China’s Perspectives on the Modern Educational Value of Critical Information Literacy

Critical information literacy is a new and important direction of information literacy education for university students in the new media era.By comparing critical information literacy between China and the West,combining with the research on information literacy education in China in the past 20 years,and based on the three major relationships that Chinese philosophy is concerned about that people need to face in the world of life,i.e.,the individual and the self,the individual and nature,and the individual and the society,this paper defines critical information literacy as that individuals,as information subjects,discover,select,confirm,and evaluate the information they are exposed to by obtaining and discriminating the content elements of the information world(information sources,information,and information assets)and using critical thinking skills and methods,creatively interpret or solve the relevant problems arising from the interaction between individuals and self,individuals and nature,individuals and society,and form the literacy that represents the knowledge,ability,attitude,habit,and level of the information subject through continuous reflection and practice.In order for human beings to better understand the world and construct it responsibly,critical information literacy can play a greater role and educational value.It not only helps contemporary college students build knowledge of“good questioning”and enhance their“reasoning”skills,but also encourages them to maintain a“firm standpoint,”cultivate a habit of“healthy skepticism,”and enhance their“decision-making”skills.

Examination of Silicate Limitation of Primary Production in Jiaozhou Bay, China Ⅱ. Critical Value and Time of Silicate Limitation and Satisfaction of the Phytoplankton Growth

Analysis and comparison of Jiaozhou Bay data collected from May 1991 to February 1994 revealed the spatiotemporal variations of the ambient Si(OH) 4∶NO 3 (Si∶N) concentration ratios and the seasonal variations of (Si∶N) ratios in Jiaozhou Bay and showed that the Si∶N ratios were < 1 throughout Jiaozhou Bay in spring, autumn, and winter. These results provide further evidence that silicate limits the growth of phytoplankton (i.e. diatoms) in spring, autumn and winter. Moreover, comparison of the spatiotemporal variations of the Si∶N ratio and primary production in Jiaozhou Bay suggested their close relationship. The spatiotemporal pattern of dissolved silicate matched well that of primary production in Jiaozhou Bay. Along with the environmental change of Jiaozhou Bay in the last thirty years, the N and P concentrations tended to rise, whereas Si concentration showed cyclic seasonal variations. With the variation of nutrient Si limiting the primary production in mind, the authors found that the range of values of primary production is divided into three parts: the basic value of Si limited primary production, the extent of Si limited primary production and the critical value of Si limited primary production, which can be calculated for Jiaozhou Bay by Equations (1), (2) and (3), showing that the time of the critical value of Si limitation of phytoplankton growth in Jiaozhou Bay is around November 3 to November 13 in autumn; and that the time of the critical value of Si satisfaction of phytoplankton growth in Jiaozhou Bay is around May 22 to June 7 in spring. Moreover, the calculated critical value of Si satisfactory for phytoplankton growth is 2.15-0.76 μmol/L and the critical value of Si limitation of phytoplankton growth is 1.42-0.36 μmol/L; so that the time period of Si limitation of phytoplankton growth is around November 13 to May 22 in the next year; the time period of Si satisfactory for phytoplankton growth is around June 7 to November 3. This result also explains why critical values of nutrient silicon affect phytoplankton growth in spring and autumn are different in different waters of Jiaozhou Bay and also indicates how the silicate concentration affects the phytoplankton assemblage structure. The dilution of silicate concentration by seawater exchange affects the growth of phytoplankton so that the primary production of phytoplankton declines outside Jiaozhou Bay earlier than inside Jiaozhou Bay by one and half months. This study showed that Jiaozhou Bay phytoplankton badly need silicon and respond very sensitively and rapidly to the variation of silicon.

Estimation on Aesthetic Value of Tourist Landscapes in a Natural Heritage Site:Kanas National Nature Reserve,Xinjiang,China

Most world natural heritage sites are designated partly by reason of their prominent aesthetic values in accordance with Article Ⅶ of World Natural Heritage Convention.In this paper, the aesthetic values of Kanas National Nature Reserve, which has potential for such designation, was analyzed quantitatively using scenic beauty estimation(SBE).The landscapes of 19 representative scenic spots in the Kanas National Nature Reserve in summer and autumn were selected as the objects of evaluation.The contributions of different landscape factors to the aesthetic value of the Kanas National Nature Reserve were revealed using a multivariate quantitative model.The main factors affecting the aesthetic value were waterscapes, vegetation, mountains, folk culture and the tourist environment.The t-test and F-test results are extremely significant.According to the results, some suggestions were given for conserving the landscapes in the Kanas National Nature Reserve.

A circular zone counting method of identifying a Duffing oscillator state transition and determining the critical value in weak signal detection

Identifying state transition and determining the critical value of the Duffing oscillator are crucial to indicating external signal existence and have a great influence on detection accuracy in weak signal detection. A circular zone counting （CZC） method is proposed in this paper, by combining the Duffing oscillator＇s phase trajectory feature and numerical calculation for quickly and accurately identifying state transition and determining the critical value, to realize a high- efficiency weak signal detection. Detailed model analysis and method construction of the CZC method are introduced. Numerical experiments into the reliability of the proposed CZC method compared with the maximum Lyapunov exponent （MLE） method are carried out. The CZC method is demonstrated to have better detecting ability than the MLE method, and furthermore it is simpler and clearer in calculation to extend to engineering application.

Determination of indices and critical values of gas parameters of the first gas outburst in a coal seam of the Xieqiao Mine

Based on the important role in mine safety played by parameters of the first gas outburst, we propose a method of combining historic data, theoretical analysis and experimental research for the purpose of crit- ical values of gas parameters of the first gas outburst in a coal seam of the Xieqiao Mine. According to a characteristic analysis and a summary of the rules of coal and gas outbursts in the No.8 coal seam of a Hua- inan mine, we have investigated their effect on coal and gas outbursts in terms such as ground stress, gas, and coal structure. We have selected gas parameters and determined the critical values of each of the fol- lowing indices： gas content as 7.7 m^3/t, tectonic coal as 0.8 m thick, the absolute gas emission as 2 m3/min, the rate of change as 0.7 m3/min, the gas desorption index of a drilling chip KI as 0.26 mL/（g min^1/2） and the values of desorption indexes Ah2 as 200 Pa. From a verification of the production, the results indicate that application of each index and their critical values significantly improve the level of safety in the pro- duction process, relieve the burden upon the mine, save much labor and bring clear economic benefits.

Empirical Analysis of Value-at-Risk Estimation Methods Using Extreme Value Theory

This paper investigates methods of value-at-risk (VaR) estimation using extreme value theory (EVT). It compares two different estimation methods, 'two-step subsample bootstrap' based on moment estimation and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), according to their theoretical bases and computation procedures. Then, the estimation results are analyzed together with those of normal method and empirical method. The empirical research of foreign exchange data shows that the EVT methods have good characters in estimating VaR under extreme conditions and 'two-step subsample bootstrap' method is preferable to MLE.

Determination of the Critical Value of Deflection for Embedded Cylindrical Structures

An embedded cylinder is a large-diameter cylinder embedded in a soil foundation. The state of failure of such an embedded cylindrical structure shows large deflection instead of slide and overturn of the traditional gravity type of structure placed on a rubble base or foundation base. The critical value of deflection of the embedded cylindrical structure, which is the maximum allowable deflection for stability calculation of the cylinder, is a vital control value. Through investigation on deflection and soil pressures on an embedded cylinder by model experiments, the variations of the angle of rotation θ of a cylinder with effective anti-overturning ratio η and moment MH of thrust are discussed. On the basis of experimental study, the critical value of deflection of the cylindrical structure is proposed in the paper. Meanwhile, the formulas for calculating deflection of cylinders are derived.

Estimation of Acute Toxicity of Ammonium Sulphate to the Fresh Water Catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis——Ⅰ.Analysis of LC_(50) Values Determined by Various Methods

The acute toxic effects of ammonium sulphate to fresh-water catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (H.fossilis) have been studied by determining LC50 values with 95% confidence limits, by the graphic method, the logistic method, the Spearman and Karber method and the trimmed Spearman-Karber method. The trimmed Spearman-Karber method was found the most ideal for ammonium salt toxicity test. The flaws in the trimmed Spearman-Karber method are also discussed.

Integral Operator Solving Process of the Boundary Value Problem of Abstract Kinetic Equation with the First Kind of Critical Parameter and Generalized Periodic Boundary Conditions

In this paper the concepts of the boundary value problem of abstract kinetic equation with the first kind of critical parameter γ 0 and generalized periodic boundary conditions are introduced in a Lebesgue space which consists of functions with vector valued in a general Banach space, and then describe the solution of these abstract boundary value problem by the abstract linear integral operator of Volterra type. We call this process the integral operator solving process.

Critical Discourse Analysis on the Orientation and Value of Modality in English Political Interviews

The paper conducts Critical Discourse Analysis on the use of Modality in political interviews. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the use of Motlality is driven by the speakers' ideology, and thus helps lo build the power relationships between the two participants. Such a linguistic awareness can inform a capacity to resist and change exploitative and dominating linguistic practices, and it' s an issue of importance to everyone with a concem and interest in the problems of our contemporary society. With such awareness, people can get a more incisive recogni-tion and judgment of the political implications, and correctly acquire new trends in politics and developnient of current affairs.

Diagnostic value of digital continuous bowel sounds in critically ill patients with acute gastrointestinal injury: A prospective observational study

BACKGROUND Acute gastrointestinal injury(AGI)is common in intensive care unit(ICU)and worsens the prognosis of critically ill patients.The four-point grading system proposed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine is subjective and lacks specificity.Therefore,a more objective method is required to evaluate and determine the grade of gastrointestinal dysfunction in this patient population.Digital continuous monitoring of bowel sounds and some biomarkers can change in gastrointestinal injuries.We aimed to develop a model of AGI using continuous monitoring of bowel sounds and biomarkers.AIM To develop a model to discriminate AGI by monitoring bowel sounds and biomarker indicators.METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study with 75 patients in an ICU of a tertiary-care hospital to create a diagnostic model for AGI.We recorded their bowel sounds,assessed AGI grading,collected clinical data,and measured biomarkers.We evaluated the model using misjudgment probability and leave-one-out cross-validation.RESULTS Mean bowel sound rate and citrulline level are independent risk factors for AGI.Gastrin was identified as a risk factor for the severity of AGI.Other factors that correlated with AGI include mean bowel sound rate,amplitude,interval time,Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score,Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score,platelet count,total protein level,blood gas potential of hydrogen(pH),and bicarbonate(HCO3-)level.Two discriminant models were constructed with a misclassification probability of<0.1.Leave-one-out cross-validation correctly classified 69.8%of the cases.CONCLUSION Our AGI diagnostic model represents a potentially effective approach for clinical AGI grading and holds promise as an objective diagnostic standard for AGI.

SOLUTIONS TO DISCRETE MULTIPARAMETER PERIODIC BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS INVOLVING THE p-LAPLACIAN VIA CRITICAL POINT THEORY

In this paper, we consider the existence of three nontrivial solutions for a discrete non-linear multiparameter periodic problem involving the p-Laplacian. By using the similar method for the Dirichlet boundary value problems in [C. Bonanno and P. Candito, Appl. Anal., 88（4） （2009）, pp. 605-616], we construct two new strong maximum principles and obtain that the boundary value problem has three positive solutions for λ and μ in some suitable intervals. The approaches we use are the critical point theory.

Approach to blind estimation of the PN sequence in DS-SS signals with residual carrier

This paper presents an approach of singular value de- composition plus digital phase lock loop to solve the difficult problem of blind pseudo-noise （PN） sequence estimation in low signal to noise ratios （SNR） direct sequence spread spectrum （DS-SS） signals with residual carrier. This approach needs some given parameters, such as the period and code rate of PN sequence. The received signal is firstly sampled and divided into non-overlapping signal vectors according to a temporal window, whose duration is two periods of PN sequence. An autocorrelation matrix is then computed and accumulated by those signal vectors one by one. The PN sequence with residual carrier can be estimated by the principal eigenvector of the autocorrelation matrix. Further more, a digital phase lock loop is used to process the estimated PN sequence, it estimates and tracks the residual carrier and removes the residual carrier in the end. Theory analysis and computer simulation results show that this approach can effectively realize the PN sequence blind estimation from the input DS-SS signals with residual carrier in lower SNR.

The Function and Value of Water Conservation of Forest Ecosystem in Gongbo Nature Reserve of Tibet

Gongbo Nature Reserve, located in Nyingchi of Tibet, is by far the largest construction project of forest reserves that China approves and invests in. This article adopts the shadow project method, and estimates the water conservation function of forest ecosystem of Gongbo Nature Reserve based on the Specifications for Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Services in China promulgated by State Forestry Administration of China. The results show that the total value of water conservation of forest ecosystem in Gongbo Nature Reserve is 8.485 billion yuan, while the function of water conservation is a small fraction of ecological service function, indicating that there is great ecological value in service function of forest ecosystem in Gongbo Nature Reserve, that is, Gongbo Nature Reserve has vital ecological value.

Assessment of Cation Exchange Membrane Method and Estimation of Potassium Critical Values

Soil and tissue analyses are usually used in identifying potassium(K) deficiencies and predicting K fertilizer requirements of crops.The critical levels of both soil and fresh leaf tissue at seventh leaf stage were developed and assessed for canola,chickpea and sunflower grown on two Saskatchewan,soils,with six rates of K fertilizer supply, in a growth chamber experiment.The available potassium in soils was determined by two methods:1)resin strip extraction, and 2) NH4OAC extraction. The potassium in fresh leaves was determined at seventh leaf stage by a simple procedure using a common garlic press and injector to extract the plant sap and testing the sap with a handheld ion selection electrode meter. The results shoWed significant relationships between the resin strip extractable K and NH4OAC extractable K, and between the plant uptake of total K and the supply of available K in the soils determined by the two methods. Good relationships were also found between the potassium in fresh leaves and the plant uptake of total K for canola, chickpea and sunflower.The resin strip extraction for K was calibrated using common NH4OAC extraction, and recommended for routine analyses because of its simplicity and sensitivity.

Economic Critical Resources for the Industrial Exploitation of Natural Gas Hydrate

Since the implementation of several pilot production tests were in natural gas hydrate(NGH) reservoirs in terrestrial and marine settings, the study of NGH has entered a new stage of technological development for industrial exploitation. Prior to the industrial exploitation of any given NGH reservoir, the economic feasibility should be examined. The first step of economic evaluation of a NGH reservoir is to know whether its resource amount meets the requirement for industrial exploitation. Unfortunately, few relevant studies have been conducted in this regard. In this study, the net present value(NPV) method is employed to estimate the economic critical resources required for the industrial exploitation of NGHs under different production scenarios. Sensitivity analysis is also performed in order to specify the effects of key factors, such as the number of production wells, gas price, technological improvement and tax incentive, on the economic critical resources. The results indicate that China requires the lowest economic critical resource for a NGH reservoir to be industrially exploited, ranging from 3.62 to 24.02 billion m3 methane. Changes in gas price and tax incentives also play significant roles in affecting the threshold and timeline for the industrial exploitation of NGH.

A critical analysis of environmental evolutionin the loess-plateau area

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Bayesian and Non-Bayesian Estimation of the Inverse Weibull Model Based on Generalized Order Statistics

The concept of generalized order statistics has been introduced as a unified approach to a variety of models of ordered random variables with different interpretations. In this paper, we develop methodology for constructing inference based on n selected generalized order statistics (GOS) from inverse Weibull distribution (IWD), Bayesian and non-Bayesian approaches have been used to obtain the estimators of the parameters and reliability function. We have examined Bayes estimates under various losses such as the balanced squared error (balanced SEL) and balanced LINEX loss functions are considered. We show that Bayes estimate under balanced SEL and balanced LINEX loss functions are more general, which include the symmetric and asymmetric losses as special cases. This was done under assumption of discrete-continuous mixture prior for the unknown model parameters. The parametric bootstrap method has been used to construct confidence interval for the parameters and reliability function. Progressively type-II censored and k-record values as a special case of GOS are considered. Finally a practical example using real data set was used for illustration.

Application of Extreme Value Theory to Generation and Analysis of Pseudorandom Samples

The article deals with the methodology of pseudorandom data analysis. As a mathematical tool for carrying out the research the extreme value theory was used that creates one of the directions in mathematical statistics, and is related to investigating the extreme deviations from the median values in probability distributions. Also, the methods for estimating unknown parameters and algorithm of random-number generation are discussed. The models of treatment the extreme values are constructed which are based on machine generated sample and approach is proposed for their future application for constructing forecasting models.

A METHOD OF ESTIMATING THE INFLUENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL ERRORS ON THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF MATERIAL PARAMETERS AND THE CRITERIA TO VALUE THIS INFLUENCE

In this paper the main sources causing the scatter of the experimental results of the material parameters are discussed. They can be divided into two parts: one is the experimental errors which are introduced because of the inaccuracy of experimental equipment, the experimental techniques, etc., and the form of the scatter caused by this source is called external distribution. The other is due to the irregularity and inhomogeneity of the material structure and the randomness of deformation process. The scatter caused by this source is inherent and then this form of the scatter is called internal distribution. Obviously the experimental distribution of material parameters combines these two distributions in some way; therefore, it is a sum distribution of the external distribution and the internal distribution. In view of this , a general method used to analyse the influence of the experimental errors on the experimental results is presented, and three criteria used to value this influence are defined. An example in which the fracture toughness KIC is analysed shows that this method is reasonable, convenient and effective.