The Relationship between Water Resources Use Efficiency and Scientific and Technological Innovation Level: Case Study of Yangtze River Basin in China

The Yangtze River Basin’s water resource utilization efficiency(WUE)and scientific and technological innovation level(STI)are closely connected,and the comprehension of these relationships will help to improve WUE and promote local economic growth and conservation of water.This study uses 19 provinces and regions along the Yangtze River’s mainstream from 2009 to 2019 as its research objects and uses a Vector Auto Regression(VAR)model to quantitatively evaluate the spatiotemporal evolution of the coupling coordination degree(CCD)between the two subsystems of WUE and STI.The findings show that:(1)Both the WUE and STI in the Yangtze River Basin showed an upward trend during the study period,but the STI effectively lagged behind the WUE;(2)The CCD of the two subsystems generally showed an upward trend,and the CCD of each province was improved to varying degrees,but the majority of regions did not develop a high-quality coordination stage;(3)The CCD of the two systems displayed apparent positive spatial autocorrelation in the spatial correlation pattern,and there were only two types:high-high(H-H)urbanization areas and low-low(L-L)urbanization areas;(4)The STI showed no obvious response to the impact of the WUE,while the WUE responded greatly to the STI,and both of them were highly dependent on themselves.Optimizing their interaction mechanisms should be the primary focus of high-quality development in the basin of the Yangtze River in the future.These results give the government an empirical basis to enhance the WUE and promote regional sustainable development.

An Empirical Study of the Allocation Efficiency of Rural Financial Resources in Hubei Province from the Perspective of Agricultural Loans

The incompatibility of China's economy and finance has to some extent inhibited the development of rural economy. Taking Hubei Province for example,we measure the allocation efficiency of rural financial resources from the perspective of agricultural input and output,and use the modern rural financial development theory to set forth some policy recommendations on how to build a new rural financial resource allocation system. Studies have shown that the allocation efficiency of rural financial resources is low in China,and improving the allocation efficiency of rural financial resources is the key to perfecting rural financial environment while increasing financial support for agriculture.

Yield gap and resource utilization efficiency of three major food crops in the world——A review

Yield gap analysis could provide management suggestions to increase crop yields,while the understandings of resource utilization efficiency could help judge the rationality of the management.Based on more than 110 published papers and data from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO,www.fao.org/faostat) and the Global Yield Gap and Water Productivity Atlas (www.yieldgap.org),this study summarized the concept,quantitative method of yield gap,yield-limiting factors,and resource utilization efficiency of the three major food crops (wheat,maize and rice).Currently,global potential yields of wheat,maize and rice were 7.7,10.4 and 8.5 t ha^(–1),respectively.However,actual yields of wheat,maize and rice were just 4.1,5.5 and 4.0 t ha^(–1),respectively.Climate,nutrients,moisture,crop varieties,planting dates,and socioeconomic conditions are the most mentioned yield-limiting factors.In terms of resource utilization,nitrogen utilization,water utilization,and radiation utilization efficiencies are still not optimal,and this review has summarized the main improvement measures.The current research focuses on quantitative potential yield and yield gap,with a rough explanation of yield-limiting factors.Subsequent research should use remote sensing data to improve the accuracy of the regional scale and use machine learning to quantify the role of yield-limiting factors in yield gaps and the impact of change crop management on resource utilization efficiency,so as to propose reasonable and effective measures to close yield gaps.

Cultivar selection can increase yield potential and resource use efficiency of spring maize to adapt to climate change in Northeast China

Northeast China (NEC) is one of the major maize production areas in China.Agro-climatic resources have obviously changed,which will seriously affect crop growth and development in this region.It is important to investigate the contribution of climate change adaptation measures to the yield and resource use efficiency to improve our understanding of how we can effectively ensure high yield and high efficiency in the future.In this study,we divided the study area into five accumulated temperature zones (ATZs) based on growing degree days (GDD).Based on the meteorological data,maize data (from agrometeorological stations) and the validated APSIM-Maize Model,we first investigated the spatial distributions and temporal trends of maize potential yield of actual planted cultivars,and revealed the radiation use efficiency (RUE) and heat resource use efficiency (HUE) from 1981 to 2017.Then according to the potential growing seasons and actual growing seasons,we identified the utilization percentages of radiation (P_R) resource and heat resource (P_H) for each ATZ under potential production from 1981 to 2017.Finally,we quantified the contributions of cultivar changings to yield,P_R and P_H of maize.The results showed that during the past 37 years,the estimated mean potential yield of actual planted cultivars was 13 649 kg ha^(–1),ranged from 11 205 to 15 257 kg ha^(–1),and increased by 140 kg ha^(–1) per decade.For potential production,the mean values of RUE and HUE for the actual planted maize cultivars were 1.22 g MJ^(–1) and 8.58 kg (℃ d)^(–1) ha^(–1).RUE showed an increasing tendency,while HUE showed a decreasing tendency.The lengths of the potential growing season and actual growing season were 158 and 123 d,and increased by 2 and 1 d per decade.P_R and P_H under potential production were 82 and 86%,respectively and showed a decreasing tendency during the past 37 years.This indicates that actual planted cultivars failed to make full use of climate resources.However,results from the adaptation assessments indicate that,adoption of cultivars with growing season increased by 2–11 d among ATZs caused increase in yield,P_R and P_H of 0.6–1.7%,1.1–7.6% and 1.5–8.9%,respectively.Therefore,introduction of cultivars with longer growing season can effectively increase the radiation and heat utilization percentages and potential yield.

Panel Data Based Dynamic Evaluation of Agricultural Resource Utilization Efficiency: A Case Study of Hebei Province

Resource utilization efficiency is one of important factors influencing modern agricultural development. This paper evaluates agricultural resource utilization efficiency of Hebei Province in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period by dynamic comprehensive evaluation method. Evaluation results indicate that regional disparity in agricultural resource utilization efficiency is significant, and the disparity is increasing year by year.

Spatial Disparity and Efficiency of Science and Technology Resources in China

In the knowledge economy era,science and technology(S&T) resources are getting more and more important in shaping regional competiveness and building regional innovation capacity.As such,the spatial distribution of S&T resources is a key to understanding regional development and disparities.By designing an input-output indicator system,this paper develops an evaluation model to examine the spatial distribution of S&T resources in China and assess their spatial efficiency.Moreover,the paper tries to explain spatial differences in the efficiency of S&T resources in China.Major findings are:1) the input and output of S&T resources in China shows a clear T-shaped spatial structure,i.e.,concentrated mainly in the coastal region and along the Changjiang(Yangtze) River;2) the efficiency of S&T resources in China displays strong spatial disparities,with the level of efficiency descending from the east to the west while high efficiency appearing in only several clusters;3) the utilization rates of S&T resources in most provinces are quite low,resulting in low efficiency of S&T resources allocation.The paper suggests that the utilization rate of S&T resources should be raised and the commercialization of S&T outputs should be enhanced to improve the efficiency of S&T resources in China.

Ways to Achieve Sustainable Development for the Steel Enterprises

Sustainable development strategy is the only choice for steel companies in China. Starting with environment protection, energy-saving and integrated resource utilization, supported by technology advancement and environmental investment, sustainable development strategy can be implemented to drive the circular economy. Thereby, the responsibility to realize the long-term harmony and synergy between society and enterprises is taken by Baosteel.

Urban Water Resource Utilization Efficiency in China

The efficient use of water resources directly affects environmental, social, and economic development; therefore, it has a significant impact on urban populations. A slacks-based measure for data envelopment analysis(SBM-DEA) has been widely used in energy efficiency and environmental efficiency analyses in recent years. Based on this model, data from 316 cities were examined and a category method was employed involving three different sorting techniques to empirically evaluate the efficiency of urban water resource utilization in China between 2000 and 2012. The overall efficiency(OE) of urban water resource utilization in China was initially low, but has improved over the past decade. The scale efficiency(SE) was higher than the pure technological efficiency(PTE); PTE is a major determining factor of OE, and has had an increasingly significant effect. The efficiency of water resource utilization varied according to the region, urban scale, and economic function. The OE score for the eastern China was higher than for the rest of the region, and the OE score for the western China was higher than for the central China. The OE score for urban water resource utilization has improved with urban expansion, except in the case of small cities. The SE showed an inverted ′U-shaped′ trend with increasing urban expansion. The OE of urban water utilization in comprehensive functional cities was greater than in economic specialization cities, and was greater in heavy industry specialization cities than in other specialization cities. This study contributes to the field of urban water resource management by examining variations in efficiency with urban scale.

我国康复医院卫生资源配置现状和利用效率分析

目的:分析我国康复医院卫生资源配置现状和利用效率,探讨存在问题并提出相应对策。方法:应用描述性统计方法分析康复医院卫生资源配置和服务利用情况,应用数据包络分析法评估2011~2021年康复医院投入产出效率,采取TOPSIS法综合评估2011~2021年床位利用效率。结果:2021年康复医院数为810家,2011~2021年平均增长率为10.41%,非公立康复医院占77.53%;2021年平均每家康复医院病床数为124张,病床使用率为66.0%;2011~2021年康复医院卫生人员总量不断增长,2021年床卫技比、床医比和床护比分别为1∶0.70、1∶0.19和1∶0.31;2011~2021年诊疗人次和住院人数年平均增长率分别为9.46%和15.17%。DEA评估结果显示,2019~2021年康复医院投入产出相对有效性为非DEA有效或弱有效。TOPSIS评估结果显示,2019~2021年康复医院病床利用效率显著下降。结论:合理规划康复医疗机构,进一步增加二级及以上康复医院数量。加强康复医学人才培养,缓解人员配置不足局面。拓展康养结合服务内容,提升康复医院卫生资源利用效率。

数字技术赋能京津冀产业结构升级的效应研究

数字技术的应用与发展,是现阶段中国经济高质量发展的需要,是产业结构升级的重要技术支撑。以京津冀地区13市2011—2021年面板数据为基础,运用双固定效应模型、中介效应模型、门槛效应模型等多种计量方法对数字技术对产业结构升级的影响进行实证分析。研究结果表明,数字技术对产业结构升级具有促进效应;在地区异质性分析中发现数字技术与产业结构升级的关系在资源型与非资源型城市间尚未产生显著性差异。进一步分维度来看,数字技术对产业结构升级的促进作用主要源于数字技术应用;随着产业结构升级分位点位置的上升,数字技术对产业结构升级的促进效应呈现逐渐增强的特征,使京津冀地区存在数字鸿沟的风险。此外,数字技术对产业结构升级的影响具有经济发展水平的门槛特征,当经济发展水平不断跨过门槛值时,数字技术对产业结构升级的促进作用会增强;数字技术可以通过投资拉动和金融发展效率促进产业结构升级,而市场消费需求和人力资本结构高级化则在其影响中起到遮掩效应。

黄河流域城市水土资源利用效率的耦合协调时空特征研究

论文利用2009—2020年黄河流域69个城市的面板数据,采用Windows-DEA模型测度城市土地资源利用效率与水资源利用效率,采用耦合协调度模型分析水土资源利用效率之间的协同与冲突,利用莫兰指数模型与空间杜宾模型分析水土资源利用效率协调度的时空演变特征与空间溢出效应,结论如下:(1)黄河流域城市土地资源与水资源利用效率呈现缓慢上升态势,但土地资源利用效率为下游>上游>中游,水资源利用效率为中游>上游/下游。(2)不同城市的水资源利用综合效率出现两极分化现象,但土地资源利用效率则逐步趋于稳态,而且,城市土地资源利用效率始终存在空间邻接的正相关特性。(3)研究时期内大部分城市处于高水平耦合阶段与协调过渡阶段,协调度水平相对较低,2018年前土地资源利用效率与水资源利用效率之间协调度也存在空间邻接的正相关特性。(4)经济增长对本地水土资源利用效率协调度具有促进作用,但对其他城市水土资源利用效率具有抑制作用;三产比重对本地与其他城市的水土资源利用效率协调度也具有相反作用。建议流域内各城市从严从细规划和集约利用水土资源,注重提升整个流域的三产比重与产业升级,保证流域内水土资源利用效率的协同发展。

面向新时期新需求的三峡水库运行方案研究

本文回顾三峡水库设计洪水、特征水位、运行方案变化调整过程,综述三峡水库运行调度关键技术研究进展和分析来水来沙变化情况。分别采用最可能洪水地区组成法和非一致性洪水频率分析两种途径,推求考虑上游水库群调蓄影响的三峡水库运行期设计洪水及特征水位。结果表明:近10年三峡入库泥沙量比初设成果减少了84.4%,宜昌站水文情势IHA-RVA综合指标为74%、发生了重度改变,三峡水库运行期1000年一遇7~15 d洪量减少了约81.5亿~142.8亿m^(3),初设确定汛限水位的主要制约因素(防洪、泥沙)发生了很大的变化。原单站设计洪水及确定的三峡水库175-155-145 m运行方案,已无法满足新时期水资源高效利用和生态环境保护的新需求。建议把三峡水库运行方案调整为175-160-155 m,主汛期水位在155~160 m区间动态控制运行,长江中下游梅雨结束后应考虑提前蓄水,8月底蓄至163 m左右,9月底蓄至165 m,10月底蓄满。该方案在保证大坝和下游防洪安全的前提下,汛期减少弃水并增加枯水期补水量,预计可增发10%左右的发电量;抬高运行水位也有利于库区航运和减少消落带;9月份尽量不蓄水或少蓄水,可减少蓄水期对下游河道及两湖生态环境的不利影响,具有巨大的经济、社会和生态环境等综合利用效益。当预测预报长江流域可能发生流域性大洪水时,尽快将库水位消落至汛限水位145 m,确保大坝和下游防洪安全。

水-土资源有效利用视角下我国粮食生产区域布局优化研究

多年来,我国粮食生产取得巨大成就,然而随着粮食生产格局的演变,我国水-土资源配置效率低下,威胁到长期粮食安全与生态安全。从我国资源条件来看,粮食生产面临着耕地数量不足、质量不高,水-土资源在“非农化”“非粮化”趋势中不断被挤占,水-土资源分布不均存在时空错配等资源刚性约束,而粮食生产布局演变又进一步激化了粮食生产水-土资源供给与需求之间的矛盾。为此,发挥资源利用的比较优势,合理布局粮食生产,提高水-土资源有效利用水平,是保障粮食生产可持续发展的关键。

乡村数字经济对农业灌溉用水效率的影响

文章基于2012-2021年省级面板数据,在测度乡村数字经济发展指数和结合灌溉水有效利用系数的基础上,构建Tobit模型分析乡村数字经济对农业灌溉用水效率的影响及其作用机制。

高光效小麦群体提高氮素吸收利用和产量的机理

[目的]研究通过调整小麦种植密度构建高光能利用效率群体,促进群体氮素积累、分配和转运的效果和机理,为充分利用光能提高小麦产量提供理论依据。[方法]试验于2018—2019年在安徽省濉溪县和蒙城县进行,以分蘖能力强(安1302)和弱(皖垦麦0622)的品种为材料,设置180×10^(4)株/hm^(2) (D1)、240×10^(4)株/hm^(2)(D2)、300×10^(4)株/hm^(2)(D3)、360×10^(4)株/hm^(2) (D4)4个种植密度,调查了群体籽粒产量、光合有效辐射截获率和截获量、光合有效辐射转化率,以此为基础,将小麦群体分为光效率高、中、低3个类型,比较了不同光效率类型群体的叶面积指数、花前氮素积累和转运量、花后(乳熟期)氮素积累量。[结果]品种、密度及其互作效应显著影响小麦群体的光能利用率和籽粒产量。高光效型群体的光能利用率和籽粒产量分别达1.4%和9.7 t/hm^(2),分别比中、低效型群体提高5%、14%和1%、5%。不同群体间开花期、乳熟期光合有效辐射截获率、开花期至乳熟期光合有效辐射截获量差异不显著,高光效型群体开花期至乳熟期光合有效辐射转化率高于中、低效型群体,达2.34 g/MJ。高光效型群体开花期、乳熟期叶面积指数及开花期茎秆叶鞘、叶片、单位叶面积氮素积累量均不同程度高于其他类型群体,分别达7.24、4.53及63.9 kg/hm^(2)、79.5 kg/hm^(2)和143.78μg/cm^(2)。此外,高光效型群体中群体和单茎花前氮素转运量分别为129 kg/hm^(2)和15 mg,均显著高于中、低效型群体,主要为茎秆+叶鞘和叶片氮素转运量较高,各营养器官间氮素转运率差异不显著,且高光效型群体成熟期个体营养器官仍保持较高的氮素积累量。[结论]高光效型群体开花期茎秆+叶鞘、叶片以及单位叶面积氮素积累量高,提高了开花期的叶面积指数,有利于光能的吸收和利用。虽然高光效型群体茎秆+叶鞘和叶片中的氮素转运量较高,其花后营养器官的氮素积累量依然较高,有助于维持花后较大叶面积指数,有效提升花后光合有效辐射转化率,获得更高的小麦籽粒产量。

沼液和秸秆还田对土壤氮磷淋溶的影响

通过分析沼液和秸秆还田对土壤氮磷浓度及淋溶的影响,为指导农业废弃物利用和农田面源污染防控提供理论支撑。采用田间小区试验,设置4个处理即空白对照(CK)、常规施氮(CON)、优化施氮(OPT)和秸秆+沼液还田(SMB),通过测定作物产量、土壤硝态氮残留与总磷淋溶,探讨秸秆和沼液还田后土壤氮磷浓度变化和淋溶特征。结果表明:SMB处理产量分别达到CON和OPT处理的99.6%和95.4%,氮、磷吸收量分别达到84.9%、78.4%和85.7%、82.4%,但是氮磷农学效率比CON和OPT处理提高了13%。SMB处理土壤硝态氮浓度和淋溶量分别比施氮处理降低43%和77.3%,表观淋失系数仅4.83%,硝态氮残留量仅为施氮处理的28.9%。SMB处理总磷平均淋溶量为0.045 kg/hm^(2),土壤无机磷浓度为常规施磷量80.7%,80%无机磷转化为Fe-P和Ca-P,同时SMB处理活性有机磷占比为55.8%显著高于常规施磷34.2%,说明沼液和秸秆还田提高土壤磷有效性。综上所述,沼液和秸秆还田是一种环境友好的资源化利用途径。

浮球覆盖下水面能量平衡再建与蒸发模型研究

针对干旱区平原水库蒸发强烈导致水资源利用率低的问题,选用黑色高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)浮球作为干旱区平原水库节水材料。通过理论分析、建模与室外试验三者结合,对完整非冰冻期内浮球覆盖下水面蒸发、水体能量平衡组分变化分布的响应机理进行研究,并在此基础上建立相应的水面蒸发量计算模型。结果显示:相较于自由水面,73%的浮球覆盖率下的整体水面净辐射吸收率减小约12.6%,其月均蒸发所需潜热通量减少了61.8%,约为148.73 W/m^(2),水体的感热通量和蓄热通量也有较大的变化。通过对彭曼模型的能量项和空气动力项进行修正,建立的覆盖条件下的水面蒸发量计算模型具有较高的精度。

内蒙古白云鄂博某低品位含铁岩矿磁悬浮联合分级流程工业试验研究

白云鄂博铁矿石储量巨大,缓解了国家铁矿石对外依存度过高的问题,同时也助力了包钢集团生产发展。但是在采矿过程中,产生了大量TFe品位低于20%的低品位含铁岩矿。对该类矿石,采用传统连续磨矿-磁选流程,在细磨至-0.074 mm粒级含量95%情况下,铁精矿品位最高只有60.8%,无法达到合格铁精矿质量要求;如果采用浮选流程,选矿经济性能不佳,故该部分矿石一直进行堆放未得到应用。本文通过对原矿性质进行分析,引入新型磁悬浮精选机作为磁选精选设备,同时设计三条全磁工艺流程进行工业试验,均可得到TFe品位64.5%以上的合格铁精矿,同时铁精矿中杂质元素K、Na、Si含量远低于浮选工艺流程。其中,自主开发的阶段磨选-磁悬浮联合分级分选流程,在细磨至-0.074 mm粒级含量95%情况下,最终可得到铁精矿TFe品位64.5%、磁性铁回收率95.07%的优良技术指标,分选效率高,效果好。现场应用后可实现白云鄂博低品位含铁矿经济性绿色利用,经济效益显著,同时极大地延长了白云鄂博铁资源的供给年限,对国家自有铁矿石产能接续、矿山自身可持续发展及资源绿色利用具有深远意义。

南水北调中线工程水源区环境规制对经济高质量发展的影响

为研究南水北调中线工程水源区环境规制通过水资源利用对区域发展质效的影响,基于2005—2022年南水北调中线工程水源区12个城市的面板数据,构建基准回归模型、中介效应模型和门槛效应模型,实证分析了环境规制、水资源利用效率和经济高质量发展之间的关系。结果表明:环境规制对经济高质量发展具有正向促进效应,该促进效应在不同区域间存在异质性,环境规制的促进作用在用水量小的地区更加显著,而在用水量大的地区,丰富的水资源限制了环境规制对经济高质量发展的促进作用;在环境规制影响区域,水资源利用效率在经济高质量发展过程中发挥出显著的中介作用,水资源利用效率中介效应占环境规制总促进效应的比例为13.5%;水资源利用效率在环境规制对经济高质量发展影响中具有门槛效应,当水资源利用效率超过4.3后,环境规制对经济高质量发展的促进效应显著增强。