Research on the influence of flexible wheelset rotation effect on wheel rail contact force

Purpose-Under the high-speed operating conditions,the effects of wheelset elastic deformation on the wheel rail dynamic forces will become more notable compared to the low-speed condition.In order to meet different analysis requirements and selecting appropriate models to analyzing the wheel rail interaction,it is crucial to understand the influence of wheelset flexibility on the wheel-rail dynamics under different speeds and track excitations condition.Design/methodology/approach-The wheel rail contact points solving method and vehicle dynamics equations considering wheelset flexibility in the trajectory body coordinate system were investigated in this paper.As for the wheel-rail contact forces,which is a particular force element in vehicle multibody system,a method for calculating the Jacobian matrix of the wheel-rail contact force is proposed to better couple the wheel-rail contact force calculation with the vehicle dynamics response calculation.Based on the flexible wheelset modeling approach in this paper,two vehicle dynamic models considering the wheelset as both elastic and rigid bodies are established,two kinds of track excitations,namely normal measured track irregularities and short-wave irregularities are used,wheel-rail geometric contact characteristic and wheel-rail contact forces in both time and frequency domains are compared with the two models in order to study the influence of flexible wheelset rotation effect on wheel rail contact force.Findings-Under normal track irregularity excitations,the amplitudes of vertical,longitudinal and lateral forces computed by the flexible wheelset model are smaller than those of the rigid wheelset model,and the virtual penetration and equivalent contact patch are also slightly smaller.For the flexible wheelset model,the wheel rail longitudinal and lateral creepages will also decrease.The higher the vehicle speed,the larger the differences in wheel-rail forces computed by the flexible and rigid wheelset model.Under track short-wave irregularity excitations,the vertical force amplitude computed by the flexible wheelset is also smaller than that of the rigid wheelset.However,unlike the excitation case of measured track irregularity,under short-wave excitations,for the speed within the range of 200 to 350 km/h,the difference in the amplitude of the vertical force between the flexible and rigid wheelset models gradually decreases as the speed increase.This is partly due to the contribution of wheelset's elastic vibration under short-wave excitations.For low-frequency wheel-rail force analysis problems at speeds of 350 km/h and above,as well as high-frequency wheel-rail interaction analysis problems under various speed conditions,the flexible wheelset model will give results agrees better with the reality.Originality/value-This study provides reference for the modeling method of the flexible wheelset and the coupling method of wheel-rail contact force to the vehicle multibody dynamics system.Furthermore,by comparative research,the influence of wheelset flexibility and rotation on wheel-rail dynamic behavior are obtained,which is useful to the application scope of rigid and flexible wheelset models.

Analytical modeling and approaches of multihelix cables incorporating with interwire mutual contacts

This study aims to develop an analytical model based on the curve beam theory to capture the mechanical response of a multihelix cable considering the internal contact displacements.Accordingly,a double-helix cable subjected to axial tension and torsion is analyzed,and both the line and point contacts between the neighboring wires and strands are considered via an equivalent homogenized approach.Then,the proposed theoretical model is extended to a hierarchical multihelix cable with mutual contact displacements by constructing a recursive relationship between the high-and low-level multihelix structures.The global tensile stiffness and torsional stiffness of the double-helix cable are successfully evaluated.The results are validated by a finite element(FE)model,and are found to be consistent with the findings of previous studies.It is shown that the contact deformations in multihelix cables significantly affect their equivalent mechanical stiffness,and the contact displacements are remarkably enhanced as the helix angles increase.This study provides insights into the interwire/interstrand mutual contact effects on global and local responses.

Preprocessing and Efficacy Analysis of Comprehensive Anti-Inflammatory Treatment for Lymphedema in Patients with Irritating Contact Dermatitis

Objective: To explore the pre-treatment and efficacy analysis of comprehensive anti-inflammatory treatment for lymphedema in patients with irritating contact dermatitis. Method: Convenience sampling method was used to observe the skin of 160 patients with upper limb lymphedema admitted to the lymphedema outpatient department of our hospital. They were divided into an observation group (80 cases) and a control group (80 cases), and both groups received a course of comprehensive anti-inflammatory treatment (20 treatments). The control group received routine skin care;On the basis of the control group, the observation group received pre-treatment of the affected limb skin: Laofuzi herbal ointment was applied externally to the prone areas of irritating contact dermatitis (such as the upper arm, inner forearm, and cubital fossa). Result: The incidence of irritating contact dermatitis in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P 0.05). Patients in the observation group felt significantly better in terms of comfort, skin moisture, and itching relief after being wrapped with low elasticity bandages than those in the control group (P Conclusion: Preventive treatment can effectively reduce the incidence of irritating contact dermatitis, prolong the time of stress treatment, thereby increasing efficacy and improving patient compliance.

Direct Tunneling Effect in Metal-Semiconductor Contacts Simulated with Monte Carlo Method

Considering the tunneling effect and the Schottky effect,the metal semiconductor contact is simulated by using self consistent ensemble Monte Carlo method.Under different biases or at different barrier heights,the investigation into the tunneling current indicates that the tunneling effect is of great importance under reverse biases.The Schottky barrier diode current due to Schottky effect is in agreement with the theoretical one.The barrier lowering is found a profound effect on the current transport at the metal semiconductor interface.

Simulation of a Novel Schottky Body-Contacted Structure Suppressing Floating Body Effect in Partially-Depleted SOI nMOSFET's

A novel Schottky body-contacted structure for partially depleted SOI nMOSFET's is presented.This structure can be realized by forming a shallow n +-p junction and two sidewall spacers in the source region,and then growing a thick silicide film,which can punch through the shallow junction and make a Schottky contact to the p-type silicon.Simulation results show that the anomalous subthreshold slope and kink effects are suppressed successfully and the drain breakdown voltage is improved considerably.This method has the same device area and is completely compatible with the bulk MOSFET process.

Influence Predictions of Contact Effects on Mesh Stiffness of Face Gear Drives with Spur Gear

Mesh stiffness is one of important base parameters of face gear dynamic studies.However,a calculation solution of mesh stiffness of face gear drives is not to be constructed due to complex geometric flakes of face gear teeth.Thus,a calculation solution of mesh stiffness of face gear drives with a spur gear,which is based on the proposed equivalent face gear teeth and Ishikawa model,is constructed,and the influence of contact effects on mesh stiffness of face gear drives is investigated.The results indicate the mesh stiffness of face gear drives is sensitive to contact effects under heavy loaded operating conditions,specially.These contributions will benefit to improve dynamic studies of face gear drives.

Pile-soil stress ratio in bidirectionally reinforced composite ground by considering soil arching effect

To discuss the soil arching effect on the load transferring model and sharing ratios by the piles and inter-pile subsoil in the bidirectionally reinforced composite ground, the forming mechanism, mechanical behavior and its effect factors were discussed in detail. Then, the unified strength theory was introduced to set up the elastoplastic equilibrium differential equation of the subsoil under the limit equilibrium state. And from the equation, the solutions were derived with the corresponding formulas presented to calculate the earth pressure over and beneath the horizontal reinforced cushion or pillow, the stress of inter-pile subsoil and the pile-soil stress ratio. Based on the obtained solutions and measured data from an engineering project, the influence rules by the soil property parameters (i.e., the cohesion c and internal friction angle φ) and pile spacing on the pile-soil stress ratio n were discussed respectively. The results show that to improve the load sharing ratio by the piles, the more effective means for filling materials with a larger value of φ is to increase the ratio of pile cap size to spacing, while to reduce the pile spacing properly and increase the value of cohesion c is advisable for those filling materials with a smaller value of φ.

Top contact organic field effect transistors fabricated using a photolithographic process

This paper proposes an effective method of fabricating top contact organic field effect transistors by using a pho- tolithographic process. The semiconductor layer is protected by a passivation layer. Through photolithographic and etching processes, parts of the passivation layer are etched off to form source/drain electrode patterns. Combined with conventional evaporation and lift-off techniques, organic field effect transistors with a top contact are fabricated suc- cessfully, whose properties are comparable to those prepared with the shadow mask method and one order of magnitude higher than the bottom contact devices fabricated by using a photolithographic process.

Reiterated homogenization of a laminate with imperfect contact:gain-enhancement of effective properties

A family of one-dimensional(1D) elliptic boundary-value problems with periodic and rapidly-oscillating piecewise-smooth coefficients is considered. The coefficients depend on the local or fast variables corresponding to two different structural scales. A finite number of imperfect contact conditions are analyzed at each of the scales. The reiterated homogenization method(RHM) is used to construct a formal asymptotic solution. The homogenized problem, the local problems, and the corresponding effective coefficients are obtained. A variational formulation is derived to obtain an estimate to prove the proximity between the solutions of the original problem and the homogenized problem. Numerical computations are used to illustrate both the convergence of the solutions and the gain of the effective properties of a three-scale heterogeneous 1D laminate with respect to their two-scale counterparts. The theoretical and practical ideas exposed here could be used to mathematically model multidimensional problems involving multiscale composite materials with imperfect contact at the interfaces.

Distinction between critical current effects and intrinsic anomalies in the point-contact Andreev reflection spectra of unconventional superconductors

In this work,we discuss the origin of several anomalies present in the point-contact Andreev reflection spectra of（Li1-xFex）OHFeSe,LiTi2O4,and La2-xCexCuO4.While these features are similar to those stemming from intrinsic superconducting properties,such as Andreev reflection,electron-boson coupling,multigap superconductivity,d-wave and p-wave pairing symmetry,they cannot be accounted for by the modified Blonder–Tinkham–Klapwijk（BTK） model,but require to consider critical current effects arising from the junction geometry.Our results point to the importance of tracking the evolution of the dips and peaks in the differential conductance as a function of the bias voltage,in order to correctly deduce the properties of the superconducting state.

Experimental I-V and C-V Analysis of Schottky-Barrier Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors with Epitaxial NiSi2 Contacts and Dopant Segregation

We present an experimental analysis of Schottky-barrier metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors （SB- MOSFETs） fabricated on ultrathin body silicon-on-insulator substrates with a steep junction by the dopant implantation into the silicide process. The subthreshold swing of such SB-MOSFETs reaches 69mV/dec. Em- phasis is placed on the capacitance-voltage analysis of p-type SB-MOSFETs. According to the measurements of gate-to-source capacitance Cgs with respect to Vgs at various Vds, we find that a maximum occurs at the accumulation regime due to the most imbalanced charge distribution along the channel. At each Cgs peak, the difference between Vgs and Vds is equal to the Schottky barrier height （SBH） for NiSi2 on highly doped silicon, which indicates that the critical condition of channel pinching off is related with SBH for source/drain on chan- nel. The SBH for NiSi2 on highly doped silicon can affect the pinch-off voltage and the saturation current of SB-MOSFETs.

Effect of Metal Contact and Rapid Thermal Annealing on Electrical Characteristics of Graphene Matrix

Development of graphene field effect transistors （GFETs） faces a serious challenge of graphene interface to the dielectric material. A single layer of intrinsic graphene has an average sheet resistance of the order of 1-5 kΩ/□. The intrinsic nature of graphene leads to higher contact resistance yielding into the outstanding properties of the material. We design a graphene matrix with minimized sheet resistance of 0.185 kΩ/□ with Ag contacts. The developed matrices on silicon substrates provide a variety of transistor design options for subsequent fabrication. The graphene layer is developed over 400 nm nickel in such a way as to analyze hypersensitive electrical properties of the interface for exfoliation. This work identifies potential of the design in the applicability of few-layer GFETs with less process steps with the help of analyzing the effect of metal contact and post-process anneMing on its electrical fabrication.

Study of top and bottom contact resistance in one organic field-effect transistor

This paper reports that the organic field-effect transistors with hybrid contact geometry were fabricated, in which the top electrodes and the bottom electrodes were combined in parallel resistances within one transistor. With the facility of the novel structure, the difference of contact resistance between the top contact geometry and the bottom contact geometry was studied. The hybrid contact devices showed similar characteristics with the top contact configuration devices, which provide helpful evidence on the lower contact resistance of the top contact configuration device. The origin of the different contact resistance between the top contact device and the bottom contact device was discussed.

Hunting down the ohmic contact of organic field-effect transistor

We report properties of contact resistances observed on pentacene organic field-effect transistors(OFET) with four different source/drain electrodes, namely, copper(Cu), gold(Au), silver(Ag), and germanium(Ge). The metals were selected to provide a wide range of energy barriers for charge injection, from blocking contact to smooth injection. All OFETs exhibited strong voltage dependence of the contact resistance, even for devices with smooth injection, which is in strong disagreement with the definition of ohmic contacts. A comparison with current crowding, resistive network, Fowler–Nordheim tunneling, and electric field enhanced thermionic injection(Schottky emission) pointed to importance of local electric fields and/or electrostatic field charges.

四种助剂对防治褐飞虱的植物源农药1%印楝素水分散粒剂毒力的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究橙皮精油(orange peel essential oil,OPEO)、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)、卵磷脂及马来酸二乙酯(diethyl maleate,DEM)4种助剂对植物源农药1%印楝素水分散粒剂(water dispersible granule,WG)毒力的影响,筛选出有增效作用的助剂,将其作为1%印楝素WG防治褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的桶混助剂。【方法】利用稻苗浸渍法和连续浸液法评价印楝素及添加助剂OPEO、GABA、卵磷脂或DEM后对褐飞虱3龄若虫的毒力;测定印楝素(20 mg a.i./L)及添加助剂处理后,褐飞虱3龄若虫体内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)、羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterase,CarE)及乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)3种酶活性;测定添加助剂后对印楝素药液(40 mg a.i./L)与水稻叶片接触角的影响。【结果】稻苗浸渍法处理后96 h,添加DEM使印楝素对褐飞虱3龄若虫胃毒性毒力显著增强,增效比为1.512;连续浸液法处理后72 h,添加OPEO或DEM使印楝素对褐飞虱3龄若虫内吸性毒力显著增强,其增效比分别为1.486及1.560;添加OPEO或DEM分别使褐飞虱3龄若虫体内GST活性比印楝素单剂处理分别降低69.4%和65.5%;添加DEM使CarE活性比印楝素单剂处理降低88.2%;添加OPEO或DEM后,印楝素药液液滴与水稻正面叶片的初始接触角从110°分别降至64.5°或67.9°。【结论】添加OPEO或DEM能明显提高印楝素对褐飞虱的毒力,提高印楝素药液在水稻叶片上的润湿性。因此,将OPEO或DEM作为1%印楝素WG防治褐飞虱的桶混助剂有一定的应用价值。

壳聚糖抗菌成膜喷剂在鼻咽癌患者PICC所致接触性皮炎治疗中的应用效果

目的探讨壳聚糖抗菌成膜喷剂在鼻咽癌患者经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)置管部位接触性皮炎治疗中的应用效果。方法选取2020-05至2022-04联勤保障部队第909医院因置入PICC所致接触性皮炎的94例鼻咽癌患者为研究对象,其中2020-05至2021-04的46例患者为对照组,2021-05至2022-04的48例患者为观察组。对照组采用地塞米松注射液外涂联合3M透明敷料行PICC换药,观察组采用喷涂壳聚糖抗菌成膜喷剂联合3M透明敷料行PICC换药。对比观察两组患者临床疗效、并发症的发生率、愈合时间、换药次数、患者的自付费用及满意度情况。结果观察组治疗第1周、第2周总有效率(95.83%,100%)均显著高于对照组治疗总有效率(73.91%,89.13%)(P<0.05),观察组愈合时间[(10.43±0.52)d]、换药次数[(3.30±0.69)次]显著短于或少于对照组愈合时间[(18.15±0.33)d]、换药次数[(5.67±0.96)次](P<0.05),观察组患者满意度得分(8.71±0.82)显著高于对照组患者满意度得分(5.67±0.96)(P<0.05),两组患者在导管移位率、脱管率及患者自付费用三方面无明显区别,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论壳聚糖抗菌成膜喷剂治疗鼻咽癌同步放化疗患者PICC置管部位接触性皮炎效果明显,可减少换药次数,减轻护理工作量,降低局部感染率,提高患者满意度。

表面局部缺陷角接触球轴承弹流润滑性能研究

根据高速角接触球轴承自旋的运动特征,同时考虑轴承高速摩擦生热的影响,建立了表面具有局部缺陷的角接触球轴承弹流润滑模型。采用多重网格法获得弹流润滑各参数数值解,同时计算出轴承油膜刚度。研究了自旋、热效应和表面局部缺陷对球轴承弹流润滑性能的影响规律,计算结果表明:考虑自旋条件时,轴承的油膜厚度减小、压力增大,油膜刚度增大;随着轴承温度升高,轴承油膜厚度减小,油膜压力和油膜刚度增大;当润滑油流经轴承表面局部缺陷时,缺陷区域轴承润滑油油膜厚度增大,油膜压力减小,而非缺陷区域轴承最小油膜厚度减小,最大油膜压力增大,油膜刚度增大。

非堆积型多颗粒阻尼器等效力学模型及其减振性能分析

为考虑颗粒群碰撞过程中时间效应对非堆积型多颗粒阻尼器(non-packed particle damper, NPPD)减振性能的影响,在现有考虑惯容的等效单颗粒力学模型(equivalent inertia single-particle model, EISM)研究基础上,提出了基于接触单元法的等效单颗粒力学模型(equivalent inertia single-particle model based on contact element method, EISM-CE),并基于Runge-Kutta算法建立了NPPD单自由度结构运动状态求解算法。设计进行附加NPPD单层钢框架结构振动台试验,探究不同填充率对结构顶层位移频响曲线的影响规律,提出了EISM-CE参数取值原则,进而进行力学模型试验验证及模型对比分析。在模型验证合理性基础上,基于EISM-CE依次进行了自由振动、简谐激励及记录强震动下减振性能及能量变化规律分析。研究结果表明,与现有EISM相比,提出的基于接触单元法的EISM-CE模型及参数取值原则更加合理有效。减振性能数值分析结果表明,不同激励下NPPD均具有较好的减振性能;考虑碰撞时间效应后EISM-CE与EISM对应减振性能及机理分析结果存在一定的差异。

基于密封特性的弹簧金属C形环结构参数优化

C形环在密封过程中存在低应力区,这些区域难以保证密封可靠性,因此研究C形环密封特性时,需要分析有效接触应力和区域。选取外径为318 mm的C形环为研究对象,利用等效壁厚代替螺旋弹簧丝径,建立C形环等效模型,通过压缩回弹试验验证了模型的合理性。利用有限元方法研究银层厚度、包覆层厚度以及等效壁厚(弹簧丝径)对C形环密封性能的影响。结果表明:银层表面有效接触宽度随着银层厚度、包覆层厚度的增加而增大,有效接触应力随银层厚度、包覆层厚度的增加而减小,等效壁厚的增加可同时增加有效接触宽度和有效接触应力。采用正交试验对C形环的结构参数进行优化设计。结果表明:银层厚度和等效壁厚对有效接触应力和有效接触宽度影响显著。C形环最优设计方案为银层厚度0.2 mm,包覆层厚度0.5 mm,弹簧丝径3.1 mm,泄漏率试验结果表明,优化后C形环具有更好的密封性能。

陶器表面的水蒸发特性研究

陶器是历史最悠久的容器。相对于其他材质的日用容器,陶器粗糙多孔的表面,在使用过程中会产生一些特殊的表现,如陶器里面剩余水分能够更快自发干燥,从而保持清洁。这种现象虽然在生活中观察到,但从未进行过专门研究论证。本研究以建水紫陶为主要研究对象,对比其他材质的容器,在相同条件下进行蒸发的实验,分析了容器材质对蒸发的影响,并结合扫描电镜等手段,对机理进行分析探索。研究发现,在紫陶容器里面水的蒸发速度明显快于其他材质(玻璃、塑料、瓷器等)的容器,而紫陶表面的多孔结构形成的毛细效应以及紫陶材质本身的亲水的特性是其主要原因。