Relation between some variations of soil and surface vegetation and desertization in agriculture-pasture interlacing zone——An example from Kangbao County, North Hebei, China

The studied agriculture\|pasture interlacing zone has its specific natural conditions, at which the natural systems are unstable, their self\|regulation capability is low and the equilibrium is easily broken, and hence the habitat is fairly vulnerable. During last 20 years the increasing population and livestock, over\|reclamation, over\|pasturing, over\|deforesting, and other intensified negative human activities in the zone resulted in coarsening of surface soil, decrease of organic mater content in soil, reduction of vegetation coverage, variation and degradation of flora structure, and hence in desertization of the land, although average of gales and sandstorms some decreased and the climate tended to be better in the region. However, the frequent sandstorms occurring in the springs of last and present years has attracted much attention. Investigations confirmed that the main cause for the phenomena is the unreasonable human activities rather than the natural factors.

THE FEATURE AND EVALUATION OF ECOTONE IN CHINA

Based on explicating the definition of ecotone, this paper discussed emphatically the distribution and features of joint zone between land and water, transition zone between mountains and plains, and intersection zone between agricultural and animal husbandry regions. The geographic environment of the three ecotones were evaluated, their developing tendency predicted and the corresponding measures to be taken in the 21st century pointed out.

Breaking Key Obstacles on Developing Circular Agriculture and Promoting Agricultural and Pasture Resources Benefit

The present situation,problems and constraints of the circular agriculture development in Hebei Province are systematically analyzed,the subject modes suitable for the development of circular agriculture and the value-added potential are described,and finally some proposals are put forward.

Microbial Carbon, Mineral-N and Soil Nutrients in Indigenous Agroforestry Systems and Other Land Use in the upper Solimões Region, Western Amazonas State, Brazil

Slash and burn cultivation systems carried out by many farmers in the Amazon region lead to changes in biogeochemical cycles of nutrients. To assess the extent of the impact of shifting cultivation on the soil in a floodplain portion of this region, samples of an Inceptisol surface layer (0 - 5 cm) under primary forest (FP), secondary forest at an advanced stage of recovery (FS), secondary forest at an initial stage of recovery (CAP), agroforestry (SAF), plantations (R?) in indigenous communities and small farmers, and pasture (PAS) in the Upper Solim?es region, Amazonas, were subjected to analysis of chemical composition during the wet (May) and dry (October) seasons, 2007. Soils were fertile with levels of P, K, Ca and Mg above those generally found in Amazon soils. Microbial content did not vary significantly in the systems studied in the wet season, but there was a reduction of around 60% with the change of season, except for soils with SAF. Ammonium nitrogen was predominant in all systems and seasons studied. Nitrate content was higher in R? soil, in two seasons, and lower in PAS. The type of management adopted by farmers in the region’s indigenous agroforestry systems resulted in small changes in P, K, Mg, MBC and mineral-N levels, independent of soil moisture.

Comparison and Analysis of Agricultural and Forest Land Changes in Typical Agricultural Regions of Northern Mid-latitudes

The northeastern China, the United States, and the western Europe are important agricultural regions both on the global and regional scales. The western Europe has a longer history of agricultural land development than the eastern United States. These two regions have changed from the deforestation and reclamation phase in the past to the current land abandonment and reforestation phase. Compared with the two regions, large-scale land exploitation has only been practiced in the northeastern China during the last century. After a short high-intensity deforestation and reclamation period, agricultural and forest lands are basically in a dynamic steady state. By comparing domestic and international agro-forestry development and considering the ecological environment and socio-economic benefits that can be derived from agro-forestry, this paper suggests that large area of reforestation would be inevitable in future though persistent and large agricultural demand in coming decades even more. And local reforestation at slope farmland with ecological vulnerability should be imperative at present to avoid severer damage. At the same time, from the perspective of Land Change Science, the results demonstrate that the research on land use change in the agro-forestry ecotone is typical and critical, particularly those dealing with the analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics and the simulation of climate, hydrology, and other environmental effects.

APPROACH TO THE REGIONALIZATION OF A GRICULTURAL-PASTURALIZATION AROUND CHANGSHAN ISLANDS IN NORTHERN YELLOW SEA

Based on the data of resources,environment and foundation of productio n,applying principal compo-nents-clustering quantitative analysis,this article divides the maritime space of Changshan Islands into three regions of agricultural-pasturalization,pr oviding a scientific basis for the ra tional distribution of marine culti vation.The three re-gions are as follows:1)The region of an agricultural-pastu ralization in the northern part of ma ritime space.It includes Da Wangjia and Shicheng islands.The ma in production is cultivation of praw n and molluscs in sea beach,float raft culture of mussel in shallow sea and scallop,and breeding of sea cucumber in subma rine.2)The region of agricultur-al-pasturalization in the middle we stern part of maritime space.It includes Da Changshan and Guanglu island s,and west-ern part of Xiao Chengshan Island.The main production is float raft cultu re of mussel and scallop in shallow se a,and breed-ing of sea cucumber in submarine.3)The region of agricultural-pastura lization of the southeastern part of maritime space.It includes the eastern part of Xiao ChangShan Island,Haiyang and Zhangzi islands.The main production is bre eding of abalone,sea cucumber,algaes and fish.

Strategies for Prioritizing Ecological Construction with Consideration of Agricultural Industry Development in Northern China’s Agro- pastoral Ecotone : A Perspective of Opportunity Cost

In northern China’s agro-pastoral ecotone,there are conflicts between agricultural industry and ecological construction resource competition,and also problems urgently to be solved for economic growth and sustainable ecological improvement.Taking the development concept of"lucid waters and lush mountains being mountains of gold and silver"as the guiding principle of prioritizing ecological and green development,this paper studied the strategies for prioritizing ecological construction with consideration of economic development of agricultural industry from the perspective of opportunity cost.Through the analysis of opportunity cost,externality,and Pareto optimal theory,and using the calculation method of the unit equivalent factor value of terrestrial ecological service function,this paper calculated the ecological service value of forest,grassland,and farmland.It found that the ecological value of forest and grassland per unit area was greater than the ecological value of agricultural industry.This indicates that the opportunity cost of farmland for ecological construction was less than that of agricultural industry.Based on the theoretical and quantitative analysis,it came up with recommendations for establishing a comprehensive system for prioritizing ecological construction with consideration of agricultural industry development and establishing and improving the incentive mechanism of ecological construction.

Agricultural Vulnerability to Drought in China's Agro-pastoral Ecotone:A Case Study of Yulin City,Shaanxi Province

Agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China is the prominent area for agricultural production,but it is also the most typical ecological fragile area with frequent drought disasters.Taking Yulin City at Shaanxi Province in China as the case area,the paper aims to investigate the spatio-temporal changes of agricultural vulnerability to drought in China’s agro-pastoral ecotone in the period 2000 to2020.The results show that:1)the agricultural vulnerability to drought in Yulin City has shifted from high vulnerability in the period2000–2010 to low vulnerability in the period 2011–2020.2)There exist obvious spatio-temporal differences of the agricultural vulnerability to drought in Yulin City during the research period.3)Four sensitive events and 14 resilient events were identified in the research and the crops of Yulin had become more resilient to drought.Finally,the paper put forward with policy implications to make adaptive strategies of agriculture to climate change in China’s agro-pastoral ecotone in the future,e.g.,carrying out agricultural zoning based on agricultural production conditions,intensifying the construction of disaster prevention and relief system,and integrating with modern agricultural technology to develop new type agriculture.

西北干旱农牧交错带地表基质调查成果经验

2020年自然资源部发布《自然资源调查监测体系构建总体方案》,创新性地提出了地表基质的概念。此后中国地质调查局率先开展了地表基质调查试点,本文即依托“黄河流域巴彦淖尔地区地表基质层调查”项目,总结了2021年项目成果经验,以期为后续西北干旱—半干旱区地表基质领域的调查与研究提供借鉴。

Extreme climate events over northern China during the last 50 years

Climate extremes for agriculture-pasture transitional zone, northern China, are analyzed on the basis of daily mean temperature and precipitation observations for 31 stations in the period 1956-2001. Analysis season for precipitation is May-September, i.e., the rainy season. For temperature is the hottest three months, i.e., June through August. Heavy rain events, defined as those with daily precipitation equal to or larger than 50 mm, show no significant secular trend. A jump-like change, however, is found occurring in about 1980. For the period 1980-1993, the frequency of heavy rain events is significantly lower than the previous periods. Simultaneously, the occurring time of heavy rains expanded, commencing about one month early and ending one month later. Long dry spells are defined as those with longer than 10 days without rainfall. The frequency of long dry spells displays a significant (at the 99% confidence level) trend at the value of +8.3% /10a. That may be one of the major causes of the frequent droughts emerging over northern China during the last decades. Extremely hot and low temperature events are defined as the uppermost 10% daily temperatures and the lowest 10% daily temperatures, respectively. There is a weak and non-significant upward trend in frequency of extremely high temperatures from the 1950s to the mid-1990s. But the number of hot events increases as much as twice since 1997. That coincides well with the sudden rise in mean summer temperature for the same period. Contrary to that, the frequency of low temperature events have been decreasing steadily since the 1950s, with a significant linear trend of-15%/10a.

基于熵权物元模型的陕北农牧交错带草地生态安全评价

针对农牧交错带草地生态系统的特点,以P-S-R(Pressure-State-Response)模型为基础,采用熵权法和物元模型构建草地生态安全综合评判模型,对陕北农牧交错带榆林地区12县(区)草地生态安全进行实证分析。结果表明:2019年陕北农牧交错带草地生态安全等级总体上北部高于南部,神木市草地生态安全等级最优;草地生态安全保护治理措施是研究区草地生态安全等级产生差异的主要因素,建议实行分区域生态调控;熵权物元模型在陕北农牧交错带草地生态安全评价中模拟效果较好。

川西农牧交错带“三生”空间冲突演变特征分析及模拟预测——以阿坝州四县为例

川西农牧交错带处于我国第一、第二阶梯的交替地带,是西部生态脆弱典型区,地势起伏显著,地形及生态环境复杂,积极开展川西农牧交错带“三生”空间冲突(生活、生产、生态)研究,将有助于川西农牧交错带生态安全保障与社会经济协调良性发展。研究区域为阿坝藏族羌族自治州四县(马尔康、理县、黑水、松潘),以2005—2020年土地利用数据为基础,通过CLUE-S软件模拟了未来的土地利用模式;将研究区域“三生”空间分为生活生产空间、生态生产空间、生产生态空间、生态空间4种类型,并建立空间冲突测算模型,对研究区域2005—2025年四期空间冲突水平进行了测算。结果表明:(1)2005—2025年四县域面积所占比重最大的是生态生产空间,之后依次为生态空间、生产生态空间、生活生产空间。生活生产、生产生态空间面积连续上升,仅生态生产空间面积减少,生态空间面积以波动变化为主。(2)2005—2025年该区域以中等空间冲突为主。(3)2005—2025年,总体而言空间冲突值的高-高聚集区主要位于四县域的农牧交错带、生活生产空间的交叉区域且表现明显,高-高聚集区在松潘县和马尔康县的农牧交错带有逐渐扩大的趋势,黑水县和理县集聚区面积先减少后轻微扩张;空间冲突值的低-低集聚区主要位于以生态生产空间为主与生态空间的交叉区域;集聚不显著的区域以生态空间为主。(4)整体来看,川西农牧交错区域“三生”空间中生态生产空间冲突强度最高。

不同生态类型区对人类活动净氮输入的影响——以北方农牧交错带为例

为探究中国北方农牧交错带在不同生态类型区人类活动对净氮输入的影响,基于人类活动净氮输入模型(NANI),以北方农牧交错带7省、23地级市的统计数据及相关参数,分析1985~2020年NANI的时空分布特征及影响因素.结果表明:1985~2020年研究区NANI呈先上升后下降趋势,河北省贡献最高.黄土丘陵沟壑水土流失区与北方农牧交错带NANI年际变化一致、京津冀水源涵养区和长城沿线沙化退化区NANI年际变化值呈上升趋势.空间分布呈由西北向东南逐渐降低的趋势.从输入组分来看,研究区最大贡献源为氮肥施用(30.34%~56.29%),其次是大气氮沉降(31.20%~47.23%),黄土丘陵沟壑水土流失区主要输入组分为氮肥施用和食品/饲料氮输入(累计76.46%~85.14%).对北方农牧交错带NANI影响最大的两个因素为人口密度和畜禽量.因此,中国北方农牧交错带的农业结构调整需结合分区进行管控,调整氮肥使用策略和畜禽养殖模式,促进区域农牧业与生态环境之间的深度融合.

基于层次分析-熵权法的内蒙古农牧交错带农业用水水平综合评价

在我国北方干旱半干旱地区,农业灌溉是水资源消耗的主要途径,农业水资源利用效率的高低,直接决定着区域可利用水资源量。为探究我国北方农牧交错带农业用水水平,以内蒙古农牧交错带农业灌溉用水为研究对象,在综合分析用水现状的基础上,通过层次分析—熵权法和模糊综合评价相结合的方法,选取体现农牧交错带农业用水特征的代表性指标,构建农牧交错的农业用水水平综合评价体系,对2020年内蒙古农牧交错带农业用水进行综合评价。结果表明:内蒙古农牧交错带各旗县间农业灌溉用水量相差较大,整体呈现东高西低趋势,灌溉水量为582.41~4905.86 m^(3)/hm^(2),灌溉水利用效率为51%~84%;各旗县农业用水综合评价得分为2.26~3.67,农业用水水平整体处于中等偏上,29个旗县中较高水平占比44.80%,中等水平占比55.20%;与作物水分利用效率(WUE)对比,构建的综合评价体系可以更真实地反映出农牧交错带农业用水实际情况,对于农牧交错带中农业用水水平处于中等偏下水平的旗县地区,需加大力度发展农业节水措施,提升农业水资源利用效率。

农牧区家庭主事者健康知识认知情况调查分析

目的旨在了解农牧区家庭主事者健康认知情况,并探讨其影响因素。方法采用方便抽方法对新疆两疆域6地区农牧区家庭男女主事者进行入户问卷调查,统计推断单因素采用χ^(2)检验、多因素采用多元线性回归,深层分析用SmartPLS3.0软件进行PLS-SEM分析。结果农牧区家庭男女主事者慢性病、传染病、妇幼保健、不良行为等健康相关知识知晓情况以及人际传播、大众传播等传播方式差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);多元线性回归分析结果显示男性不良行为相关知识知晓情况与健康传播方式影响占比为1.2%。女性传染病相关知识知晓情况与健康传播方式影响占为3.4%;PLS-SEM结果显示,男性的心理健康、传染病、慢性病相关知识知晓情况均主要通过组织传播获取占比分别为22.2%、19.3%、8.2%。女性主事者的心理健康相关知识知晓情况16.0%通过人际传播获取,妇幼保健、传染病相关知识知晓情况主要通过大众传播获取占比分别为13.8%、13.4%。男性不同类型传播方式中主要以邻居、村卫生室/社区卫生服务站、电视等传播途径为主占比分别为41.2%、44.9%、32.5%。女性主要以医务人员、乡镇卫生院/社区卫生服务中心、手机通讯媒体等传播途径为主占比分别为75.3%、65.9%、70.6%。结论农牧区健康传播生态环境还需改善,规划合适的健康教育工作,真正落实利民的健康传播策略。

晋北农牧交错带草地土壤净氮矿化速率对氮磷添加的响应

外源养分输入提高生产力是否同时促进了氮转化过程,尤其在农牧交错带脆弱草地生态系统的研究鲜见报道。为探究土壤氮转化关键过程对外源养分添加的响应,本研究依托山西右玉黄土高原草地生态系统国家定位观测研究站2017年建立的全球变化联网试验养分平台,采用原位顶盖PVC埋管法,测定了土壤氮转化速率,以及相关生物和非生物指标。结果表明:氮添加显著提高了土壤无机氮含量、土壤氮转化速率;氮磷同时添加显著提高了地上生产力。综上,氮添加促进了晋北农牧交错带草地土壤氮转化速率,但是没有显著提高生产力;氮磷同时添加对氮转化速率没有显著影响,但是显著提高了草地生产力,因此推测,单独氮添加后,植物生长受磷限制,同时添加氮磷,虽然对净氮矿化速率没有显著影响,但是能显著提升生产力,因此未来晋北农牧交错带草地管理应该考虑氮磷双重限制。

川滇农牧交错带参考作物蒸散量演变特征及驱动因子分析

应用川滇农牧交错带24个地面观测站点1961—2015年的逐日气象资料,选用Penman-Monteith公式计算各站点逐日参考作物蒸散量(ET0)和地表湿润指数(SWI),并采用气候倾向率、反距离插值法(IDW)、Mann-KendalL突变检验、主成分回归分析等方法分析研究区的ET0和SWI时空变化特征以及各主要气象因子对不同区域参考作物蒸散量演变的影响程度。结果表明,1961—2015年,川滇农牧交错带ET0呈下降趋势,SWI呈缓慢上升趋势,1987年为ET0和SWI的突变年;湿润区与半湿润区可近似以横断山区边界作为分界线;全区四季参考作物蒸散量均在下降,冬季时空演变不显著;平均风速是影响ET0变化的主导因子,日照时数和相对湿度次之,ET0对最低气温响应最弱。

农牧交错区农业资源利用与优化模式——以榆林市为例

受气候变化和粮食生产结构调整的影响,我国农牧交错区旱作农业规模不断扩大,其保障耕地安全与粮食安全的功能愈发突显,但在农业资源开发利用规模不断扩大的过程中,农牧交错区的资源超载风险与生态脆弱性备受关注。本研究以榆林市为例,运用重心模型、超效率SBM模型和时空分析等方法分析了近年来榆林市气候、耕地、水和种质等农业资源的利用现状、趋势以及面临的机遇和问题,提出农牧交错区农业资源优化利用模式。结果表明,气候变化背景下陕西省耕地重心及粮食生产重心北移趋势显著,1990—2019年间分别向北移动了38.40 km和72.51 km,榆林市农业资源开发利用与生产规模不断扩大;榆林市气候要素的整体变化趋势表现为平均气温和积温升高、降水量增加以及无霜期延长;榆林市耕地面积的变化呈现出先下降再上升最后相对稳定的特征,粮食种植结构发生转变,耕地利用强度和生产能力均有明显提升;榆林市水资源利用总量不断增加,2010—2020年的农业用水效率从0.414提升至1.039。研究提出市场导向型、资源整合型和生态休闲型三种不同的农业资源优化利用模式,分别适用于土地退化和人口流失严重的地区、具有一定资源基础或产业基础的农村地区以及城市近郊区等不同地域类型的农业发展。

放牧和围封条件下克氏针茅草原土壤种子库的比较

应用幼苗萌发法对比研究了我国北方农牧交错区克氏针茅(Stipakrylovii)草原在放牧和围封条件下土壤种子库的差异。围封样地的土壤种子库中记录有16个物种,其中禾草类6种,非禾草类10种;若以生活型划分,则全部为多年生植物;若以单子叶或双子叶植物划分,则单子叶植物9种,双子叶植物7种。放牧样地的土壤种子库中记录有13个物种,其中禾草类4种,非禾草类9种;多年生植物12种,一二年生植物1种;单子叶植物5种,双子叶植物8种。放牧样地土壤种子库的密度为(3664±1087)粒·m-2,围封样地土壤种子库的密度是(5139±1848)粒·m-2,差异显著。采用Sorensen指数计算土壤种子库与地上植被的物种相似性,围封样地和放牧样地分别是0.7111和0.6111。两个地点的全部种子中,81.0%属于冷蒿(Artemisiafrigida)、克氏针茅、星毛委陵菜(Potentillaacaulis)、糙隐子草(Cleistogenessquarrosa)和砂韭(Alliumbidentatum)5种优势植物,16.2%属于二裂委陵菜(P.bifurca)、菊叶委陵菜(P.tanacetifolia)、猪毛蒿(A.scoparia)、冰草(Agropyroncristatum)和羊草(Leymuschinensis)5种常见植物,而其余9种植物的种子数只占2.8%。此外,通常作为优良牧草的豆科植物的种子数仅占0.6%。上述结果表明,在放牧条件下由于土壤种子库中一些重要物种的缺失或数量很少以及极不均匀的分布,可能会降低退化克氏针茅草原的自然恢复速度。我们建议采取补播这些重要物种并结合其它恢复措施来加快退化克氏针茅草原的恢复进程。

北方农牧交错带土壤风蚀沙化影响因子的风洞试验研究

土壤风蚀沙化是北方农牧交错带农牧业生产与发展的主要限制因子,通过室内风洞实验研究,定量分析了土壤风蚀率(风蚀强度)与风速及土壤水分的相关关系、土壤风蚀输沙量的空间分布规律以及翻耕后土壤风蚀的动态变化。结果表明:风蚀率与风速变化成正相关,随着风速增大,风蚀率相应增加,18m/s风速是风蚀由轻变重的一个转折点;土壤水分与风蚀率呈负相关,水分含量越高,风蚀率越小,6%含水量水平是土壤风蚀由重变轻的一个转折点。通过曲线拟合表明,风蚀率与风速成幂函数的关系,与土壤水分含量成对数函数关系。土壤风蚀空间不同高度输沙量呈单峰曲线的变化趋势,在距地面2～4cm范围内集沙量最多,80%左右的沙量集中在近地面10cm范围内。土地翻耕是加重土壤风蚀的重要因素,对于天然草场,翻耕后风蚀强度是未翻耕的66～306倍,对于旱作农田,留茬覆盖可以有效控制土壤风蚀,翻耕马铃薯地风蚀强度是留茬地的25～108倍。