During the past decade,generations of Precambrian mafic dykes/sills have been investigated and revealed in the North China Craton(NCC).Researchers identified more than 20 episodes of Precambrian dyke swarms,
Monsoon seasons, occasionally also known as wet seasons or trade-wind littoral seasons, are found in the regions where there is a complete seasonal reversal of the prevailing surface winds. Accompanying these shifts i...Monsoon seasons, occasionally also known as wet seasons or trade-wind littoral seasons, are found in the regions where there is a complete seasonal reversal of the prevailing surface winds. Accompanying these shifts in the prevailing surface winds are modulations in rainfall activity. Given the fact that our knowledge of the monsoons is mainly based on the interpretation of the mean values of precipitation, cloudiness and winds;relationships between earth’s rotation or revolution and geographical extent of the global surface monsoons deserve to be highlighted. In the abundant literary and audiovisual production devoted to monsoons worldwide and despite the fact that everyone agrees with physical law which shows that Coriolis force acts to the right in the northern hemisphere (to the left in the southern hemisphere), there is no reference to the relationship between Coriolis force (due to earth’s rotation) effects on troposphere general circulation and geographical extent of the global surface monsoons. Furthermore knowing that the ITCZ oscillations on either side of the equators (due to earth’s revolution) determine the seasons (mainly winter and summer), it is clear that earth’s revolution also plays a crucial role in the seasonal reversal of the prevailing surface winds observed in the regions where monsoons are found. Our main objective is to provide a rational answer to the question: what is a monsoon?展开更多
Any system designed to simulate the earth's atmosphere general circulation, must necessarily be based on the spatial-or temporal average conditions. Irregularities in the profiles of air motions that we observe on...Any system designed to simulate the earth's atmosphere general circulation, must necessarily be based on the spatial-or temporal average conditions. Irregularities in the profiles of air motions that we observe on daily weather maps often make lose any real meaning to the general circulation. As complicated and inconsistent that is the daily traffic of air particles, it is interesting to define a general circulation characteristic of the average air transportation around the globe. Indeed, this transport responds to a need to transfer heat from the equator (heat source) to the poles (cold sources). Mbane Biouele formula (2009), derived from Clausius-Clapeyron relation (1832), now allows faithful and unique representation of the tricellular general circulation: Hence, the possibility of access to the earth’s atmosphere prevailing surface winds in summer as well as winter.展开更多
In their daily practices, meteorologists make extensive use of the geostrophic wind properties to explain many weather phenomena such as the meaning and direction of the horizontal winds that take place around the low...In their daily practices, meteorologists make extensive use of the geostrophic wind properties to explain many weather phenomena such as the meaning and direction of the horizontal winds that take place around the low atmospheric pressures. The biggest challenge that faces the public who is interested in information disseminated by meteorologists is to know exactly what means the geostrophic wind. Besides the literal definitions scattered in very little scientific work, there is unfortunately no book which gives importance to the algebraic definition of the geostrophic wind. Our work shows that to better understand the behavior of natural phenomena, it is essential to combine the theories with based observations. Obviously, observations cannot be relevant without a theory that guides the observers. Conversely, no theory can be validated without experimental verification. Synoptic observations show that in the “free atmosphere!” the wind vectors are very nearly parallel to isobars, and the flow is perpendicular to the horizontal pressure gradient force, at least at any given instant. This kind of information recommends great caution when making geostrophic approximations. Our work also shows that for tornadoes, there is no need to move away from the surface of the oceans to observe the geostrophic balance. Undoubtedly, identification and interpretation of earth’s atmosphere dynamics’ and thermodynamics’ similarities between rogue waves and oceans’ surface geostrophic wind will be an easy exercise to researchers who will give importance to result provided by this paper.展开更多
In the Anthropocene,health is necessary to achieve global sustainable development.This is a challenge because health issues are complex and span from humans to ecosystems and the environment through dynamic interac-ti...In the Anthropocene,health is necessary to achieve global sustainable development.This is a challenge because health issues are complex and span from humans to ecosystems and the environment through dynamic interac-tions across scales.We find that the health issues have been mainly addressed by disciplinary endeavors which unfortunately will not result in panoramic theories or effective solutions.We recommend focusing on the intri-cate interactions between humans,ecosystems and the environment for developing common theoretical under-standings and practical solutions for safeguarding planetary health,with human health as the key indicator and endpoint.To facilitate this paradigm shift,a holistic framework is formulated that incorporates disturbances from inner Earth and our solar system,and accommodates interactions between humans,ecosystems and the environ-ment in a nested hierarchy.An integrative and transdisciplinary health science is advocated along with holistic thinking to resolve our current health challenges and to achieve the health-related sustainable development goals.展开更多
Using earth satellite observation means, remote sensing information distilled technique and regional research production, we have roundly analyzed and made an integrated evaluation about the Lop Nur nuclear test field...Using earth satellite observation means, remote sensing information distilled technique and regional research production, we have roundly analyzed and made an integrated evaluation about the Lop Nur nuclear test field in western China. This product reveals the rarely-known nuke explosion effect and response events of geology conditions. It also offers us legible and practical first-hand materials about human extreme effects, important engineering environment and intimidating influence process. By excavating and appraising the materials gradually on the natural environment factors changing in the test field through macroscopic elimination and typical filtration, it can supply basic scientific data for security of national nuclear usage, appraising the nuclear environment synthetically and developing nuclear strategy expediently.展开更多
According to the space-geodetic data recorded at globally distributed stations over solid land spanning a period of more than 20-years under the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2008,our previous estimate of ...According to the space-geodetic data recorded at globally distributed stations over solid land spanning a period of more than 20-years under the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2008,our previous estimate of the average-weighted vertical variation of the Earth＇s solid surface suggests that the Earth＇s solid part is expanding at a rate of 0.24 ± 0.05 mm/a in recent two decades.In another aspect,the satellite altimetry observations spanning recent two decades demonstrate the sea level rise（SLR） rate 3.2 ± 0.4 mm/a,of which1.8 ± 0.5 mm/a is contributed by the ice melting over land.This study shows that the oceanic thermal expansion is 1.0 ± 0.1 mm/a due to the temperature increase in recent half century,which coincides with the estimate provided by previous authors.The SLR observation by altimetry is not balanced by the ice melting and thermal expansion,which is an open problem before this study.However,in this study we infer that the oceanic part of the Earth is expanding at a rate about 0.4 mm/a.Combining the expansion rates of land part and oceanic part,we conclude that the Earth is expanding at a rate of 0.35 ± 0.47 mm/a in recent two decades.If the Earth expands at this rate,then the altimetry-observed SLR can be well explained.展开更多
Recent scholars’work in Vol 58 Issue 1（2015）and Cheng and Li’s paper in Vol 58 Issue 7（2015）in Science China Earth Sciences propose development of＂Watershed science＂by＂Bridging new advances in hydrological sc...Recent scholars’work in Vol 58 Issue 1（2015）and Cheng and Li’s paper in Vol 58 Issue 7（2015）in Science China Earth Sciences propose development of＂Watershed science＂by＂Bridging new advances in hydrological science with good management of river basins＂.展开更多
Faced with many problems (practically insoluble) that call them politicians lie (to save their careers), claiming that they are resolutely interested to earth’s environment protection. Unnecessary (for some) and outr...Faced with many problems (practically insoluble) that call them politicians lie (to save their careers), claiming that they are resolutely interested to earth’s environment protection. Unnecessary (for some) and outrageously expensive (for others) organization of COP21 is part of this logic of distracting the “international community” by (for example) making believe that the reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions is something reachable for humans and that this reduction can weaken the harmful effects of global warming such as: floods, endless droughts, melting glaciers, upsurge of hurricanes or tornadoes, etc. Can the “binding” commitments taken during COP21 be effective? Our objective and immediate answer is: No. Because those who have made commitments, ignore completely how the CO<sub>2</sub> (main object of their attentions) or sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) behave with respect to some predominant elements of the atmosphere such as clouds. Moreover, a significant number of the propaganda forums’ stakeholders ignores that earth’s atmosphere is considerably affected by the radiation from the sun and that the intensity of solar radiation received at the surface of the earth mainly depends on the Earth-Sun distance and the precession angle of the earth relative to its orbit. Earth-Sun distance and precession angle of the Earth’s orbit vary in space and time: this Physical law must be constantly present in our minds. Teaching the fundamentals of Atmospheric Physics allows solar radiation and its derivative forms (e.g.: winds, snow or rains) to cease to be a mystery in the mind of the international community.展开更多
Banded iron formation and Cu-Zn sulfide deposits within volcanic-argillaceous sequences(as volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits(VMS)-like type) occur together in the Qingyuan greenstone belt of the North China Crato...Banded iron formation and Cu-Zn sulfide deposits within volcanic-argillaceous sequences(as volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits(VMS)-like type) occur together in the Qingyuan greenstone belt of the North China Craton,recording the first appearance of oxidized ores and sulfide ores co-existing in the early Earth.The unique metal co-existing deposits should meet two requirements:tectonic setting and sedimentary environment.As regards to tectonic setting,plate-like tectonics might have started since the end of the Neoarchean because continents had grown large enough and there occurred volcanic arcs and backarc basins similar to modern ones in a way.Partial melting of subducted continental crust is conductive to providing ore-forming elements.As for sedimentary environment,late Neoarchean seawater was rich in Fe^(2+) and anoxic.Instantaneous oxidation of the seawater resulted possibly from frequent submarine volcanic eruptions and facilitated precipitation of the banded iron formation.At this point,it is also favorable for the enrichment of Cu and Zn ions in seawater.The VMS-like deposits tended to form when the seawater was reduced again.Studies of isotopic elements like sulfur,oxygen,iron and silicon support the above geological processes.It is shown that the geologic conditions only existed in the late Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic for a short period of time.The banded iron formations disappeared around 1.85 Ga,and the associated sulfide metal deposits also became dominant sedimentary exhalative deposits in the meso-Neoproterozoic Boring Billion,as a result of increasing oxidation of the oceans and the increasing maturity of the continental crust.This study is significant not only for decoding metallogenic genesis but also helping understand rapid change in Precambrian tectonic regimes and Earth’s environments.展开更多
基金supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program No: 2012CB416601)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No: 41322018) projectsthe National High-Level Talents Special Support Plan
文摘During the past decade,generations of Precambrian mafic dykes/sills have been investigated and revealed in the North China Craton(NCC).Researchers identified more than 20 episodes of Precambrian dyke swarms,
文摘Monsoon seasons, occasionally also known as wet seasons or trade-wind littoral seasons, are found in the regions where there is a complete seasonal reversal of the prevailing surface winds. Accompanying these shifts in the prevailing surface winds are modulations in rainfall activity. Given the fact that our knowledge of the monsoons is mainly based on the interpretation of the mean values of precipitation, cloudiness and winds;relationships between earth’s rotation or revolution and geographical extent of the global surface monsoons deserve to be highlighted. In the abundant literary and audiovisual production devoted to monsoons worldwide and despite the fact that everyone agrees with physical law which shows that Coriolis force acts to the right in the northern hemisphere (to the left in the southern hemisphere), there is no reference to the relationship between Coriolis force (due to earth’s rotation) effects on troposphere general circulation and geographical extent of the global surface monsoons. Furthermore knowing that the ITCZ oscillations on either side of the equators (due to earth’s revolution) determine the seasons (mainly winter and summer), it is clear that earth’s revolution also plays a crucial role in the seasonal reversal of the prevailing surface winds observed in the regions where monsoons are found. Our main objective is to provide a rational answer to the question: what is a monsoon?
文摘Any system designed to simulate the earth's atmosphere general circulation, must necessarily be based on the spatial-or temporal average conditions. Irregularities in the profiles of air motions that we observe on daily weather maps often make lose any real meaning to the general circulation. As complicated and inconsistent that is the daily traffic of air particles, it is interesting to define a general circulation characteristic of the average air transportation around the globe. Indeed, this transport responds to a need to transfer heat from the equator (heat source) to the poles (cold sources). Mbane Biouele formula (2009), derived from Clausius-Clapeyron relation (1832), now allows faithful and unique representation of the tricellular general circulation: Hence, the possibility of access to the earth’s atmosphere prevailing surface winds in summer as well as winter.
文摘In their daily practices, meteorologists make extensive use of the geostrophic wind properties to explain many weather phenomena such as the meaning and direction of the horizontal winds that take place around the low atmospheric pressures. The biggest challenge that faces the public who is interested in information disseminated by meteorologists is to know exactly what means the geostrophic wind. Besides the literal definitions scattered in very little scientific work, there is unfortunately no book which gives importance to the algebraic definition of the geostrophic wind. Our work shows that to better understand the behavior of natural phenomena, it is essential to combine the theories with based observations. Obviously, observations cannot be relevant without a theory that guides the observers. Conversely, no theory can be validated without experimental verification. Synoptic observations show that in the “free atmosphere!” the wind vectors are very nearly parallel to isobars, and the flow is perpendicular to the horizontal pressure gradient force, at least at any given instant. This kind of information recommends great caution when making geostrophic approximations. Our work also shows that for tornadoes, there is no need to move away from the surface of the oceans to observe the geostrophic balance. Undoubtedly, identification and interpretation of earth’s atmosphere dynamics’ and thermodynamics’ similarities between rogue waves and oceans’ surface geostrophic wind will be an easy exercise to researchers who will give importance to result provided by this paper.
基金This work was financially supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA23070201)The Science-based Advisory Program of the Alliance of International Science Organizations。
文摘In the Anthropocene,health is necessary to achieve global sustainable development.This is a challenge because health issues are complex and span from humans to ecosystems and the environment through dynamic interac-tions across scales.We find that the health issues have been mainly addressed by disciplinary endeavors which unfortunately will not result in panoramic theories or effective solutions.We recommend focusing on the intri-cate interactions between humans,ecosystems and the environment for developing common theoretical under-standings and practical solutions for safeguarding planetary health,with human health as the key indicator and endpoint.To facilitate this paradigm shift,a holistic framework is formulated that incorporates disturbances from inner Earth and our solar system,and accommodates interactions between humans,ecosystems and the environ-ment in a nested hierarchy.An integrative and transdisciplinary health science is advocated along with holistic thinking to resolve our current health challenges and to achieve the health-related sustainable development goals.
基金The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chi-nese Academy of Sciences, the open fund item (No. SKLLQG0701) to subsidizedthe constructprogram of the key discipline in Hunan Province, China, the fund item (No. D2007001) the State Key Labo-ratories of Continental Dynamics,Northwest University, the open fund item (No. DL2006001) to combine subsi-dized.
文摘Using earth satellite observation means, remote sensing information distilled technique and regional research production, we have roundly analyzed and made an integrated evaluation about the Lop Nur nuclear test field in western China. This product reveals the rarely-known nuke explosion effect and response events of geology conditions. It also offers us legible and practical first-hand materials about human extreme effects, important engineering environment and intimidating influence process. By excavating and appraising the materials gradually on the natural environment factors changing in the test field through macroscopic elimination and typical filtration, it can supply basic scientific data for security of national nuclear usage, appraising the nuclear environment synthetically and developing nuclear strategy expediently.
基金supported by National 973 Project China(2013CB733305,2013CB733301)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41174011,41429401,41210006,41128003,41021061)
文摘According to the space-geodetic data recorded at globally distributed stations over solid land spanning a period of more than 20-years under the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2008,our previous estimate of the average-weighted vertical variation of the Earth＇s solid surface suggests that the Earth＇s solid part is expanding at a rate of 0.24 ± 0.05 mm/a in recent two decades.In another aspect,the satellite altimetry observations spanning recent two decades demonstrate the sea level rise（SLR） rate 3.2 ± 0.4 mm/a,of which1.8 ± 0.5 mm/a is contributed by the ice melting over land.This study shows that the oceanic thermal expansion is 1.0 ± 0.1 mm/a due to the temperature increase in recent half century,which coincides with the estimate provided by previous authors.The SLR observation by altimetry is not balanced by the ice melting and thermal expansion,which is an open problem before this study.However,in this study we infer that the oceanic part of the Earth is expanding at a rate about 0.4 mm/a.Combining the expansion rates of land part and oceanic part,we conclude that the Earth is expanding at a rate of 0.35 ± 0.47 mm/a in recent two decades.If the Earth expands at this rate,then the altimetry-observed SLR can be well explained.
文摘Recent scholars’work in Vol 58 Issue 1（2015）and Cheng and Li’s paper in Vol 58 Issue 7（2015）in Science China Earth Sciences propose development of＂Watershed science＂by＂Bridging new advances in hydrological science with good management of river basins＂.
文摘Faced with many problems (practically insoluble) that call them politicians lie (to save their careers), claiming that they are resolutely interested to earth’s environment protection. Unnecessary (for some) and outrageously expensive (for others) organization of COP21 is part of this logic of distracting the “international community” by (for example) making believe that the reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions is something reachable for humans and that this reduction can weaken the harmful effects of global warming such as: floods, endless droughts, melting glaciers, upsurge of hurricanes or tornadoes, etc. Can the “binding” commitments taken during COP21 be effective? Our objective and immediate answer is: No. Because those who have made commitments, ignore completely how the CO<sub>2</sub> (main object of their attentions) or sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) behave with respect to some predominant elements of the atmosphere such as clouds. Moreover, a significant number of the propaganda forums’ stakeholders ignores that earth’s atmosphere is considerably affected by the radiation from the sun and that the intensity of solar radiation received at the surface of the earth mainly depends on the Earth-Sun distance and the precession angle of the earth relative to its orbit. Earth-Sun distance and precession angle of the Earth’s orbit vary in space and time: this Physical law must be constantly present in our minds. Teaching the fundamentals of Atmospheric Physics allows solar radiation and its derivative forms (e.g.: winds, snow or rains) to cease to be a mystery in the mind of the international community.
基金supported by the Major Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41890834 and 92162323)the Strategic Pilot Technology (B-type) Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (XDB18030205)+1 种基金the Key International Program of CAS (132A11KYSB20180042)the Key Research Program of Frontier Science, CAS (QYZDY-SSW-DQC017)。
文摘Banded iron formation and Cu-Zn sulfide deposits within volcanic-argillaceous sequences(as volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits(VMS)-like type) occur together in the Qingyuan greenstone belt of the North China Craton,recording the first appearance of oxidized ores and sulfide ores co-existing in the early Earth.The unique metal co-existing deposits should meet two requirements:tectonic setting and sedimentary environment.As regards to tectonic setting,plate-like tectonics might have started since the end of the Neoarchean because continents had grown large enough and there occurred volcanic arcs and backarc basins similar to modern ones in a way.Partial melting of subducted continental crust is conductive to providing ore-forming elements.As for sedimentary environment,late Neoarchean seawater was rich in Fe^(2+) and anoxic.Instantaneous oxidation of the seawater resulted possibly from frequent submarine volcanic eruptions and facilitated precipitation of the banded iron formation.At this point,it is also favorable for the enrichment of Cu and Zn ions in seawater.The VMS-like deposits tended to form when the seawater was reduced again.Studies of isotopic elements like sulfur,oxygen,iron and silicon support the above geological processes.It is shown that the geologic conditions only existed in the late Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic for a short period of time.The banded iron formations disappeared around 1.85 Ga,and the associated sulfide metal deposits also became dominant sedimentary exhalative deposits in the meso-Neoproterozoic Boring Billion,as a result of increasing oxidation of the oceans and the increasing maturity of the continental crust.This study is significant not only for decoding metallogenic genesis but also helping understand rapid change in Precambrian tectonic regimes and Earth’s environments.
