Study on the Kind and Character of Mongol Hats in Yuan Dynasty

In the thirteenth century the Mongols created a vast, transcontinental empire that intensified cultural, art, craftwork, garment and commercial contact throughout Eurasia. Hats were so indispensable parts of formal Mongol dress that were seen as a symbol of Mongol traditional garment. Roughly Mongolian men＇s headgear can be divided into two groups, which are Li and Mao. In addition, Mongolian women＇s Gu-gu-gwan, a kind of bonnet, was the head-dress for the empress, concubines of the emperor, and wife of high ranking ministers. This study, based on the analysis of image resources and existing evidence, discusses the hats of Yuan period in the context of its group, origin, decoration and cultural influences.

Research on the Social Custom of the Jurchen of the Yuan Dynasty

In the Yuan Dynasty,the Jurchen and the Han nationality had already blended,but as the place of origin of the Jurchen,there are still some social customs of the Jurchen in some places in Liaoyang Province of the Yuan Dynasty.From the analysis in this paper we can see that in the Yuan Dynasty,although the Liaoyang Province of that time was ruled by the Mongol nationality,the Jurchen nationality stilled lived there after the Jin Dynasty perished because the Liaoyang Province was the cradle for the Jurchen nationality.From the character of the Jurchen,the custom of chewed wine,singing and dancing and costumes of the Jurchen,we can have a deeper understanding of the unique social customs of the Jurchen,which places the role of a connecting link between the preceding and the following for the inheritance and development of the Jurchen culture in the coming generations.

Walking into the world of Li Yu

Li Yu is a failure as emperor,but as a ci writer he is considered to be the indisputable emperor to take the crown.A brief life of Li Yu is first presented to account for his failure as emperor and success as a ci writer.Then some of his ci poems are analyzed according to the categories of court life,love and lamentation over past splendor.In the end,his achievements in ci writing are summarized by citing Wang Guowei's words from his Comments on Ci in the Human World.

Wet-dry changes in the borderland of Shaanxi,Gansu and Ningxia from 1208 to 1369 based on historical records

More than 240 items of historical records containing climatic information were retrieved from official historical books, local chronicles, annals and regional meteorological disaster yearbooks. By using moisture index and flood/drought （F/D） index obtained from the above information, the historical climate change, namely wet-dry conditions in borderland of Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region （BSGN, mainly included Ningxialu, Hezhoulu, Gongchanglu, Fengyuanlu and Yan＇anlu in the Yuan Dynasty） was studied. The results showed that the climate of the region was generally dry and the ratio between drought and flood disasters was 85/38 during the period of 1208-1369. According to the frequencies of drought-flood disasters, the whole period could be divided into three phases. （1） 1208-1240： drought dominated the phase with occasional flood disasters. （2） 1240-1320： long-time drought disasters and extreme drought events happened frequently. （3） 1320-1369： drought disasters were less severe when flood and drought disasters happened alternately. Besides, the reconstructed wet-dry change curve revealed obvious transition and periodicity in the MongoI-Yuan Period. The transitions occurred in 1230 and 1325. The wet-dry change revealed 10- and 23-year quasi-periods which were consistent with solar cycles, indicating that solar activity had affected the wet-dry conditions of the study region in the Mongol-Yuan Period. The reconstructed results were consistent with two other study results reconstructed from natural evidences, and were similar to another study results from historical documents. All the above results showed that the climate in BSGN was characterized by long-time dry condition with frequent severe drought disasters during 1258 to 1308. Thus, these aspects of climatic change, might have profound impacts on local vegetation and socio-economic system.

Identification of 13th-14th Century Chinese Handmade Paper Fibers Collected in Yuan Dynasty Paper Currencies

The earliest paper currencies in existence in China were handcrafted during the Yuan dynasty.These currencies were scientifically excavated from different ruins or tombs,whereas scientific analyses of the papers are rare.This study used optical and scanning electron microscopy to examine the fibers collected in Yuan dynasty paper currencies in conjunction with the Herzberg staining method.Despite differences in circulation period,paper fibers in both Zhi Yuan Tong Xing Bao Chao(two Guan)and Zhong Tong Yuan Bao Jiao Chao(one Guan and 500 Wen,issued in Zhi Zheng period)were identified as similar papermaking materials,bast fibers of mulberry bark.The results indicate that mulberry bark,a durable papermaking material used since ancient times,was mainly utilized as a raw material in these Yuan dynasty paper currency.This fiber identification work solved the critical problem of papermaking material in the Yuan dynasty paper currency and provided important information for conserving these precious cultural relics.

Sino-Thai Relations in the Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties

This paper takes Thailand recorded in Chinese ancient texts during the Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties(12th-19th centuries A.D.)as the main source of research,especially the interactions between China and countries in the Thai region as recorded in these ancient texts,namely Yuanshi,Xin Yuanshi,Daoyi Zhilüe,Mingshilu,and Qingshi Gao.The relationship between China and Thailand is studied in three aspects:(1)tribute relations;(2)folk commerce;and(3)Chinese immigration.

Build for the Living： Stone Buildings of the Yuan Dynasty

It is easy to fred an association between stone architecture and the afterlife in pre-modern China, given that most architecture of brick and stone was used only for mortuary monuments. People in pre-modern China may have believed that timber architecture was for the deceased. The fact that stone timber architecture further buttresses for the living while stone architecture was architecture often was designed to imitate the dominance of timber, both structurally and aesthetically, in the architectural history of pre-modern China. This article focuses on several stone buildings that were built during the Yuan dynasty （1271-1368） for daily religious activities and were rare exceptions to the normative association of stone architecture with the afterlife. Through the study of the structure, decorative motifs and history of these stone buildings, I determine whether they were built to reflect the tradition of imitation timber architecture or were an exception to the dominance of timber architecture. I investigate how these stone buildings should be contextualized in the history of Yuan as well as the history of Chinese architecture.

The Splendor of Verdure: Tea and the East Asian World of the Song and Yuan Dynasties

Tea has played an important role throughout the entire East Asian world.During the Song and Yuan dynasties,due to differences in the target consumers and acceptance of tea,Chinese and Japanese tea cultures began to take different paths.The close relationship between tea and Goryeo politics propelled the flourishing development of Goryeo tea culture on the Korean Peninsula.The colorful landscape of tea culture during the Yuan dynasty illustrates the transformation of traditional Chinese tea culture from the Song to the Yuan,with an upper-class break and a lower-class continuation.During the Song and Yuan dynasties,there were great changes in the order of the East Asian world,where tea was not merely a beverage but carried historical changes and served as a spiritual symbol in the East Asian cultural world,reflecting historical transformations.

Reconstructing provincial cropland area in eastern China during the early Yuan Dynasty(AD1271–1294)

Reconstructing historical land use and land cover change(LUCC) at the regional scale is an important component of global environmental change studies and of improving global historical land use datasets. By analyzing data in historical documents, including military-oriented cropland(hereafter M-cropland) area, the number of households engaged in M-cropland(hereafter M-household) reclamation, cropland area, and the number of households, we propose a conversion relationship between M-cropland area and cropland area reclaimed by each household. A provincial cropland area estimation method for the Yuan Dynasty is described and used to reconstruct the provincial cropland area for AD1290. Major findings are as follows.(1) Both the M-cropland and cropland areas of each household were high in the north and low in the south during the Yuan Dynasty, which resulted from different natural conditions and planting practices. Based on this observation, the government-allocated M-cropland reclamation area to each household was based on the cropland area reclaimed by each household.(2) The conversion relationship between M-cropland and cropland areas per household showed conversion coefficients of 1.23 and 0.65 for the south and north, respectively.(3) The cropland area in the entire study area in AD1290 was 535.4×106 mu(Chinese area unit, 1 mu=666.7 m^2), 57.8% in the north and 42.2% in the south. The fractional cropland areas for the entire study area, north, and south were 6.8%, 6.6%, and 7.1%, respectively and the per capita cropland areas for the whole study area, north, and south were 6.7, 15.6, and 4.1 mu, respectively.(4) Cropland was mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River(including the Fuli area), Huaihe River Basin(including Henan Province), and middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River(including Jiangzhe, Jiangxi, and Huguang provinces).

A Preliminary Study of Mongol Costumes in the Ming Dynasty

The Yuan dynasty was the first great unified empire founded by an ethnic minority in Chinese history. A great number of ancient sources have proven that under the Yuan, the Mongols＇ distinctive costumes, expressive of their nomadic identity, exerted an influence upon Chinese fashions of the time. Even after the collapse of the Yuan, Mongol dress did not disappear but became even more popular in various forms throughout the following Ming dynasty. On the basis of examination of a large number of historical written materials, this paper makes an in-depth study of the various styles and uses of Mongol-style clothing in the Ming dynasty. It provides a panoramic survey in an attempt to outline the use and evolution of Mongol styles in the Ming and to examine some representative case studies in detail. Thus, besides discussing traditional issues in the history of clothing, such as the use, design changes and abandonment of Mongol clothing in the Ming dynasty, it initiates a series of studies from a sociological perspective, offering a preliminary study of the groups who wore Mongol-style clothing in the Ming dynasty, including their occupations, their reasons for using these costumes, and how this mode of dress influenced the social psychology of the period. It also attempts, via clothing, to discuss the changes in transitional Chinese society arising from the movement of nomadic ethnic groups in northern China to the hinterland （another question to be addressed）.

Downstream Channel Evolution and Its Causes in the Yuan River during the Qing Dynasty

The determination of channel evolutions and the causes is important for reconstructing the evolutionary history of river landforms.This study aimed to elucidate the downstream channel evolution of the Yuan River in Hunan Province,China,during the Qing Dynasty via Landsat 8 satellite image data and relevant literature.The objective was to establish the modes of channel evolution and discuss the significance of historical climate change.The downstream paleochannel of the Yuan River was identified in the Late Ming Dynasty and Early Qing Dynasty(1600–1644 AD),the Kangxi-Qianlong periods of the Qing Dynasty(1661–1796 AD),the Late Qing Dynasty(1840–1912 AD),and the World War II(1939–1945 AD),and three main modes of river evolution were determined.Using remote sensing data and the ancient literature,the evolution characteristics of the paleochannel in the Lower Yuan River were analyzed and its distribution across historical periods was comprehensively revealed.The findings reveal a strong correlation between channel evolution,flood events,and climate change.Numerous flood events that occurred from the Late Qing Dynasty to the World War II caused a high rate of channel evolution,demonstrating the combined effects of climate change and human activities.These findings will help adopt robust and resilient hydrological management methods in the future of a changing climate.

南宋和元代龙泉窑粉青瓷釉色比较研究

为了研究南宋与元代龙泉粉青瓷釉呈色机理,采用colorimeter,XRF,XRD,Raman spectrometer,XPS等对南宋和元代龙泉粉青瓷釉进行对比分析。结果表明,南宋粉青瓷L*值大于元代,而a*、b*值小于元代粉青瓷。南宋粉青瓷的烧成温度低于元代。龙泉粉青瓷乳浊如玉的质感主要是受釉层内小而密集气泡与大量石英晶体对光的影响所致。Fe2O3的化学色主导了龙泉青瓷的呈色,且南宋粉青瓷的Fe2+与Fe3+的比值高于元代粉青瓷,是南宋粉青瓷偏蓝而元代粉青瓷偏绿的主要原因。

论元宫词的新变

元代宫词的新变表现在四个方面:一是内容与作者方面,写作内容由后宫嫔妃宫人的生活逐渐转移到宫殿文武百官的政治活动,具有承前启后的作用,作者为多民族构成。二是民族特色,表现在名词事物、宗教信仰两个方面。三是创作主张,题材扩大,语言典雅,风格上要求清和雅正。四是形式上的创新,表现为宫词中出现详细自注、以宫词唱和、语言多样和形式多样等特征。

臣服蒙古后高丽精英的阶层分野与认同分化——兼论他们对元朝法态度的分歧

蒙古建立与主导的秩序是“帝国秩序”,高丽臣服于蒙古是武力征服的结果。帝国强权在半岛的持续影响,促发了高丽精英阶层的分化。在他们中的不少人看来,本国国王的权力已非源自传统的合法性,而是来自帝国的任命,二重君臣关系出现了。但与此同时,帝国体制下的二元制,亦使传统认同保留了下来,作为传统精英集团的世家大族是其代表。这些因素又导致了省吏与国臣的分野,表现于对帝国法律的不同态度。

元代景德镇窑陶瓷开光装饰多样化研究

开光装饰是陶瓷装饰中的一种独特手法,景德镇窑陶瓷开光装饰具有代表性,而元代景德镇窑陶瓷开光装饰的兴起具有承前启后的重要作用。通过图像分析与对比的研究方法,探索元代景德镇窑陶瓷开光装饰特征与成因。元代景德镇窑陶瓷开光装饰材质、技法、轮廓线等具有多样化的表现,主要受到中东伊斯兰风格、外来陶瓷匠人、元代金银器装饰和元代“纳石失”等因素影响。元代景德镇窑陶瓷开光装饰在多种因素影响下,呈现出鲜明的多样化特征。

异代同调:论沈亚之传奇的骚体文学特征

以《异梦录》《秦梦记》《湘中怨解》作品为代表,唐代沈亚之的传奇文集中表现出与屈原楚辞异代而同调的典型风格,即骚体文学特征。沈亚之吸收了“骚体”独特的兮字文体范式、抒情的浪漫自然、情志的悲怨凄美等特征,与时人作品异趣。沈亚之传奇的骚体文学特征表现在以悲为美的审美内涵、浪漫自由的艺术形式以及凄艳混融的艺术风格。沈亚之创作出的具有鲜明骚体文学特征的传奇故事,亦可称之为“楚调小说”。传奇独特的骚体文学特征,使得沈亚之作品在众多传奇中独树一帜,成为一代之奇。