的空间溢出效应。(3)区域层面,中部农村劳动力转移与本地耕地利用生态效率正相关,对其他地区耕地利用生态效率的影响呈“U”型关系;西部农村劳动力转移与本地耕地利用生态效率之间存在“U”型关系,但空间溢出效应不显著;东北部农村劳动力转移率大于23.32%时,其对本地耕地利用生态效率影响显著,并产生负的空间溢出效应。研究结论:激励农地流转,促进耕地集约利用,提升农民技能,推进耕地利用技术效率和规模效率同步增长。