Rural labor migration and farmers’arrangements of rice production systems in Central China:Insight from the intergenerational division of labor

Rice production is crucial for food security in China,and its relationship with rural labor migration has been studied extensively.Labor migration in rural China has taken new forms in recent years.There has been a discernible trend wherein adult children have started migrating to cities while their elderly parents return to villages to re-engage in on-farm work.The phenomenon has notably shaped the intergenerational division of labor(IDL)within households.However,it remains to be seen how farmers adjust their rice production systems in response to the IDL.The age of 60 years for employment injury insurance is the eligibility threshold for off-farm employment and is used to obtain a source of exogenous variation in the IDL.Based on a representative household survey of 1,752 rice farmers in the Hubei Province of Central China,our fuzzy regression discontinuity analysis reveals that farmers in IDL households are more likely to adopt ratoon rice(RR)than single cropping rice(SR)or double cropping rice(DR).The effect of the IDL varies under different levels of operational scales and specialized agricultural service availability.Further analysis suggests that farmers’arrangements are associated with two potential mechanisms of downward intergenerational transfer.Monetary transfer for urban housing purchases increases RR in IDL households,and time transfer for intergenerational childcare significantly promotes SR in IDL households.This study enhances the understanding of the relationship between rural labor migration and rice production in China,providing a reference for adjusting rice production systems to ensure food security.

Analysis of the Effect of Midwives’ Psychological Care Intervention on the Progress of Labor and Cesarean Rate of Elderly Women in Labor

Objective:To analyze the effect of midwife psychological nursing intervention in the clinical care of elderly women in labor.Methods:According to the order of admission,74 elderly women were divided into the control group and the observation group.In addition to the routine perinatal nursing interventions,the observation group strengthened the implementation of midwives’psychological nursing interventions.The duration of labor,mode of delivery,psychological state,and stress response indexes of the two groups were analyzed and compared.Results:The observation group had a shorter duration of all labor stages and total duration of labor than the control group,a lower cesarean section rate than the control group,and a higher degree of improvement in anxiety,depression,and stress response indexes in the 3-day postpartum period as compared to the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The implementation of midwife psychological care intervention in perinatal care of elderly women can further shorten the duration of labor,reduce the cesarean section rate,and improve the psychological state and stress indicators,which is worth promoting.

Research on the Implementation Path of Labor Education in Colleges and Universities from an International Perspective

Universities shoulder the important mission of talent cultivation,scientific research,social service,cultural heritage and innovation,and international exchange and cooperation.International exchange and cooperation have become the fifth major function of universities.Based on the background of the globalization era,undergraduate colleges and universities should pay more attention to the cultivation of students’intercultural communication and understanding ability while cultivating their professional skills,and take expanding students’international vision and enhancing the international competitiveness of China’s education as important tasks.Labor education is an important content of the national education system,which has the comprehensive nurturing value of cultivating morality,increasing intelligence,strengthening physical fitness,and cultivating beauty.Higher education institutions should further optimize the system of labor education,expand students’space and field of thinking in the process of labor education,and broaden students’international perspectives.

The Practical Path of Labor Curriculum in Compulsory Education in China from the Perspective of Overlapping Influence Domain Theory

Since the new curriculum reform,labor education has gradually shed its marginalized position in the“five educations,”and the labor curriculum has become an independent course officially separated from comprehensive practical activity courses.Exploring the practical path of labor curriculum in compulsory education in China has become the primary task of labor education in China.Based on the practical situation of labor curriculum in compulsory education in China,drawing on the theory of overlapping influence domains,and from the perspective of collaborative education among family,school,and community,this paper proposes a curriculum practical path of“school-led”family-school-community collaboration and a curriculum practical path guided by“student-centered”sentiment,in order to provide references for the practice of labor curriculum in compulsory education in China.

Is Induction of Labor with Early Rupture of Membranes Associated with an Increased Rate of Clinical Chorioamnionitis?

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if early rupture of membranes (ROM) in women undergoing induction of labor (IOL) at term is associated with an increased rate of clinical chorioamnionitis. Study Design: A retrospective cohort study was performed on women undergoing IOL. Early ROM was defined as ROM at a modified Bishop score less than 5, cervical dilation less than 4 cm, or cervical effacement less than 80%. The rate of clinical chorioamnionitis was compared between women with early and late ROM. Results: The rate of clinical chorioamnionitis was 8.6% (24/279). ROM at an effacement of less than 80% was associated with a rate of clinical chorioamnionitis of 15.4% (12/78) compared to 6.0% (12/201) at an effacement of equal to or greater than 80%, p = 0.017. The rate of cesarean delivery was higher for patients with early ROM by any definition: 32% compared to 17.5% by modified Bishop score (p = 0.031), 32.4% versus 18.2% by cervical dilation (p = 0.049), and 33.3% versus 14.9% by cervical effacement (p = 0.001). Conclusions: In patients undergoing IOL, early ROM may be associated with an increased rate of clinical chorioamnionitis when performed at a cervical effacement of less than 80% and an increased rate of cesarean delivery.

A Study of the Effects of Employee Engagement on Job Satisfaction:Mediating Effect of Labor Relations Climate

With the rapid advancement of new technologies and the transformation of the economic model on a global scale,enterprises are facing unprecedented changes in the external environment and more diversified demands from employees.Therefore,it is essential for enterprises to bolster employee engagement by enhancing employees’job satisfaction,building a stable and harmonious internal climate,and adapting to the dynamic,complex external environment.This study analyzes the positive effects of employee engagement on job satisfaction,explores the mediating effect of labor relations climate in the relationship between the two,and proposes corresponding practical countermeasures and suggestions.

Innovative Research on Funding and Educating People in Applied Colleges and Universities Under the Perspective of Labor Education

As an important part of the“Five Education,”labor education is a practical activity for cultivating labor values,labor skills,and labor spirit(also named craftsman spirit).This article points out the importance of integrating labor education into the process of“funding and educating people”in applied colleges and universities.It also explores the role of labor education as a starting point from the three aspects of labor values,labor skills,and labor spirit.It provides an innovative path for applied colleges to fund and educate people.

Modernization and the Diversity of Human Rights Among Civilizations--Review of the 2023 China-europe Seminar on Human Rights

Human rights are an achievement of humanity and a symbol of progress.Respect for and protection of human rights are basic principles of modern civilization.Around the world,countries and regions have chosen different paths to modernization,which are rooted in their unique civilizations.to promote exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations,facilitate human rights exchanges and cooperation between different countries,and advance the global development of human rights,on September 20,2023,the 2023 China-europe Seminar on Human Rights was held in Rome,the capital of Italy.Under the theme of“Modernization and the Diversity of Human Rights Among Civilizations,”the seminar focused on discussing topics such as exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations and the development of modern human rights philosophy,modernization and the free and well-rounded development of every person,sustainable development in the process of modernization,and the evolution of the civilization of human rights in the digital age.participants reached the following consensuses at the event:First,the participants from various countries spoke highly of the great achievements that China has made in human rights cause and fully recognized China’s contributions in promoting the development and progress of the global human rights cause;Second,the participants from all countries agreed that it is necessary to discard the concept of“Western-centrism,”transcend the mindset of“cultural superiority,”promote human rights exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations on the basis of equality and mutual respect,and inject new impetus into the diversity of human rights among civilizations;third,participants reaffirmed that human rights represent an open concept,and that we should discuss the development of human rights with an open mind and jointly promote the progress of human rights in the world.

Timing of Elective Repeat Cesarean Delivery at 38 Weeks versus 39 Weeks: Rate of Spontaneous Onset of Labor before Planned Cesarean Section and Impact on Maternal Outcome: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background: The timing of elective repeat cesarean delivery at 38 weeks versus 39 weeks is still a debatable subject, both regarding maternal and neonatal outcomes. In the Saudi context, there is lack of local data to aid decision-making regarding the timing of elective repeat cesarean delivery. Objectives: To estimate the rate of spontaneous onset of labor before the planned gestational age for repeat cesarean section in women who were booked at gestational age of (39 0/7 - 39 6/7) weeks (W39) versus (38 0/7 - 38 6/7) weeks (W38) and to compare the rate of maternal composite outcome between these groups. Design: Retrospective cohort. Setting: This study was conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, KSA. Method: Delivery registry books were reviewed to identify all deliveries from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2016 (3 years). All low-risk pregnant women who had 2 or more cesarean deliveries and who met the inclusion criteria were included. Results: A total of 440 women were included of whom 318 (72.3%) were planned for elective cesarean section at W38 gestational age and 122 women at W39 gestational age. Mothers planned at W39 had higher rate of emergency cesarean deliveries versus those planned at W38 (18.0% versus 10.4%, p = 0.030;RR = 13.06), most frequently due to early onset of contractions (16.4% versus 8.2%, p = 0.012;RR = 12.17) or cervical dilatation (11.6% versus 5.4%, p = 0.024, RR = 16.15). No difference in the incidence of individual or composite maternal complications was noted between the two groups. Mother’s age (OR 0.93, p = 0.018) and schedule date at W39 (OR = 1.94, p = 0.028) were independently associated with spontaneous onset of labor before the scheduled gestational age, while no association was found with parity, previous number of spontaneous vaginal deliveries, number of previous cesarean deliveries or interval from last cesarean delivery. Conclusion: Elective cesarean section scheduled at 39 weeks of gestation or beyond carries a higher risk of emergency cesarean section, with no significant increase in maternal complications. The identification of factors associated with spontaneous onset of labor before the planned gestational age should be carefully identified to determine the optimal timing.

Effects of Transgenic DREB Soybean Dongnong 50 on the Diversity of Soil Ammonia-oxidizing Bacteria

ObjectiveThe aim was to understand the effects of transgenic DREB soybean on the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. MethodThe diversity of the cto gene in pot-planted transgenic soybean and near-isogenic non-transgenic soybean under normal water condition and drought stress was analyzed by PCR-DGGE and sequence analysis. ResultRhizosphere community diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria showed no difference between the treatments of transgenic soybean and its non-transgenic isolines, moreover transgenic soybean under normal water condition and drought stress improved the diversity of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the harvest time. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the sequences of excised DGGE bands were closely related to members of the genus Nitrosovibrio and Nitrosospira of the β-subclass Proteobacteria. ConclusionTransgenic DREB soybean has no adverse impact on soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria.

Manual Uterine Fundal Pressure in the Spontaneous Delivery during the Second Stage of Labor: A Pilot Case-Control Study Following an Analysis of Questionnaire Survey

Background: Recent obstetrical practice tends to avoid the use of manual uterine fundal pressure (MUFP);however, data showed that MUFP is actually employed. We here attempted 1) to determine the obstetricians’ attitudes towards MUFP via questionnaire, and 2) to examine whether MUFP shortens the 2nd stage of labor, with the latter tested as a pilot study. Methods: A questionnaire-based study was carried out (n = 122) at meetings of Obstetrics on May 5, 2017. Then, we conducted a pilot case-control study from August 23 to September 6, 2020. Participants (n = 29) were divided into two groups;women who did and did not want MUFP;i.e., MUFP (n = 14) vs. (Non-MUFP) group (n = 15). Results: Of 122 doctors, 99.18% (121/122) used MUFP at cesarean section. 95.90% (117/122) of institutions used MUFP in spontaneous delivery. 95.08% (116/122) obstetricians considered MUFP effective and helpful. 85.24% (104/122) considered that MUFP should be employed after station +3. In the case control study, MUFP vs. Non-MUFP group showed the second-stage-duration of 58.5 (50.25 - 71.25) vs. 48 (39 - 59) minutes, without statistical significance (P = 0.101). However, importantly, MUFP, compared with Non-MUFP group, showed a significantly shorter duration from head visible on introitus (apparition) to delivery;i.e., 21.26 ± 7.32 vs. 30.13 ± 10.61 minutes (P = 0.014). Conclusions: MUFP is still used widely and MUFP shortened the duration of head apparition to delivery time. Larger-sample studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of MUFP.

The Significance of the Historical Materialist View of Labor in the New Era

Labor has the core significance in the philosophy of historical materialism.Its concept of labor defines the nature of labor,affirms the decisive role of labor for human and social progress,demonstrates the form,intrinsic quality and inevitable result of labor under the capitalist economic system,and looks forward to the ultimate liberation of human beings brought by labor in Communist society in the future.The whole social life of each particular era is fundamentally determined by labor,and labor is the final basis for historical materialism to divide the times.In the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics,historical materialism’s labor concept points out the fundamental way to realize individual value and all-round development,provides a reference path for the development of grassroots democracy,and guides the practice of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

The Theme of Labor in Robinson Crusoe

The fiction, Robinson Crusoe, has achieved great success and it manifests the reality of the 17th -18th century. The writer, Defoe, because of the book, became the father of English realistic novel. All these achievements are contributed to its eternal themes, such as the qualities of individualism, the colonialism of bourgeoisie, the struggle with the nature. But I think the human labor which saves Robinson from despair, gives him pride and happiness, and makes him survive on the isolated island is the most important part in Crusoe’s character.

Transvaginal Sonographic Assessment of the Cervix for Prediction of Successful Induction of Labor in Nulliparous Women

Background: Induction of labor is commonly performed in obstetric practice. Many methods have been suggested as good predictors of the outcome of labor induction, yet none of them is satisfactory enough. Our study aims to assess cervical length and uterocervical angle measured by transvaginal ultrasound as predictors of successful induction of labor. Methods: Prospective cohort study conducted in Ain Shams University Maternity hospital over 150 nulliparous women undergoing induction of labor, in the period between May 2018 and August 2019. Transvaginal sonographic measurement of cervical length and uterocervical angle was done before induction of labor by prostaglandins. The patients were followed up till delivery and the outcome was recorded. Results: The best cut-off value of cervical length for prediction of success of labor induction was 32.3 mm with 60% sensitivity and 56% specificity and the best cut-off value of uterocervical angle was 110.2 degrees with 87% sensitivity and 93% specificity. The cervical length showed a significant negative correlation while the uterocervical angle showed a significant positive correlation with the success of labor induction. Conclusion: Cervical length and uterocervical angle are good predictors of successful labor induction.

Level of Labor Pain, Level of Labor Pain Behaviors, and Cultural Pain Behaviors among First-Time Indonesian Muslim Mothers

Background: Many factors influence the expressions of pain in primiparous women aside from contractions of the uterus. Objective: This study aimed to describe the level labor pain, level of labor pain behaviors based on cultural pain behaviors at 3 - 4 cm of cervical dilation or the beginning of the active phase of labor among primiparous Muslim women in Indonesia. Methods: This was a study with 42 primiparous Muslim women who gave birth in the labor room at Bhinneka Bhakti Husada Hospital and Community Health Center Pamulang, Indonesia from June until January 2017. The women were asked to describe on a 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale the intensity of level of labor pain in their abdomen during the last contractions at 3 - 4 cm of cervical dilation, and Pain Behaviors Observation Scale to observe pain behaviors. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: The findings showed that the mean score of level of labor pain at 3 - 4 cm of cervical dilation was 86.38 (SD = 4.47) and most participants experienced high level of labor pain (97.6%). The expression of cultural labor pain behaviors including saying praises to Allah, Asma’aul husna, reciting the Qur’an, sholawat.

Effect of upright and ambulant positions versus lying down during the active first stage of labor on birth outcomes among nulliparous women:randomized controlled clinical trial

Objective:To examine the effect of upright and ambulant positions versus lying down during the active first stage of labor on birth outcomes for nulliparous women.Methods:This is a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted at the delivery department of Damanhour Educational Institute,El Behira Governorate,Egypt.The study sample involved 150 parturient women equally divided into intervention and control groups using randomization block technique.The researchers used four tools for data collection:Demographic data interview schedule,World Health Organization Partograph,Apgar’s score,to evaluate neonatal outcomes,and visual analogue pain intensity scale.For the study group,the parturient women were encouraged to assume one of the upright positions or ambulating around the bed so as to maintain the pelvis in vertical plane as far as possible for 20-25 min for every 1 h.The control group received routine hospital care,which includes lying down in bed.IBM SPSS 23.0 was used to analyze the data.Results:Significant differences(P<0.05)were observed between the study and control groups in relation to cervical dilation,fetal head descent,uterine contractions interval,and frequency.The duration of the first stage of labor significantly reduced(P=0.018)in the intervention group compared with control group.No significant differences(P>0.05)were observed between both groups in term of emergency cesarean birth rates,oxytocin use,and neonatal outcomes.Conclusions:This study proves that upright and ambulant positions significantly enhance uterine contractility,cervical dilatation,and fetal head descent and reduce the first stage duration.

The Diversity and Phylogeny of Mesozoic Symphyta (Hymenoptera) from Northeastern China

Objective Symphyta, as an ancestral and paraphyletic group, are mainly phytophagous lineages. In order to truly elucidate their natural history and the development trends, we need to cover more species, including the extinct and extant species. In general, fossils sometimes appear to be necessary since extinct species usually have the so-called transitional states, which play important roles in their early evolution. It is well known that the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation and the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formations of Northeastern China have yielded well- preserved insects, including sawflies and some woodwasps. The great morphological diversity of symphytan fbssils, especially those transitional character states, will make significant contributions to our understanding of the developmental trends of this basal group, as well as the evolution of hymenopterans.

On Autonomy of Will and the Applicable Law of Labor Contract:From the Perspective of Chinese Legislation

There are so many different opinions on whether the autonomy of will is applied in labor contract.In this paper,the author discusses the application and limitation of autonomy of will in labor contract,and puts forward some suggestions on the application of Article 43 of Law of the Application of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relationships after the introduction of Chinese legislation of the applicable law of labor contract.Autonomy of will is a useful principle in resolving disputes arising from foreign-related labor contract in China.

Leaf nitrogen resorption is more important than litter nitrogen mineralization in mediating the diversity–productivity relationship along a nitrogen-limited temperate forest succession chronosequence

The resorption of nutrients by plants before litter fall and the mineralization of nutrients from plant litter by soil processes are both important pathways supporting primary productivity. While the positive relationship between plant biodiversity and primary productivity is widely accepted for natural ecosystems, the roles of nutrient resorption and mineralization in mediating that relationship remains largely unknown. Here, we quantified the relative importance of nitrogen(N) resorption and N mineralization in driving plant community N investment and the correlation between species diversity and community productivity along an N-limited successional chronosequence of the mixed broadleaved–Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) forest in northeastern China. Leaf N resorption efficiency(NRE) at the community level increased significantly along the successional chronosequence,whereas litter N mineralization rate decreased significantly. Leaf NRE was more important than litter N mineralization rate in driving the diversity–productivity relationship. However, higher leaf NRE led to less N mineralization as succession progressed along the chronosequence. Our results highlight the importance of the N resorption pathway rather than the N mineralization pathway for forest N acquisition with community succession,and they provide mechanistic insights into the positive effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning. In future forest management practices, we recommend appropriate application of N fertilizer to mitigate the adverse effects of N-poor soil on seedling regeneration during late succession and thus maintain the sustainable development of temperate forest ecosystems.

Is the feminization of labor harmful to agricultural production? The decision-making and production control perspective

Even today,academics continue to debate the effect of feminization of agricultural labor force on agricultural output.By considering the dimensions of participation in decision-making and production,this study divides the various agricultural production models into three types:(i)the traditional model of decisions made either jointly by men and women or by men alone while both genders participate in production,(ii)complete feminization of agricultural decision-making and the production labor force,and(iii)feminization of the agricultural production labor force only.This study investigates the effects of combining or separating decision-making and production in regard to agricultural development in the context of feminization of the agricultural labor force.Using follow-up data collected from 2004–2008 by the Ministry of Agriculture of China,we built a comprehensive panel data model to test our hypotheses.Our research shows that in comparison to traditional agricultural households and fully feminized agricultural labor forces,partially feminized production resulted in lower grain yield and technological advancement.The feminization of agricultural labor does not necessarily have a negative impact on agricultural output,especially since heavy manual labor is being increasingly replaced by agricultural machinery and outsourcing of tasks.The degree of feminization of the decision-making and production processes should be an important consideration when evaluating the purported negative effects of the feminization of agricultural labor.