The Evolution Characteristics of Spatial Layout of Ancient Chinese Capitals: A Case Study of Sui,Tang and Northern Song Dynasties With Important Changes in the Historical Development of Feudal Society

Imperial city and outer city are the most important differentiation of the spatial structure of ancient Chinese capitals.The relationship between city and Guo changed from the original spatial structure mode of "respecting the west" and "sitting in the west and facing the east" to the spatial structure mode of "sitting in the north and facing the south" and the three outer cities in the east,south and west surrounding the imperial city after the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties,and gradually changed from the original "multi palace" system to the "single palace" system.Finally,a "heavy city" capital spatial structure with the outer city around the imperial city and the imperial city around the palace city,and the central axis of the chessboard format was formed.During the Tang and Song Dynasties,it was a period of great change in the history of feudal society in China.Through the investigation of the evolution characteristics of the spatial form of capital cities in the Tang and Song Dynasties,the track of the transformation of social ideology,political system,economic structure and many other fields in the Tang and Song Dynasties was made clear.

Tracing Ultimate Shareholders＇ Double Control Chain in Listed Companies- Using the Theory of Organizational Routine Evolution

Based on the epistemology and methodology of organizational routine evolution, this paper presents a systematic analysis on how ultimate shareholders control listed companies by means of equity control chain in a pyramid structure and social capital control chain hidden in social networks. First, this paper examines the internal logic of ultimate shareholders＇ double control chain and designs an iterative model for dynamic evolution intent proceeding from ultimate shareholders ＇degree of intent for social capital control. Finally, with the case study of Inner Mongolia Caoyuan Xingfa Co., Ltd., this paper reveals the process and mechanism of ultimate shareholders＇ creation of double control chain.

Measurement and Evolution of High-quality Development Level of Marine Fishery in China

High-quality development of marine fisheries provides an important advantage for China to build itself into a maritime power and implement the Blue Granary Plan effectively.Based on the concepts of‘new development’,‘food security’,and the six dimensions of‘openness,innovation,coordination,green,sharing,and security’,in this study,we established an evaluation index system for the high-quality development of China’s marine fishery sector.We applied the entropy method to evaluate the high-quality development level of China’s marine fishery sector from 2000 to 2016 and explored its spatial and temporal evolution rules.Our results indicated that:1)from 2000 to 2016,China’s marine fishery sector was in the primary stage of high-quality development;2)spatially,the highquality development of marine fisheries showed an upward trend in all provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities in the country(not including Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan of China),and with time,the distribution pattern changed from single to multi-polarization;3)temporally,the development level of high-quality marine fisheries fluctuated during the study period.From 2000 to 2010,the growth rate in openness was relatively slow,but after 2010,it increased rapidly.Notably,innovation is the driving force for high-quality development.The green and security factors provide a solid guarantee for high-quality development.In the high-quality development of a region,economic development is better coordinated,and the distribution of benefits is more inclusive.This study provides a theoretical basis to formulate effective marine fishery policies for the high-quality development of the marine fishery sector in China.Exploring the high-quality development and evolution process of marine fishery is conducive to promoting the sustainable development of marine fishery industry,ensuring marine fishery food security,and alleviating global food crisis.

A Survey of Concepts Location Enhancement for Program Comprehension and Maintenance

When correcting a fault, adding a new concept or feature, or adapting a system to conform to a new platform, software engineers must first find the relevant parts of the code that correspond to a particular change. This is termed as concept or feature location process. Several techniques have been introduced which automate some or all of the process of concept location. Those techniques rely heavily on code comprehension as it is considered a prerequisite when attempting to maintain any software system. It provides a comprehensive overview of large body work which is beneficial to researchers and practitioners. This paper presents an overview of code comprehension categorization and consequence. A systematic literature survey of concept location enhancement techniques is also presented. Moreover, the paper presents an overview of the role of concept location in program comprehension and maintenance and discusses information retrieval techniques to advance concept location.

Evolution of the“Golden Royal City”:Analytical study on urban forms of ancient capital cities in Myanmar

The historical cities in Southeast Asia with distinct characteristics are an important part of Asia’s cultural heritage system and the ancient capitals of Myanmar are as an example of these civilizational achievements.Their urban forms through history are essential spatial carriers reflecting the traditional local planning thinking.However,the overall understanding has yet to form due to a lack of systematic research.This study aims to complement it by studying the urban forms of almost all Myanmar’s ancient capitals based on verifiable spatial elements,works of literature,archaeology documents and field survey.The location,boundary and layout elements are analyzed to classify and characterize these urban forms,and their evolution rules are then summarized.Furthermore,the urban planning characteristics are discussed,indicating that the regulated structure and distinctive image gradually formed,accompanied by increasingly mature planning thinking and methods.The study reveals that the urban form and the planning thinking of Myanmar’s ancient capital cities had undergone an evolution with its own characteristics and that the“Golden Royal City”is of unique value in the genealogy of Asian capitals.The findings will contribute to the mutual learning between civilizations and provide a scientific foundation for the heritage conservation.

Phylogenomics and integrative taxonomy reveal two new species of Amana(Liliaceae)

Until now the genus Amana(Liliaceae),known as ’East Asian tulips’,has contained just seven species.In this study,a phylogenomic and integrative taxonomic approach was used to reveal two new species,Amana nanyueensis from Central China and A.tianmuensis from East China.A.nanyueensis resembles Amana edulis in possessing a densely villous-woolly bulb tunic and two opposite bracts,but differs in its leaves and anthers.Amana tianmuensis resembles Amana erythronioides in possessing three verticillate bracts and yellow anthers,but differs in aspects of its leaves and bulbs.These four species are clearly separated from each other in principal components analysis based on morphology.Phylogenomic analyses based on plastid CDS further support the species delimitation of A.nanyueensis and A.tianmuensis and suggests they are closely related to A.edulis.Cytological analysis shows that A.nanyueensis and A tianmuensis are both diploid(2n=2x=24),different from A edulis,which is either diploid(northern populations) or tetraploid(southern populations,2n=4x=48).The pollen morphology of A.nanyueensis is similar to other Amana species(single-groove germination aperture),but A.tianmuensis is quite different because of the presence of a sulcus membrane,which creates the illusion of double grooves.Ecological niche modelling also revealed a niche differentiation between A.edulis,A.nanyueensis and A.tianmuensis.

Evolution of Microalloyed Linepipe Steels With Particular Emphasis on the “Near Stoichiometry” Low Carbon,0.10 Percent Niobium “HTP” Concept

Microalloyed linepipe steels were first introduced in 1959 at strength levels around 52-60 ksi [1] [2].The steels were generally strengthened by niobium or vanadium used singly.As strengths levels increased to X-70 in the early 1970’s niobium and vanadium were used in combination and controlled rolling was introduced on a broad basis.Higher strengths decrease tolerance for impurities and non-metallic inclusions which required improved steelmaking practices.Sulfur,carbon,and nitrogen were reduced and continuous casting was increasingly applied which required improved ladle refining and deoxidation practices.Niobium-molybdenum steels were introduced by IPSCO in 1972 [3] and by Italsider in 1974 [4].Steels with higher niobium contents were also introduced in the early 1970’s but available steelmaking technologies limited the use of optimum niobium to carbon ratios,i.e.those approaching stoichiometry.Nevertheless the steels benefited from the effect of niobium in retarding austenite recrystallization at relatively high rolling temperatures and they developed attractive combinations of strength and toughness in old manufacturing facilities using simple (relaxed) rolling schedules.Fluctuations in the price of molybdenum and vanadium in the past decade and expanded application of API Grade X-80 linepipe,have led to more widespread use of niobium contents up to 0.11 percent,in combination with 0.02-0.03 percent carbon (near stoichiometry) thus maximizing the effects of solute niobium during rolling,in lowering transformation temperature,and thereby reducing reliance on other alloying,often expensive,elements.The history of these developments will be presented and applications of the concept will be summarized.

The Origin and Vision of National Cultural Park Management Policy in China

Research on the evolution of cultural policy is the key in the field of public policy study,and it is also an important means to solve the problems that have emerged in cultural heritage management.The National Cultural Park is an innovative cultural heritage protection system proposed by Chinese leaders within the context of national rejuvenation and building a culturally-strong country campaign.From the perspective of system evolution theory,this paper systematically sorts out the ideas behind international heritage management and the evolutionary process of the Cultural Relics Protection Unit system,in an effort to explore the origin,innovation and vision of the National Cultural Park System.A review of the international heritage documents revealed that the principle of heritage protection has developed from“authenticity”to“integrity”,and the focus of the protection object has also changed from“monism”to“diversity”,which provided a theoretical background for the burgeoning National Cultural Park.The Cultural Relics Protection Unit system has been promoted as the most crucial cultural heritage management system in China.Therefore,this study sheds light on the evolution and limitations of the system that lays a practical foundation for the National Cultural Park System.There have been three stages in the history of China’s National Cultural Relics Protection Unit,namely,the creation of the system(1956–1965),the survival crisis of the system(1966–1977),and the rebirth and development of the system(1978 to the present),in which the main driving concepts of China's cultural heritage management have been sequentially elucidated as simple protectionism,tolerant conservatism and comprehensive developmentalism,respectively.Since the establishment of China’s Cultural Relics Protection Unit system,tremendous progress has been made not only in the enlightenment of the public’s mindset and but also in the development of system and culture.However,the changes in the institutional environment gradually exposed its limitations regarding cultural relic management and value expression.The National Cultural Park System is the fruit created by the internal contradictions of the cultural heritage system itself and the evolution of heritage theory.Its biggest innovation lies in the two core connotations of“integrated protection”and“integrated development”.In the future,as the National Cultural Park management system matures,a Chinese cultural heritage management system will take shape in which the National Cultural Parks become dominant and various cultural resources are utilized.Finally,the National Cultural Park will become a symbol of Chinese culture and will be internalized into the common belief system of the Chinese nation.

Molecular phylogeny of the genus Sticta (lichenized Ascomycota: Lobariaceae) in Colombia

We present a molecular phylogenetic study of the lichen genus Sticta focusing on Colombia,using the ITS fungal barcoding gene for a total of 370 ingroup OTUs,with 322 newly generated sequences.The topology resulting from a maximum likelihood approach does not support current species concepts in Sticta,which use a morphological concept,but in contrast shows that similar morphodemes evolved multiple times independently within the genus.As a consequence,currently applied names such as S.fuliginosa and S.weigelii comprise numerous(up to more than 20)unrelated species-level lineages,which can be distinguished also phenotypically using previously unrecognized characters such as lobe configuration,lobe surface structure,tomentum type,and anatomy of the basal membrane of the cyphellae.We conclude that the genus Sticta contains about four to five times the number of species currently recognized.In Colombia alone,approximately 150 species of Sticta are present.

Ways to Translate a Newly-Introduced Concept

Translation is a complicated thinking and a practicing process,which involves many theories and skills.According to the theory of dynamic equivalence and based on literature studies as well as personal practical experiences,three viewpoints have been proposed in this article to discuss on how to translate a newly-introduced concept;namely,giving full consideration to the meaning of newly-introduced concepts,paying attention to the evolution of the concepts,and seeking for a similar meaning in the traditional classics of a nation,each of which is exemplified in order to facilitate understanding.

Evolution of IMF’s Policy on Cross-border Capital Flows

The policy adjustments have undergone a few stages:allowing capital controls,advocating capital flow liberalization,allowing temporary capital controls in times of crisis,recognizing post-inflow surge management and recommending preemptive capital inflow management.

风险资本、政府引导基金与区域产业演化

当前国际形势下国家间技术封锁与产业“卡脖子”风险愈发严重,如何运用风险资本与政府引导基金实现区域产业破局已成为研究热点。现有研究探讨了风险资本以及政府引导基金的空间分布与区位选择,并揭示了其各自对区域经济发展的作用机制,然而较少有研究关注风险资本与政府引导基金的互动作用,尚未揭示其相互联结并影响区域产业发展的内在逻辑。基于案例研究,对桂林、重庆等城市产业发展经验以及风险投资企业的战略选择进行分析探讨,结果发现,风险投资能够为地方企业提供本地和非本地资源,而政府引导基金则在区域产业演化过程中起到了重要的调节作用。政府力量的缺乏可能导致本地资源供应不足,致使区域丧失具有潜力的新兴企业,不利于区域竞争力形成。与此同时,以风险投资与政府引导基金为代表的地方多元主体互动过程,有利于在支持新兴产业发展的同时形成政府主体与市场主体互利共赢局面。

中国城市群统一大市场建设的动态演进与时空收敛性

以2005—2019年中国十五大城市群为研究样本,基于相对价格法对商品市场、资本要素市场、劳动力要素市场一体化水平进行测算,并利用纵横向拉开档次法测度城市群统一大市场建设水平,使用Kernel密度估计、马尔可夫链、σ收敛和β收敛等方法分析其动态演进及收敛性。研究发现:(1)中国十五大城市群统一大市场建设水平呈现波动上升的变化趋势,商品市场一体化水平要高于资本和劳动力要素市场;(2)城市群统一大市场建设水平的演变趋势表现出绝对差异较大、多极化程度增强的特征,且存在俱乐部趋同与马太效应;(3)城市群统一大市场建设存在显著的β收敛趋势,而空间因素会加速其收敛。据此提出着力推动资本和劳动力要素自由流动,促进要素市场一体化,以城市群为载体加速推进统一大市场建设,采取因地制宜的发展策略,为城市群统一大市场建设配置相适应的要素等政策建议。

人民民主:一个政治概念的中国化演变

中国的民主是“人民民主”。近代以来,“人民民主”贯穿于整个中国社会的发展变迁,在“民主”—“人民民主”—“全过程人民民主”的话语流变中呈现出不同的概念内涵,蕴含着深刻的历史逻辑。从概念史角度予以透视,“人民民主”概念历经西学东渐、“民主”革命、“民主”建国、“民主”发展、“民主”创新五个阶段,初步建构起中国化的民主话语体系,其演变符合一定的遍在性规律,本质上是对特定时空环境的反射与回应。站在分析视野解构这一演变,“民主”的中国化是必然的历史走向,“全过程人民民主”也内嵌时代要求。正确把握“人民民主”概念的演变规律,俾使“全过程人民民主”理论体系与实践效能得到进一步完善提升。

学科演变视角下图书馆学概念知识元的识别

文章以学科演变为视角,构建一个可用于学科演进及概念历史演变研究的概念知识元识别模式。选择图书馆学相关词表、专业工具书和期刊论文关键词为语料,通过概念知识元获取和整合,识别其等级关系、等同关系、相关关系;运用模式匹配法、相似度计算、类号中介法3种方法识别其历史演变关系,得到10个可反映我国图书馆学概念知识元演变趋势的概念集合并构建我国图书馆学概念知识元库。文章所构建的学科概念知识元库含有历史演变关系,可以实现检索语言的扩充,拓展信息内容揭示的维度,在学科知识服务中方便学科用户了解概念知识元的“前世今生”、实现特定主题历史文献的聚合。

“青词”概念及其文体演变发覆

青词初为道教奏章祝文,因太清宫斋醮停祝版而产生。“青词”取自书写纸张的颜色,“清词”则与斋醮场所太清宫有关,且由于音乐性,初定名为“词”而非“辞”。青词虽产生于玄门,但撰写者与体例都打上了世俗文书烙印,撰写者为翰林学士,格式上则仿唐代表章。自晚唐杜光庭之后,青词逐渐脱离太清宫,向普通斋醮词过渡,至宋程式化书写减少,抒情成分增加,进而分化出宫廷斋醮青词与民间斋醮青词不同类型。这也使“青词”由最初的文体概念向文类概念转变,后世更将绿章、对联、绝句等醮词视为青词,青词逐渐向纯文学靠拢,成为融合宗教学、文体学和民俗学的特殊文类。

中国旅游经济高质量发展的时空演化与区域差异--基于新发展理念视角

该文基于新发展理念视角,构建旅游经济高质量发展评价指标体系,利用熵值法、核密度估计、莫兰指数、泰尔指数等,对中国旅游经济高质量发展的时空演化和区域差异进行分析.结果表明:(1)中国旅游经济高质量发展水平不高且提升缓慢,由0.194增长到0.306,创新和开放系统是旅游经济高质量发展的短板.(2)空间上呈现“同群效应”,大多为高高集聚或低低集聚,且正向“同群效应”有所强化.(3)中国旅游经济高质量发展泰尔指数由0.055下降至0.019,整体协调性有所改善,但区域之间存在一定“马太效应”.北部沿海经济区、西南经济区、南部沿海经济区和西北经济区属于曲折波动型差异,东北经济区、长江中游经济区、黄河中游经济区和东部沿海经济区属于同频共振型差异.

论中国古代都城规划的形制束与规范变迁——基于《考工记》后17个古代都城的实证

针对中国古代都城规划在学界一直存有争论的两个基本问题:(1)为什么《考工记》在后世实践中鲜有完全匹配其形制的案例?(2)为什么本出同源的明清都城与秦汉都城在空间形制上差异如此之大?从社会思潮的视角,提出自然形制、人文形制、功能形制以形制束的方式平行作用于都城,且其规范经多次历史变迁的总论点。剖析了各形制内容,阐述了规范变迁的社会动因与演变过程。实证以西周至清代17个都城城址为依据,通过对历代城址图的连续性切片解构,构建出以“形制-规范”为横轴、历代都城时序为纵轴的形制束解析框架和规范变迁表,并辅以“史料-图解-数据”的文-图-数实证支撑体系,验证上述论点。为古代都城规划摆脱孤立个案研究提供了一种新思路。

并购情境下基于智力资本整合的技术追赶机理———沈阳机床并购德国希斯案例分析

跨国并购被认为是后发企业获取创新资源实现技术追赶的有效捷径。对被并方资源形式拥有并不等于技术能力提升,有效内化并购资源才能支持后发企业技术能力跃升。但文献对“并购-技术追赶”的资源整合的动态机制缺乏充分理论解释。将沈阳机床并购德国希斯的整合实践作为案例样本,借鉴与组织技术转移和创新关联性较强的“智力资本”概念体系,探索基于并购的“智力资本整合-技术追赶”内在机理。研究发现:①基于并购的技术追赶遵循“吸收模仿-集成创造-主导领先”发展路径;②“并购追赶”导向下智力资本整合呈现“人力资本整合主导-社会资本整合主导-组织资本整合主导”演进轨迹;③智力资本整合效应呈现“逆向吸收效应-多元融合效应-能力重构效应”动态转变。

三方演化博弈视角下乡村旅游投资开发参与主体合作行为策略研究

工商资本参与地方乡村旅游开发将有力推动乡村振兴战略的实施,而投资方与地方基层政府、村集体达成良好的合作是乡村旅游项目开发成功的关键。文章结合乡村旅游项目开发中不同主体的有限理性,建构了工商资本、基层政府和村集体三方演化博弈模型,并以浙江省安吉县HSW村为例进行仿真分析。研究显示:工商资本、地方基层政府、村集体三方演化博弈模型存在4个动态演化路径达到均衡状态,这些路径对应不同主体各自的策略选择;工商资本在进行“独立经营”或“村企合作”的投资模式选择时,对基层政府和村集体的策略选择的反应较快、演化路径较敏感,而基层政府及村集体受其他主体影响较小,因而这两者策略选择时达到稳定状态相对较缓慢,演化路径比较平稳;由于“损失厌恶”心理及信任基础不足,地方基层政府在选择不利于自身短期收益的“积极支持”策略时需要更长时间,在制定有利于自身短期收益的“规范引导”策略时则比较迅速,因此工商资本在开发乡村旅游项目时必须明确投资的长期性和阶段性;乡村旅游项目开发中地方基层政府的支持非常重要,当工商资本选择“独立经营”时受地方基层政府“积极支持”策略的影响较小,而选择“村企合作”策略时受到的影响相对较大,因此工商资本选择投资模式时必须考虑地方对投资模式的倾向性。文章最后从利益均衡、社区融入、风险控制等视角为工商资本顺利进行乡村旅游项目开发提出了建议。