The Influence of Price Discrimination from Airports on the Route Development Behavior of Airlines

Given the prominence and magnitude of airport incentive schemes,it is surprising that literature hitherto remains silent as to their effectiveness.In this paper,the relationship between airport incentive schemes and the route development behavior of airlines is analyzed.Because of rare and often controversial findings in the extant literature regarding relevant influencing variables for attracting airlines at an airport,expert interviews are used as a complement to formulate testable hypotheses in this regard.A fixed effects regression model is used to test the hypotheses with a dataset that covers all seat capacity offered at the 22 largest German commercial airports in the week 46 from 2004 to 2011.It is found that incentives from primary choice,as well as secondary choice airports,have a significant influence on Low Cost Carriers.Furthermore,Low Cost Carriers,in general,do not leave any of both types of airports when the incentives cease.In the case of Network Carriers,no case is found where one joins a primary choice airport and receives an incentive.Insufficient data between Network Carriers and secondary choice airports in the time when incentives have ceased means that no statement can be given.

The HD-Zip transcription factor LcATHB15 is involved in litchi seed development by promoting the expression of the splicing regulator LcSR45

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a well-known tropical and subtropical woody fruit that originated from southern China (Wei et al.,2017;Hu et al.,2022).Based on the development of the embryo,litchi varieties can be divided into three distinct groups:large-seeded cultivars,small (abortive)-seeded cultivars and partial abortive-seeded cultivars.Seedless or the reduction in seed size due to embryo abortion is a desirable trait in fruit trees as it directly influences the texture and economic value of fleshy fruits,making small (abortive)-seeded litchi cultivars the most preferred.However,in current production practices,there is no efficient method available to induce or promote high seed abortion in litchi fruit.Therefore,understanding the stenospermy mechanisms of litchi seed development is of great significance for improving agricultural practices and managing genetic resources.

Distribution,Origin and Development Status of Underground Brine Resource along the Coast of Laizhou Bay,Shandong Province

The underground brine resource along the coast of Laizhou Bay is the world’s rare shallow underground brine resource,which occurs in the Laizhou city in the east,and extends to the coastal area of the Binzhou city in

Development and application of magnesium alloy parts for automotive OEMs:A review

China is currently vigorously implementing the“energy conservation and emission reduction”and“dual carbon”strategies.As the most resource-advantaged light metal material in China,Magnesium(Mg)alloy is progressively expanding its application in automobile,rail transportation,aerospace,medical,and electronic products.Chongqing University,Shanghai Jiaotong University,and Australian National University have conducted extensive research on the preparation,properties,and processes of Mg alloys.In the past 20 years,the proportion of Mg alloy in the automotive industry has gradually expanded,whereas currently the design and development of Mg alloy parts for automobiles has rarely been reported.Thus,the application models and typical parts cases of Mg alloy are summarized mainly from the four systems of the whole vehicle(body system,chassis system,powertrain system,interior,and exterior system).Subsequently,two actual original equipment manufacturers(OEM)cases are used to introduce the development logic of reliable die-cast Mg alloy,including forward design,formability analysis,process design analysis,structural redesign,manufacturing,and testing,aiming to share the methods,processes,and focus of attention of automotive OEMs for developing Mg alloy parts to enhance the confidence and motivation of applying Mg alloy in automotive field.Eventually,the multiple challenges faced by Mg alloy materials are sorted out and how to face these challenges are discussed.National policies and regulations,environmental protection and energy saving,and consumer demand will continue to promote the application of Mg.

Study on the Rights to Subsistence and Development with Reference to the Origin of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

I.The History of the Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:the Position and Role of the UN Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly of the United Nations should not be Ignored The reason for me to use the term "source"in the discussion on the right to subsistence

Traditional Chinese Medicine and Standardization——Origin and development of TCM

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is the medical science based on theories and practicing experience of traditional Chinese medicine to study transferring principles of health and sickness,as well as prevention, diagnosis,treatment,rehabilitation and healthcare.TCM is marked with its long history of development,integrated theory system and abundant practicing experience.

Nomenclature Origin and Development of Bi Syndrome Prescriptions

More than 40 medical history and classical medical literature on the nomenclature of Bi syndrome were systematically arranged,induced and analyzed,the prescriptions named after the medicine include RHIZOMA ET RADIX NOTOPTERYGII,os tigris,RADIX ASTRAGALI,RADIX SAPOSHNIKOVIAE,Prepared common monkshood daughter root,doubleteeth pubescent angelica root,RADIX ANGELICAE SINENSIS,frankincense,RADIX STEPHANIAE TETRANDRAE,RADIX ACHYRANTHIS BIDENTATAE,myrrh,RADIX ACONITI、RADIX DIPSACI,RHIZOMA GASTRODIAE,ginseng root,HERBA DENDROBII,CORNU SAIGAE TATARICAE,RADIX MORINDAE OFFICINALIS,PORIA,SEMEN COICIS,poison yam,and so on.It basically reflected the ancient and modern treatment of Bi syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine named after the formula.

The Formation Background and Scientific Connotation of the Concept of Shared Development

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,the Party Central Committee with President Xi Jinping has put forward a new development concept of innovation,coordination,green,openness,and sharing based on profound insight into the basic characteristics of the new development stage.The party scientific grasps the essential requirements and development direction of socialism with Chinese characteristics,and continuously deepens understanding of the laws of economic and social development.Starting from three aspects of the times background,theoretical origin,and scientific connotation,the party aims to deeply understand the specific content and profound implication of the shared development concept in the new era.

Development and psychometric evaluation of the Ethical Behavior for Thai Nurses Scale

Background:Ethical problems in the nursing profession are mostly found in the undesirable ethical behavior(EBE)of nurses.If there is no concern about these problems,it may negatively affect the quality of nursing care,patients’safety,and trust in the nursing profession.In assessing nurses’EBE,it is important to develop an instrument that reflects the actual EBE of nurses.Objectives:To develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Ethical Behavior for Thai Nurses Scale(EBTNS).Methods:The construct definition,5 sub-constructs,43 items,and the hypothesized model were synthesized and generated from a comprehensive literature review and existing research instruments by using document analysis.The EBTNS was verified for content validity by 4 experts.Of the 43 items,37 items were retained for psychometric testing.The construct validity was tested by using second-order confirmatory factor analysis(CFA).The EBTNS was tested on 1500 professional nurses working at tertiary,secondary,and primary hospitals in 6 regions(the central,northern,northeast,eastern,western,and southern)of Thailand.Proportional quota sampling was applied to recruit participants.Results:The hypothesized model fitted the empirical data.All 37 first-order indicators and 5 second-order sub-constructs showed significantly standardized factor loadings and effect sizes.The standardized factor loadings of 37 first-order indicators ranged from 0.58 to 0.89,and the construct reliabilities were moderate to substantial(R2=0.34-0.79).The 5 second-order sub-constructs displayed the standardized effect sizes,ranging from 0.81 to 0.96,and accounted for 65%-96%of the total explained variance.In addition,the construct validity was supported by convergent validity and discriminant validity.It also satisfied Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 5 sub-constructs from 0.87 to 0.94,and a full scale was 0.97.Conclusions:The psychometric properties of the EBTNS are acceptable.This instrument has the potential to be used for evaluating and monitoring to prevent ethical problems of Thai nurses.

A Summary about the Formation and Development of"Alcohol Injury"Theory

The number of people who are sickened by alcohol is rising every year in China,and Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)has a long history and remarkable therapeutic effect on the treatment of"Alcohol Injury"diseases.Therefore,it is of great practical significance to study the theory of"Alcohol Injury".This paper expounds the historical origin,treatment prescription and related diseases of the theory of"Alcohol Injury".

Integrating the valence theory and the norm activation theory to understand consumers’ e-waste recycling intention

Electrical and electronic waste(e-waste)is a growing challenge,matching the widespread boom in the use of information and communication technology.Opposite to an alarming increasing amount of e-waste,a low rate of consumer engagement in ensuring the proper disposal of such materials intensifies the pressure on the exist‐ing e-waste crisis.To deal with this thorny problem,it is of great interest to grasp consumers’disposal and re‐cycling behavioral intentions.Therefore,this study attempts to understand complementary perspectives around consumers’e-waste recycling intention based on the integration of the valence theory and the norm activation theory.Four data mining models using classification and prediction-based algorithms,namely Chi squared automatic interaction detector(CHAID),Neural network,Discriminant analysis,and Quick,unbiased,efficient statistical tree(QUEST),were employed to analyze a set of the 398 data collected in Vietnam.The re‐sults revealed that the social support value is by far the most critical predictor,followed by the utilitarian value,task difficulty,and monetary risk.It is also noteworthy that the awareness of consequences,education background,the ascription of responsibility,and age were also ranked as critical affecting factors.The lowest influential predictors found in this study were income and gender.In addition,a comparison was made in terms of the classification performance of the four utilized data mining techniques.Based on several evalua‐tion measurements(confusion matrix,accuracy,precision,recall,specificity,F-measure,ROC curve,and AUC),the aggregated results suggested that CHAID and Neural network performed the best.The findings of this research are expected to assist policymakers and future researchers in updating all information surround‐ing consumer behavioral intention-related topics focusing on e-waste.Furthermore,the adoption of data min‐ing algorithms for prediction is another insight of this study,which may shed the light on data mining applica‐tions in such environmental studies in the future.

Tectonic development of subtle faults and exploration in mature areas in Bohai Sea,East China

Based on the theory of structural analysis,the characteristics and structural patterns of subtle faults are studied using 3D seismic data of the Bohai Sea to analyze the development process and origin of the subtle faults.A method of identifying subtle faults is proposed,forming a complete system for analyzing origins of subtle faults in the Bohai Sea.The complex strike-slip fault patterns under the strike-slip and extension stress background,diverse formation rocks,and strong neotectonic movement are the reasons for the development of subtle faults.According to the tectonic origin and development location,the subtle faults in Bohai Sea can be divided into 12 types in the three categories of strike slip dominant,extension dominant and strike slip and extension composite,and the different types of subtle faults occur in different regions of the Bohai Sea.Unreasonable variation of sedimentary stratum thickness,inherited distortion or even abrupt change of stratum occurrence,zonation of plane fault combination and the variation of oil-water system in the same structure with no-lithologic change are the important signs for identifying subtle faults in Bohai Sea.The subtle faults greatly enlarge the size of the structural trap groups,and areas with dense subtle faults are often active area of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation and favorable exploration zones,which have strong control on the hydrocarbon accumulation.The identification method for subtle faults has guided the exploration in the mature areas of Bohai Sea effectively,with a number of large and medium oil and gas fields discovered,such as Bozhong 29-6 and Penglai 20-2.

Mastering the craft:Creating an insightful and widely-cited literature review

The art of constructing an insightful literature review manuscript has witnessed an exemplar in the work of Oz et al(2023),wherein concept progression harmoniously merges with figures and tables.Reflecting on retrospective data science,it is evident that well-cited articles can wield a transformative influence on the Journal Citation Reports Impact Factor score,as exemplified by Robert Weinberg’s landmark on cancer(Hanahan and Weinberg,2011).Here,we aim to spotlight a commendable contribution by Tuba Oz,Ajeet Kaushik,and Małgorzata Kujawska in this issue while pivoting towards identifying the hallmarks of a subpar literature review-elements that hinder rather than promote advancement.The hurdles and roadblocks encountered within subpar literature reviews are multifold.Anticipation of emerging trends,identification of challenges,and exploration of solutions remain conspicuously absent.Original Contributions fail to surface amidst the vast sea of pre-existing literature,with noticeable gaps amplified by the lack of illustrative figures and tables.The manuscript,at times,assumes a skeletal form,reflecting an attempt to accommodate an excess of references,leading to convoluted sentences laden with citations.In contrast,a potent solution lies in adopting a comprehensive approach.A nuanced and critical evaluation of sources can culminate in a robust discussion,surpassing the mere summarization of conclusions drawn by others.This approach,often dismissed,holds the potential to elevate clarity,coherence,and logical flow,ultimately inviting engaged readership and coveted citations.The critical necessity of integrating visionary insights is underscored and achieved through a rigorous analysis of pivotal concepts and innovative ideas.Examples can be harnessed to elucidate the application of these solutions.We advocate a paradigm shift,urging literature review writers to embrace the readers’perspective.A literature review’s purpose extends beyond providing a comprehensive panorama;it should illuminate avenues for concept development within a specific field of interest.By achieving this balance,literature reviews stand to captivate a devoted readership,paving the way for manuscripts that are both widely read and frequently cited.The pathway forward requires a fusion of astute analysis and visionary insights,shaping the future of literature review composition.

The Ups and Downs of Yiddish Language

The Yiddish language originated in Ashkenazi culture and is spoken by Ashkenai Jewish who are thought to be the descendants of Rhineland Jews. For years, it was carried to many parts of the world with the migration of these Ashkenazi Jewish and a real version of ups and downs of the people. It was once considered as a dialect of German rather than an independent language, which many scholars of Ashkenazi Jewish origin managed to get rid of. It aims to give a brief introduction to this language and try to trace back its origin and development so as to bring a brief senario of the Ashkenazi Jewish's striving for their identity. Having read and study literatures about this language, a conclusion can be reached that Yiddish language means"the mother tongue of Jewish people"which reflects Jewish cultural life and finally prove its value that it deserved in fields of linguistics and literature through centuries-long wax and wane.

Discrimination of clonal origin patterns for molecular pathological diagnosis of RHCC/MHCC

Objective:The high post-operative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma(RHCC)and multinodular hepatocellular carcinoma(MHCC)seriously limit the surgical efficacy of HCC.Theoretically,RHCC/MHCC arise from either residual tumor cells or novel clone-derived tumor cells which have a great impact on designing personalized therapies and the evaluation of clinical long-term outcome.

Human embryonic stem cells as an in vitro model for studying developmental origins of type 2 diabetes

The developmental origins of health and diseases(DOHaD)is a concept stating that adverse intrauterine environments contribute to the health risks of offspring.Since the theory emerged more than 30 years ago,many epidemiological and animal studies have confirmed that in utero exposure to environmental insults,including hyperglycemia and chemicals,increased the risk of developing noncommunicable diseases(NCDs).These NCDs include metabolic syndrome,type 2 diabetes,and complications such as diabetic cardiomyopathy.Studying the effects of different environmental insults on early embryo development would aid in understanding the underlying mechanisms by which these insults promote NCD development.Embryonic stem cells(ESCs)have also been utilized by researchers to study the DOHaD.ESCs have pluripotent characteristics and can be differentiated into almost every cell lineage;therefore,they are excellent in vitro models for studying early developmental events.More importantly,human ESCs(hESCs)are the best alternative to human embryos for research because of ethical concerns.In this review,we will discuss different maternal conditions associated with DOHaD,focusing on the complications of maternal diabetes.Next,we will review the differentiation protocols developed to generate different cell lineages from hESCs.Additionally,we will review how hESCs are utilized as a model for research into the DOHaD.The effects of environmental insults on hESC differentiation and the possible involvement of epigenetic regulation will be discussed.

"Love" Is the Origin of All Dances

The art of dance comes from life;it is a reflection and portrayal of life. It is based on people's ambitions for a better life and carries beautiful wishes. These beautiful roots are ultimately derived from "love", in the dance based on the image of people. Dance art expresses the love between people, the love of human and nature, the love of human and society;in the dance works based on the object, the intrinsic connection between nature and the natural world is also reflected. This paper expounds the cognition of dance in terms of children's dance enlightenment, limb development, aesthetic education, etc., and promotes the continuous development of the dance cause, cultivates more outstanding dancers, and creates more excellent dance works.

Legal Origin, Endowment and Financial Development

Since the rise of the economic and financial development theory, around economic and financial development of the determinants and what financial arrangements for promoting economic growth and other issues, thus resulted in a variety of important theoretical debate. This paper will Define what is meant by key terms such as legal tradition and endowment, explain the channels through which legal tradition and endowment affect financial development through talking about the relationship between legal origin, initial in endowment and financial development. By comparing different legal traditions or the"Origins"between the The Continental Law System and Common Law System, a comprehensive analysis of the effects of different origin of law on the financial and economic development.

The Sociology of Language——the Origin of Chinese

Languages come from lives of people and characters are the conventional text symbol system in society.There are thou⁃sands of languages around the world,only less than half of which own the corresponding characters,and Chinese is one of the lan⁃guages that has the corresponding characters.Chinese characters are not only still in use today but also are the oldest and best pre⁃served characters all over the world,which because of the close connection with Han nationality and Han culture.The paper ex⁃plores the origin of Chinese pronunciation,the origin of Chinese writing,the development of Chinese,and the connection between Chinese and Han culture.Also,it is important and significant for people to know how to protect our own languages.

Embracing oligodendrocyte diversity in the context of perinatal injury

Emerging evidence is fueling a new appreciation of oligodendrocyte diversity that is overturning the traditional view that oligodendrocytes are a homogenous cell population.Oligodendrocytes of distinct origins,maturational stages,and regional locations may differ in their functional capacity or susceptibility to injury.One of the most unique qualities of the oligodendrocyte is its ability to produce myelin.Myelin abnormalities have been ascribed to a remarkable array of perinatal brain injuries,with concomitant oligodendrocyte dysregulation.Within this review,we discuss new insights into the diversity of the oligodendrocyte lineage and highlight their relevance in paradigms of perinatal brain injury.Future therapeutic development will be informed by comprehensive knowledge of oligodendrocyte pathophysiology that considers the particular facets of heterogeneity that this lineage exhibits.