An Analysis of the Impact of Economic-Ecological Balance Mechanism Based on Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations on Land Financial Teaching Methods

This paper clarifies the relationship between the flow paths of the corresponding ecological flows because of the ecological impact for land consolidation, using external energy methods to measure the external input of the project area or the output of ecological products. The application for nonlinear estimation of partial differential equations to land consolidation, the project ecological flow and system efficiency were quantitatively calculated. It shows that the conflict between fairness and efficiency is caused under conditions and levels of value and ecological compensation mechanism is built as a criterion for this ecological economics. Based on the years of use of the land improvement project, the time evolution of regional net ecological value, natural resource dependence, renewable resource dependence, ecological output ratio, ecological carrying capacity and ecological sustainability after the implementation of the project was assessed.

Will Hunting Wildlife Harm the Ecological Balance of Nature?

The Expert Committee of Wild Animal Hunting,an organization under the State Forestry Administration of China,recently approved a group of foreign hunters’applications to shoot wildlife in China. The news has gained much attention across the country. The application was submitted by two domestic travel agencies on behalf of seven foreign hunters,who plan to shoot nine blue sheep and seven Tibetan gazelles in an international hunting ground in west China’s Qinghai Province. Despite the expert committee’s approval,however,the hunters still can’t fire a shot in China until they get an official license from the State Forestry Administration.According to recent news,the administration has declined the application. In China,blue sheep and Tibetan gazelles are ranked as Class 2

The Natural History Approach to Maintaining Ecological Balance

The present ecological imbalance is due to human beings' unrestrained desires and their actions of developing multifarious strong forces in order to conquer nature. Present science and technology and institutional arrangement still follow the old-fashioned premises. According to Tao Te Ching, nature and the natural process are sacred. The concept of Anthropocene and the idea of unpredictability from complexity science remind us that it is necessary to revive the old tradition of natural history, which is interesting enough and helps to maintain the ecological balance.

Influence of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean’s Sea Surface Temperature in the Eastern Northeast Brazil Precipitation

An analysis of the rainfall of the Eastern Northeast Brazil (ENEB) during the period from April to June and the processes of ocean-atmosphere interaction were performed during different episodes of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) inter-hemispheric gradient of Atlantic tropical (GRAD). For this, we used a dataset covering the 1981 to 2010 period, composed by: monthly data of accumulated precipitation of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP);surface fluxes obtained from reanalysis of the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP);vertically integrated moisture flux divergence of the global model of European Centre for Medium Range Forecasting (ECMWF) reanalysis;SST data from the NCEP. Seven GRAD_S (southward SST gradient in the intertropical Atlantic) and five GRAD_N (northward SST gradient in the intertropical Atlantic) were selected. When the South Atlantic Ocean is warmer, the oceanic and atmospheric conditions are favorable to higher monthly precipitation near to the ENEB. We also observed a pronounced moisture convergence over parts of the ENEB during both, GRAD_S and GRAD_N episodes. The weather phenomena that operates remotely amplifying or inhibiting the rain also helps the rainy season;however, it appears that the contribution was greater than the spatial distribution of rainfall intensity.

Grass-livestock balance based grassland ecological carrying capability and sustainable strategy in the Yellow River Source National Park, Tibet Plateau, China

The Yellow River Source National Park(YRSP)is one of the most sensitive and fragile ecological regions in the world.The historical intensive grazing and climate change have resulted in ecological degradation that threatens the wildlife and livestock.Exploring the sustainable strategy is urgent for policy makers to meet the demands for wild ungulates and livestock.In our study,the grassland ecological carrying capability(GECC)was assessed based on the updated grass-livestock balance that considered the grass competition from wild ungulates.The balances between grass and livestock,and GECC and grassland pressure index(GPI)in the YRSP were measured through overlay analysis and geostatistic analysis.The results showed that:(1)the ratio of livestock to wild ungulates in the research area was approximately 4.56:1,in which the proportion of livestock was 81.75%and the actual number of livestock was 33.84×104 standard sheep units;(2)Under the scenario of minimum grazing utilisation rate,the theoretical grazing capacity and GECC were 37.83×104 standard sheep units and−0.13,respectively.Under the maximum grazing utilisation rate,the theoretical grazing capacity and GECC were 41.93×104 standard sheep units and−0.21,respectively.Since GECC in both scenarios were both less than 0,the grassland was considered to be in surplus and the livestock was not overloaded.However,GPI in the two scenarios were 0.87 and 0.79,respectively,both of which exceeded the warning line of 0.70.Based on GECC,we recommend that the sustainable strategy in YRSP is either to increase the supplementary feeding about 6.40×104 standard sheep units or reduce the grazing livestock by about 3.50×10^(4) standard sheep units.

A research of theoretical framework for ecological transportation

The traditional transport industry makes a lot of damage to the nature and consumes a large part of resources.In this paper,we study transportation system from the perspective of dynamic balance of ecological,economic and social benefits,and then put forward the theoretical framework of ecological transportation based on ecological responsibility which is mainly about resource-saving and environmentfriendly constraints,including the connotation,characteristics,driving factors and impact factors of ecological transportation.On this basis,this study applies the system dynamics to establish a dynamic model for the balance between transportation system and external environment including economic,policy,resource and environment.

Ecological footprint analysis on the traditional rice-fish agricultural area:a case study of Qingtian County,Zhejiang Province,China

Qingtian County of Zhejiang Province, China has maintained the traditional rice-fish agriculture for about 2,000 years and formed exceptional cultural heritage based on this kind of production mode, so it was ed by FAO as a pilot site for the rice-fish agricultural heritage systems in 2005. This research has applied the indicators of ecological footprint and biocapacity to monitor the environmental conditions of Qingtian County, aiming to find the impact that the traditional agricultural production mode and the local inhabitants lifestyle have placed on the local environmental conditions as well as the role they have played in maintaining ecological balance, cultural inheritance and regional sustainable development. Results show that Qingtian County is characterized by a nearly breakeven total ecological balance, as opposed to Zhejiang Province, the world and other agricultural regions. However, compared with another rice-fish agricultural region, Congjiang County which enjoys a considerable ecological reserve, Qingtian County has consumed a greater amount of environmental resources. Specifically, about half of the ecological footprint of Qingtian County can be attributed to the cropland （50.8%） while the CO2 area only accounts for 11.2%, which is dramatically different from that of the modern industrialized regions. And a vast of percentage of energy is caused by the combustion of fuelwood which not only requires the land to absorb the CO2 emission it has generated but also occupies the forest where it has been chopped.

Evapotranspiration and Soil Moisture Balance for Vegetative Restoration in a Gully Catchment on the Loess Plateau, China

Evapotranspiration, soil moisture balance and the dynamics in a gully catchment of the Loess Plateau in China were determined with 6 land use treatments including natural grassland, shrubs （Caragana rnicrophylla）, two woodlands （Prunus armeniaca var. ansu and Pinus tabulaeformis）, cultivated fallow, and farmland （Triticum aestiuum L.） in order to obtain a better understanding of soil moisture balance principles and to improve vegetation restoration efficiency for ecological rebuilding on the plateau. Average runoff from cultivated fallow was very high, reaching 10.3% of the seasonal rainfall. Evapotranspiration under T. aestivurn was not significantly different from natural grasslands. Compared with natural grass, evapotranspiration was significantly greater （P 〈 0.05） in 2002 and there was an increase in soil moisture depleted in the 1-3 m soil under P. armeniaca, P. tabulaeformis and C. microphylla. During the two years of the study the average soil moisture （0-100 cm soil profile） of T. aestivurn was generally the highest, with P. armeniaca, P. tabulaeformis and C. rnicrophylla usually the lowest. Thus, according to the soil moisture balance principle for this area the planned reforestation project was not ecologically reasonable. Reducing human disturbance and restoration with grass could be more effective.

Observed and modelled snow and ice thickness in the Arctic Ocean with CHINARE buoy data

Sea ice and the snow pack on top of it were investigated using Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition （CHINARE） buoy data. Two polar hydrometeorological drifters, known as Zeno ice stations, were deployed during CHINARE 2003. A new type of high-resolution Snow and Ice Mass Balance Arrays, known as SIMBA buoys, were deployed during CHINARE 2014. Data from those buoys were applied to investigate the thickness of sea ice and snow in the CHINARE domain. A simple approach was applied to estimate the average snow thickness on the basis of Zeno temperature data. Snow and ice thicknesses were also derived from vertical temperature profile data based on the SIMBA buoys. A one-dimensional snow and ice thermodynamic model （HIGHTSI） was applied to calculate the snow and ice thickness along the buoy drift trajectories. The model forcing was based on forecasts and analyses of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts （ECMWF）. The Zeno buoys drifted in a confined area during 2003-2004. The snow thickness modelled applying HIGHTSI was consistent with results based on Zeno buoy data. The SIMBA buoys drifted from 81. 1°N, 157.4°W to 73.5°N, 134.9°W in 15 months during 2014-2015. The total ice thickness increased from an initial August 2014 value of 1.97 m to a maximum value of 2.45 in before the onset of snow melt in May 2015; the last observation was approximately 1 m in late November 2015. The ice thickness based on HIGHTSI agreed with SIMBA measurements, in particular when the seasonal variation of oceanic heat flux was taken into account, but the modelled snow thickness differed from the observed one. Sea ice thickness derived from SIMBA data was reasonably good in cold conditions, but challenges remain in both snow and ice thickness in summer.

A New Carbon and Oxygen Balance Model Based on Ecological Service of Urban Vegetation

The application of human induced oxygen consumption and carbon emission theory in urban region was summed up and on this base a new model of urban carbon and oxygen balance (UCOB) was constructed by calculating the carbon and oxygen fluxes. The purpose was to highlight the role of vegetation in urban ecosystems and evaluate the effects of various human activities on urban annual oxygen consumption and carbon emission. Hopefully,the model would be helpful in theory to keep the regional balance of carbon and oxygen,and provide guidance and support for urban vegetation planning in the future. To test the UCOB model,the Jimei District of Xiamen City,Fujian Province,China,a very typical urban region,was selected as a case study. The results turn out that Jimei′s vegetation service in oxygen emission and carbon sequestration could not meet the demand of the urban population,and more than 31.49 times of vegetation area should be added to meet the whole oxygen consumption in Jimei while 9.60 times of vegetation area are needed to meet the carbon sequestration targets. The results show that the new UCOB model is of a great potential to be applied to quantitative planning of urban vegetation and regional eco-compensation mechanisms.

Networking Observation and Applications of Chinese Ocean Satellites

This paper presents the networking observation capabilities of Chinese ocean satellites and their diverse applications in ocean disaster prevention,ecological monitoring,and resource development.Since the inaugural launch in 2002,China has achieved substantial advancements in ocean satellite technology,forming an observation system composed of the HY-1,HY-2,and HY-3 series satellites.These satellites are integral to global ocean environmental monitoring due to their high resolution,extensive coverage,and frequent observations.Looking forward,China aims to further enhance and expand its ocean satellite capabilities through ongoing projects to support global environmental protection and sustainable development.

Coral reef ecological pump for gathering and retaining nutrients and exporting carbon:a review and perspectives

How coral reefs with high productivity and biodiversity can flourish in oligotrophic tropical oceans has inspired substantial research on coral reef ecosystems.Increasing evidence shows that similar to water in an oasis in the desert,there are stable nutrient supplies to coral reefs in oligotrophic oceans.Here,with emphasis on the fluxes of organic matter,we summarize at the ecosystem level(1)the multiple input pathways of external nutrients,(2)the storage of nutrients in reef organisms,(3)the efficient retaining and recycling of dissolved and particulate organic matter within coral reef ecosystems,(4)the distinctly high phytoplankton productivity and biomass inside and near oceanic coral reefs,and(5)the export of reef-related organic carbon to adjacent open oceans.These properties enable coral reefs to function as ecological“pumps”for gathering nutrients across ecosystems and space,retaining and recycling nutrients within the ecosystem,supporting high phytoplankton productivity,and exporting organic carbon to adjacent open oceans.Particularly,the high phytoplankton productivity and biomass make waters around coral reefs potential hotspots of carbon export to ocean depths via the biological pump.We demonstrate that organic carbon influx is vital for coral reef ecosystems’carbon budget and carbon export.The concept of the coral reef ecological pump provides a framework to improve the understanding of the functioning of the coral reef ecosystem and its responses to disturbance.Prospects of the coral reef ecological pump in coral reef studies are discussed in changing oceans driven by human activities and global change in the Anthropocene.

Physics of Arctic landfast sea ice and implications on the cryosphere: an overview

Landfast sea ice(LFSI)is a criticalcomponent of the Arctic sea ice cover,and is changing as a result of Arctic amplification of climate change.Located in coastal areas,LFSI is of great significance to the physical and ecological systems of the Arctic shelf and in local indigenous communities.We present an overview of the physics of Arctic LFSI and the associated implications on the cryosphere.LFSI is kept in place by four fastenmechanisms.The evolution of LFSI is mostly determined by thermodynamic processes,and can therefore be usedas an indicator of local climate change.We also present the dynamic processes that are active prior to the formation of LFSI,and those that are involved in LFSI freeze-up and breakup.Season length,thickness and extent of Arctic LFSI are decreasing andshowing different trends in different seas,and therefore,causing environmental and climatic impacts.An improved coordination of Arctic LFSI observation is needed with a unified and systematic observation network supported by cooperation between scientists and indigenous communities,as well as a better application of remote sensing data to acquire detailed LFSI cryosphere physical parameters,hence revolving both its annual cycle and long-term changes.Integrated investigations combining in situ measurements,satellite remote sensing and numerical modeling are needed to improve our understanding of the physical mechanisms of LFSI seasonal changes and their impacts on the environment and climate.

Lift Force at Equatorial Sea Level Due to Compressed Air Dynamics of the Trade Wind’s Boundary Layer

Starting with a recent unconventional explanation of the lift force on a wing, featuring compressibility of the air, an application of the same concept is made to the lift force on the equatorial sea surface due to the Trade Winds, by greatly increasing the spatial scales. If the equatorial sea level does rise up, the northward slope to the sea level should facilitate the poleward flux of summer heat in both the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans, as two examples, in accordance with the heat budget requirements of these oceans. Compressed air dynamics consists of Bernoulli’s law applied to the streamlines of the Trade Winds, the force balance between the upward centrifugal force of the curved streamlines at the earth’s surface and a downward pressure force, and the perfect gas law for air.

Trophic structure and energy flow of the resettled maritime area of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh through ECOPATH

The existing study was taken to represent the current information in order to develop a mass-balanced ecosystem model within the resettled maritime boundary area of the Bay of Bengal(BoB),Bangladesh from July 2016 to June 2017 through ECOPATH approach covering over 90 000 km2.A total of 19 functional groups were considered representing all trophic levels in the foodweb where estimated trophic interactions between the groups were varied from 1(primary producers and detritus)to 3.45(sharks).The ecotrophic efficiency(EE)of most of the consumers was greater than 0.80;symbolizing a largely exploited ecosystem and high energy transfer from lower to higher trophic levels.Moreover,the gross efficiency(0.001 8)and transfer efficiency(11.12%)of the whole system symbolizes the“Developing Systems”with somewhat maturity currently.Ecosystem’s overhead(64.6)and ascendancy(35.4)also designate the ecosystem’s stability.Thus,this study determines that the resettled maritime area of BoB reserves significant backup strength to face stress situations having capacity to rapid restoration to the original states.

A RESEARCH ON THE BENTHIC ECOLOGY ENVIRONMENT, ANTARCTIC OCEAN: Ⅰ. MAXWELL BAY AND ADMIRALTY BAY

Analyzing the information on benthic organisms and geochemistry, obtained from the Chinese First Expedition on Antarctic Ocean and its succeeded works and comparing with that of other oceans, this paper shows that in the circumstances of the researched area benthic organisms are rich. However, the prodsperity of the organisms is limited below 5-10 cm of the profiles in which the environment is mainly dominated by sulfate reducing reaction. On the condition of low temperature in Antarctic Ocean, the solubility of carbonates is higher than that of other latitudes of oceans, but the concentration of calcium in overlying water and pore water of the benthic environment is not higher than that in other oceans, which results in the difficulty for the crustaceas and mollusks to obtain sufficient calcium carbonate to form their solid shell as well as to bring about the lower ratios of these animals both in abundance and biomass in the researched ocean. Futhermore, there is a positive relationship between the distribution of sedentary polychaetes and temperature in overlying waters. That might demonstrate that the animals had still not quite adapted to the bitterly cold of Antarctic Ocean. Besides, research proposes that although there is no microorganism being detected below the depth of 5 cm in M6 station, there happens sulfate reducing reaction, so at least there should be sulfate respiring bacteria existed below the depth.

Modeling geologically abrupt climate changes in the Miocene: Potential effects of high-latitudinal salinity changes

The cooling of the Cenozoic, including the Miocene epoch, was punctuated by many geologically abrupt warming and cooling episodes— strong deviations from the cooling trend with time span of ten to hundred thousands of years. Our working hypothesis is that some of those warming episodes at least partially might have been caused by dynamics of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, which, in turn, might have caused strong changes of sea surface salinity in the Miocene Southern Ocean. Feasibility of this hypothesis is explored in a series of offline-coupled ocean-atmosphere computer experiments. The results suggest that relatively small and geologically short-lived changes in freshwater balance in the Southern Ocean could have significantly contributed to at least two prominent warming episodes in the Miocene. Importantly, the scenario-based experiments also suggest that the Southern Ocean was more sensitive to the salinity changes in the Miocene than today, which can attributed to the opening of the Central American Isthmus as a major difference between the Miocene and the present-day ocean-sea geometry.

Evolution Analysis and Balanced Coexistence of Ecological Chain

Based on evolution history of earth ecosystem,by studying and analyzing three development stages of natural ecological chain and man-made ecological chain before and after the birth of human beings on the earth,and comparing the energy consumption of human activities and the impact of environmental factors related to natural ecological chain in these stages,following characteristics are found. First,the increasing intelligence of human activities has an increasing impact on the natural ecological chain. Second,the increasing energy consumption of human activities is directly proportional to the degree of natural ecological impact. Third,the traditional production mode of consumption type and the development speed of science and technology are inversely proportional to the change cycle of man-made ecological chain and directly proportional to the degree of ecological crisis. An ecosystem has the ability to regulate,but it has its limits. Beyond this limit,the ecological balance will be destroyed. So,the goal is to transform into a circular type of modern production mode and scientific and technological development as soon as possible,and to shift to a balance between human material requirements and the maintenance and stability of the environment,namely the era of ecological chain of coexistence where nature and human beings are highly harmonious.

Study on Ecological Land Demand of Shijiazhuang City Based on Carbon-Oxygen Balance Method

[Objective] The study aimed to analyze ecological land demand of Shijiazhuang City on the basis of carbon-oxygen balance method. [Method] Firstly, the release and absorption of CO2 and O2 in Shijiazhuang City during 2004 -2007 were studied by using carbon-oxygen balance method, and the ecological land area needed for carbon-oxygen balance was calculated, then the ecological land area needed for carbon-oxygen balance in 2015 was predicted. Finally, some measures to reduce the deficit of CO2 and O2 in Shijiazhuang were proposed. [Result] From 2004 to 2007, the unbalance between CO2 and O2 aggravated with the rapid development of Shijiazhuang City＇s economy, and the ecological land needed increased year by year. If the amount of CO2 released and 02 consumed grows constantly, the area of standard ecological land needed will be about doubled in 2015 compared with 2007 （ 1. 575 6 million hm2 ）, namely increasing to 3.566 million hm2. In addition, appropdately improving the area of mixed forest and other vegetation with higher net production, developing some green energy resources like nuclear energy and wind energy and controlling its population could be adopted to reduce the deficit of CO2 and 02 in Shijiazhuang City. ~ ConclusionJ The research could provide theoretical references for the overall plan of land utilization in Shijiazhuang City. Key words Shijiazhuang; Ecological land; Carbon-oxygen balance; Shijiazhuang City; China

Land-Use and Land-Cover Change in the Sahel Area of Keita Valley, Republic of Niger

Keita region is largely dependent on agriculture and livestock as the main economic activities with about 90% of the population are actively engaged in rural activities. However, these activities are dwindling at a rate that corresponds with increase in the ecosystem’s vulnerability. The following study focused on land use/land cover change in Keita. The study aims to better understand changes through diachronic analysis by integrating remote sensing and GIS. There was an interpretation of satellites imagery (1975, 1984, 1995 and 2001), and statistical techniques were used to provide quantitative analysis of land use/cover change information and drivers underlying in the study area. The changes are affected by simultaneous influence of successive droughts (1973-1974 and 1983-1984) that have transformed ecological balance, anthropogenic and livestock impacts, ecosystems degradation and policies. The land use temporal dynamics are undergone continual degradation of vegetation, the state of land saturation results in conflicts between farmer and herders, the drop in grazing areas, bare land expansion, the erosion of stream bed, and the decline in flooded plain.