Coulomb Force, Charge, and Electric Properties under Collision Space-Time

We have recently published a series of papers on a theory we call collision space-time, that seems to unify gravity and quantum mechanics. In this theory, mass and energy are redefined. We have not so far demonstrated how to make it compatible with electric properties such as charge and the Coulomb force. The aim of this paper is to show how electric properties can be reformulated to make it consistent with collision space-time. It is shown that we need to incorporate the Planck scale into the electric constants to do so. This is also fully possible from a practical point of view, as it has recently been shown how to measure the Planck length independent of other constants and without the need for dimensional analysis.

New Properties of HM16 Ether, with Submicroparticles as Self-Functional Cells Interacting through Percussion Forces, Establishing Nature of Electrical Charges, including Gravitation

Article continues and complements our previous articles on the HM16 ether (ETH) model. Here, we describe the mechanism of occurrence of the submicroparticle (SMP). A general hypothesis, HFVI, is introduced for the modalities of interaction between two SMPs, based on periodic mechanical percussion forces, produced by fundamental vibrations FVs. A mechanism for describing the interaction between a SMPs and the ETH is presented. Positive and negative particles are defined by their membrane types of movement, such as +, −u/+, −v vibrations, and rotations at speeds +Ω/−Ω. The process of creating a pair of SMPs is discussed. Applying HFVI to the interaction between pairs of SMPs immobile in ETH, and considering longitudinal FVL, was obtained the forces of attraction/repulsion +FL21/–FL21, which correspond to the completed Coulomb force FCC including gravitation. The resultant FRL21 will form an oriented field of forces, which is a quasielectric field QE, equivalent to actual E electric field. Considering transversal FVT, was obtained the vibratory forces +, −FT21, whose resultant forms an vibrating field of forces, QHs, a quasimagnetic special field, which may explain some of the quantum properties of SMPs. Considering a mobile SMP, two new γ strains in ETH appear. Strains γL are created by the displacement of SMP with velocity V, whose force +, −FT12 is the support of a component of the magnetic field H (quasimagnetic field QH), giving the QHL component. Strains γR are created by the rotation of SMP with speed Ω, whose force +, −FR12 constitutes physical support of the component QHR of magnetic field H (i.e. QH). The creation of a photon PH is modelled as a special ESMP containing two zones of opposed rotations, and a mechanism is presented for its movement in the ETH with speed c based on the HS hypothesis of screwing in ETH, with frequency ν.

A New Theory for the Essence and Nature of Electron Charge

Charge is a fundamental physical property of matter that is responsible for its interactions with electromagnetic fields. The real nature and the essence of charge are unknown. In this paper, a new theory is presented to describe the nature and the essence of electric charge is formulated based on the vortex model of the electron which has a finite size and has an irrotational vortex structure. This theory and the vortex model of the electron enables us, for the first time, to describe the origin of bivalency, stability, quantization, equality of the absolute values of the bivalent charges, to derive a simple formulation to calculate the electric charge based on hydrodynamics without the use any constant. The difference between negative and positive charge, is revealed and the charged particles interactions are described. The electric charge is an expression of accelerated spherical mass per area reduced by the stiffness of the vacuum which has the units ε0 ML3/T2. The calculated results based on these equations comply accurately with the experimental results.

Electrical and thermal conductivity of Earth's core and its thermal evolution——A review

The Earth’s core is composed of iron,nickel,and a small amount of light elements(e.g.,Si,S,O,C,N,H and P).The thermal conductivities of these components dominate the adiabatic heat flow in the core,which is highly correlated to geodynamo.Here we review a large number of studies on the electrical and thermal conductivity of iron and iron alloys and discuss their implications on the thermal evolution of the Earth’s core.In summary,we suggest that the Wiedemann-Franz law,commonly used to convert the electrical resistivity to thermal conductivity for metals and alloys,should be cautiously applied under extremely high pressure-temperature(P-T)conditions(e.g.,Earth’s core)because the Lorentz number may be P-T dependent.To date,the discrepancy in the thermal conductivity of iron and iron alloys remains between those from the resistivity measurements and the thermal diffusivity modeling,where the former is systematically larger.Recent studies reconcile the electrical resistivity by first-principles calculation and direct measurements,and this is a good start in resolving this discrepancy.Due to an overall higher thermal conductivity than previously thought,the inner core age is presently constrained at~1.0 Ga.However,light elements in the core would likely lower the thermal conductivity and prolong the crystallization of the inner core.Meanwhile,whether thermal convection can power the dynamo before the inner core formation depends on the amounts of the proper light elements in the core.More works are needed to establish the thermal evolution model of the core.

Free, Bound, and Mobile Charge Density

Questions and difficulties are presented pertaining to the quantitative characterization of the electric field in certain scenarios. Specific examples concerning electrolytes are explored. Newton’s third law is invoked and the concept of mobile charge density is presented in relation to free charge density and bound charge density. The notion of mobile charge density is utilized to develop a theory and model for the electric field coupled with electrolytic properties and transport. Validations, simulations, and implications of the model are presented and discussed, including: is it possible to extend Maxwell’s equations to a more generalized form?

Useful and Unique Descriptions of Tropospheric Processes Which Produce Oxygen and Thereafter Give Birth to Equatorial Electro-Jets

Formation of negative static charges (e-) throughout troposphere is a natural phenomenon revealed by some weather events such as storms and lightning flashes that accompany thunderclouds. This climatic phenomenon (formation of negative charge in that case) has long been considered as physical phenomena of very small space-time scales. Now we have good reasons to say that this perception of troposphere electrical status is totally meaningless. Indeed, it is now easy to show that significant numbers of electrons are provided to troposphere at each appearance of a thunderstorm (or a lightning flash). Thereafter, movement implemented in the troposphere by winds (e.g., West African aerojet) contributes to the formation of low altitudes Electrojets (e.g., West African Equatorial Aerojet gives birth to West African Equatorial Electrojet). The existence of Low Layers Equatorial Electrojets (LL-EEJ) was totally unknown by the first theorists who have studied the Earth’s Ionosphere Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics. This mistake has led their followers to many questions unanswered in their attempt to explain the longitudinal and seasonal variations of observed EEJ. In this paper, we will provide many useful explanations on the manner in which clouds provide oxygen to troposphere and thereafter trigger negative static charges (e-) throughout both troposphere and ionosphere. Indeed, this paper also explains how, opportunely, the ITF (inter tropical front) plays the role of the tap which facilitates oxygen transfer from troposphere to ionosphere. Detailed studies on the Earth’s troposphere plasma physics and electrodynamics are impatiently awaited.

Comments Concerning Measurements and Equations in Electromagnetism

The previously introduced US of units has raised many comments. Such comments were the claims of how to measure the electric current and magnetic flux. Other comments were concerned by violating the fundamental laws of electro-magnetism. Such violation is not the concern of the introduced system of units. But it is related to the previous mess in the available SI system of units.

SERS study on the synergistic effects of electric field enhancement and charge transfer in an Ag2S quantum dots/plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna composite system

Localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)of nanostructures and the interfacial charge transfer(CT)of semiconductor materials play essential roles in the study of optical and photoelectronic properties.In this paper,a composite substrate of Ag2S quantum dots(QDs)coated plasmonic Au bowtie nanoantenna(BNA)arrays with a metalinsulator-metal(MIM)configuration was built to study the synergistic effect of LSPR and interfacial CT using surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)in the near-infrared(NIR)region.The Au BNA array structure with a large enhancement of the localized electric field(E-field)strongly enhanced the Raman signal of adsorbed p-aminothiophenol(PATP)probe molecules.Meanwhile,the broad enhanced spectral region was achieved owing to the coupling of LSPR The as-prepared Au BNA array structure facilitated enhancements of the excitation as well as the emission of Raman signal simultaneously,which was established by finite-difference time-domain simulation.Moreover,Ag2S semiconductor QDs were introduced into the BNA/PATP system to further enhance Raman signals,which benefited from the interfacial CT resonance in the BNA/Ag2S-QDs/PATP system.As a result,the Raman signals of PATP in the BNA/Ag2S-QDs/PATP system were strongly enhanced under 785 nm laser excitation due to the synergistic effect of E-field enhancement and interfacial CT.Furthermore,the SERS polarization dependence effeas of the BNA/Ag2S-QDs/PATP system were also investigated.The SERS spectra indicated that the polarization dependence of the substrate increased with decreasing polarization angles(θpola)of excitation from p-polarized(θpola=90°)excitation to s-polarized(θpola=0°)excitation.This study provides a strategy using the synergistic effect of interfacial CT and E-field enhancement for SERS applications and provides a guidance for the development of SERS study on semiconductor QD-based plasmonic substrates,and can be farther extended to other material-nanostructure systems for various optoelectronic and sensing applications.

脉冲电场和稀土对Fe-C-S系合金凝固过程的影响

以工业纯铁、石墨、硫化亚铁等为原料制备Fe-C-S系合金熔体,开展在Fe-C-S系合金熔体的凝固过程中施加脉冲电场及添加稀土的实验,分析脉冲电场和稀土对Fe-C-S系合金熔体凝固组织、S元素的分布特性及夹杂物性状的影响。结果表明:脉冲电场和稀土有利于减轻晶界偏聚,细化和改善Fe-C-S系合金凝固组织,优化S元素分布,共同作用效果比稀土的单独作用效果明显;且有效减小和细化夹杂物,夹杂物的直径由35-50μm下降到25μm以下,夹杂物形貌得到较好控制,由条状硫化物大部分转变为球状硫化物。

基于ASP.NET的水电管理系统研究与设计

随着科学技术的高速发展,信息技术的应用已经非常广泛。

TN-S系统接地故障环路阻抗计算和测试问题探讨

针对目前TN-S系统接地故障环路阻抗计算和测试中有几种相似但不完全相同的最大允许电缆长度计算公式,不同公式和不同系数取值会得出不同结果的情况,在分析这些公式中不同参数的合适取值和不同取值引起误差的同时,对接地故障保护校验提出建议。

Insufficiency of Cellular Energy (ICE) May Precede Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease and Be Treatable via the Alternative Cellular Energy (ACE) Pathway

The term neurodegeneration emphasizes the destruction of neuronal cells as the primary explanation of many major neurological illnesses, including Alzheimer’s disease. Specialized functioning of cells requires more cellular energy than is needed for basic cell survival. Cells can acquire energy both from the metabolism of food and from the alternative cellular energy (ACE) pathway. The ACE pathway is an added dynamic (kinetic) quality of the body’s fluids occurring from the absorption of an external force termed KELEA (Kinetic Energy Limiting Electrostatic Attraction). KELEA is attracted to separated electrical charges and is seemingly partially released as the charges become more closely linked. As suggested elsewhere, the fluctuating electrical activity in the brain may attract KELEA from the environment and, thereby, contribute to the body’s ACE pathway. Certain illnesses affecting the brain may impede this proposed antenna function of the brain, leading to a systemic insufficiency of cellular energy (ICE). Furthermore, individual neurons may derive some of the energy for their own activities from the repetitive depolarization of the cell. This may explain why hyper-excitability of neurons can occur in response to cell damage. This adaptive mechanism is unlikely to be sustainable, however, especially if there is a continuing need to synthesize neurotransmitters and membrane ion channels. The energy deficient neurons would then become quiescent and, although remaining viable, would not perform their intended specialized functions. Actual cell death would not necessarily occur till much later in the disease process. The distinction between quiescent and degenerated cells is important since the ACE pathway can be enhanced by several means, including the regular consumption of KELEA activated water. This, in turn, may improve the proposed antenna function of individual neurons, leading to a sustained restoration of specialized function via the ACE pathway. This paper explores this novel concept and provides a rationale for clinical testing of KELEA activated water in patients with neurological and psychiatric illnesses, including Alzheimer’s disease.

S-型异质结CeO_(2)/Zn_(x)Cd_(1-x)In_(2)S_(4)空心结构的构建及其可见光分解水制氢性能

层状结构材料ZnIn_(2)S_(4)(ZIS)具有强的可见光吸收、合适的能带结构、高的化学稳定性和低毒性,是优良的光催化材料。然而,ZIS的低载流子分离效率造成其光催化产氢效率较低。为了解决这一难题,本文提出了一种整合固溶体形成和异质结构建的能带结构调控策略。通过在CeO_(2)空心球表面原位生长ZnxCd1-xIn_(2)S_(4)(ZCIS)纳米片,成功制备了具有分级中空结构的CeO_(2)/ZCIS复合光催化剂。制备的1:6-CeO_(2)/Zn_(0.9)Cd_(0.1)In_(2)S_(4)样品在可见光下表现出了4.09 mmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)的最佳产氢速率,分别是ZIS、ZCIS和CeO_(2)/ZIS的6.8、3.0和2.2倍。其光催化活性的显著增强主要归功于CeO_(2)/ZCIS的能带结构改变产生S-型异质结电荷传输通道。同时,引入Cd阳离子使得ZIS的导带和价带同时上移,为水裂解提供强还原性光电子。相比于CeO_(2)/ZIS异质结,ZCIS和CeO_(2)之间存在更大的费米能级差,可促进更多的自由电子从ZCIS转移到CeO_(2),在CeO_(2)/ZCIS界面形成强内建电场,促进载流子有效分离,提高光催化产氢效率。本研究将为S-型异质结光催化材料设计和构筑提供一种有效策略。

电动汽车充电设施等电位联结设计探讨

通过对当前电动汽车充电设施设计规范、标准要求及应用现状的分析、总结,提出辅助等电位联结SEB设置的必要性及有效性校验方法,并就室内外充电设施等电位联结提出设计建议:室外充电设施应设置等电位联结;室内充电设施是否设置等电位联结可根据具体情况确定。

考虑客户满意度的电动汽车充电站运营状态评估

提出了一种考虑客户满意度的电动汽车充电站运营状态评估方法。首先运用DS/G2法将客户对电动汽车充电站语言服务评级和充电站运行状况信息进行证据融合,以确定单个客户对某一电动汽车充电站的运营状态评估结果量化值;然后引入证据冲突的概念,对多个客户评估结果量化值的权重进行综合优化,基于D-S证据理论融合多个客户的评估结果,对多个充电站的运营水平进行比较。算例验证了该方法的可行性。

金属体在海水中运动产生的感应电场建模

分析了金属体在海水中运动产生感应电场的机理。采用镜像法推导了水下垂直和水平直流电流元在海水中的电场表达式,进一步导出了海水中运动金属体切割地磁场而在海水中产生的感应电场数学模型,并计算分析了运动金属体的感应电场大小及空间分布。仿真计算结果表明,20m长的金属椭球体,以4m/s的航速在水下10m航行时,在水下30m左右感应电场的量级为nV/m,并且该电场在空间分布上有明显的特征。

架空线路小电流接地故障零模电压信号获取新方法

提出一种通过电场感应获取架空线路小电流接地故障零模电压信号的新方法。阐述了线路下方由三相电压共同产生电场的特征,提出故障前后垂直地面方向电场的变化量与零模电压基本成比例关系,通过感应该电场变化量可以获取暂态及稳态零模电压信号。提出利用电荷放大器和平行金属极板组成的电场传感器感应空间电场获取零模电压信号的方法。最后通过仿真和试验验证了该方法的正确性。

5G-V2X辅助下基于站点区域类型的城市充电站规划方法

5G技术发展使用户能够通过车联网和V2X(vehicle to everything)技术快速获取周围物理环境的信息。车辆、电网运营商等也能根据路网信息进行更好的资源分配与调度,从而促进现代化智慧交通、智慧城市等发展战略的实现。考虑到现代化城市不同区域承担着不同功能,在车辆停靠、电网容量、土地约束、成本价格等方面具有不同特征,为优化充电站部署,建立了V2X辅助下城市区域特征差异充电站模型。考虑实际情况,引入M/M/S/K排队模型和用户充电决策模型对用户行为进行刻画。进一步建立优化模型,在用地面积、电网容量以及服务需求的约束下,通过充电站点选择和充电桩部署,最大化运营商收益。为求解该问题,设计了一种基于站点容量和用户充电行为的充电站网络规划方法,首先求解给定站点的最优充电桩部署数目,然后对候选站点进行筛选聚合实现充电站网络优化。仿真验证了所提优化方法的有效性,所提充电站网络优化方法能够有效提高站点内充电桩利用率,减少运营商建设成本,提升运营商整体盈利。

基于变结构补偿网络的WPT恒流/恒压充电系统

针对电动汽车充电无线电能传输(WPT)系统的网络补偿技术,研究了一种LCC-LCC/S型变结构补偿网络。通过开关控制,能够将松耦合变压器的原/副边补偿网络由恒流源-恒流源特性,切换为恒流源-恒压源特性,从而实现变化负载工况下的恒流或恒压输出,用以满足动力电池的充电需求。针对变结构切换过程中硬开关能量冲击导致的高电压应力问题,本文提出了根据电流极性切换开关的控制策略,进一步优化了开关切换时序,实现模式切换的平滑过渡。最后搭建一个1 kW等级的实验样机,输入为400 V稳压源、输出为模拟电池假负载;利用定宽定频控制实现了10 A恒流输出及105 V恒压输出,在负载变化扰动下的稳态输出波动较小,且实现了逆变器的零电压开通。通过模式切换暂态冲击实验验证了本文所提方案的合理性。

基于C#的铁路水电段收费管理信息系统的实现

以某铁路水电段的水电收费工作为研究对象,介绍在.NET平台上采用C#语言快速构建收费管理系统的实现过程,简要介绍Microsoft.NET平台和C#语言的应用特点。