Failure process and monitoring data of an extra-large landslide at the Nanfen Open-pit Iron Mine

An extra-large landslide occurred on June 19,2021,on the footwall slope of the Nanfen Open-pit Iron Mine in Liaoning Province,China,with a volume of approximately 1.2×107 m3.To elucidate the causative factors,development process,and destructive mechanisms of this catastrophic landslide,comprehensive field tests,investigations,and laboratory experiments were conducted.Initially,the heavily weathered rock mass of the slope was intersected by faults and joint fissures,facilitating rainwater infiltration.Moreover,the landslide contained a substantial clay mineral with highly developed micro-cracks and micro-pores,exhibiting strong water-absorption properties.As moisture content increased,the rock mass underwent softening,resulting in reduced strength.Ultimately,continuous heavy rainfall infiltration amplified the slope's weight,diminishing the weak structural plane's strength,leading to fracture propagation,slip plane penetration,and extensive tensile-shear and uplift failure of the slope.The study highlights poor geological conditions as the decisive factor for this landslide,with continuous heavy rainfall as the triggering factor.Presently,adverse environmental factors persistently affect the landslide,and deformation and failure continue to escalate.Hence,it is imperative to urgently implement integrated measures encompassing slope reinforcement,monitoring,and early-warning to real-time monitor the landslide's deformation and deep mechanical evolution trends.

Spatial distribution and failure mechanism of water-induced landslides in the reservoir areas of Southwest China

Water-induced landslides in hydropower reservoirs pose a great threat to both project operation and human life.This paper examines three large reservoirs in Sichuan Province,China.Field surveys,site monitoring data analyses and numerical simulations are used to analyze the spatial distribution and failure mechanisms of water-induced landslides in reservoir areas.First,the general rules of landslide development in the reservoir area are summarized.The first rule is that most of the landslides have rear edge elevations of 100e500 m above the normal water level of the reservoir,with volumes in the range of 106 e107 m 3.When the volume exceeds a certain amount,the number of sites at which the landscape can withstand landslides is greatly reduced.Landslide hazards mainly occur in the middle section of the reservoir and less in the annex of the dam site and the latter half of the reservoir area.The second rule is that sedimentary rocks such as sandstone are more prone to landslide hazards than other lithologies.Then,the failure mechanism of changes in the water level that reduces the stability of the slope composed of different geomaterials is analyzed by a proposed slope stability framework that considers displacement and is discussed with the monitoring results.Permeability is an essential parameter for understanding the diametrically opposed deformation behavior of landslides experiencing filling-drawdown cycles during operation.This study seeks to provide inspiration to subsequent researchers,as well as guidance to technicians,on landslide prevention and control in reservoir areas.

Centrifuge modeling of unreinforced and multi-row stabilizing piles reinforced landslides subjected to reservoir water level fluctuation

With the construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir dam,frequent reservoir landslide events have been recorded.In recent years,multi-row stabilizing piles(MRSPs)have been used to stabilize massive reservoir landslides in China.In this study,two centrifuge model tests were carried out to study the unreinforced and MRSP-reinforced slopes subjected to reservoir water level(RWL)operation,using the Taping landslide as a prototype.The results indicate that the RWL rising can provide lateral support within the submerged zone and then produce the inward seepage force,eventually strengthening the slope stability.However,a rapid RWL drawdown may induce outward seepage forces and a sudden debuttressing effect,consequently reducing the effective soil normal stress and triggering partial pre-failure within the RWL fluctuation zone.Furthermore,partial deformation and subsequent soil structure damage generate excess pore water pressures,ultimately leading to the overall failure of the reservoir landslide.This study also reveals that a rapid increase in the downslope driving force due to RWL drawdown significantly intensifies the lateral earth pressures exerted on the MRSPs.Conversely,the MRSPs possess a considerable reinforcement effect on the reservoir landslide,transforming the overall failure into a partial deformation and failure situated above and in front of the MRSPs.The mechanical transfer behavior observed in the MRSPs demonstrates a progressive alteration in relation to RWL fluctuations.As the RWL rises,the mechanical states among MRSPs exhibit a growing imbalance.The shear force transfer factor(i.e.the ratio of shear forces on pile of the n th row to that of the first row)increases significantly with the RWL drawdown.This indicates that the mechanical states among MRSPs tend toward an enhanced equilibrium.The insights gained from this study contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the failure mechanisms of reservoir landslides and the mechanical behavior of MRSPs in reservoir banks.

Displacement characteristics and prediction of Baishuihe landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir

In order to reach the designated final water level of 175 m, there were three impoundment stages in the Three Gorges Reservoir, with water levels of 135 m, 156 m and 175 m. Baishuihe landslide in the Reservoir was chosen to analyze its displacement characteristics and displacement variability at the different stages. Based on monitoring data, the landslide displacement was mainly influenced by rainfall and drawdown of the reservoir water level. However, the magnitude of the rise and drawdown of the water level after the reservoir water level reached 175 m did not accelerate landslide displacement. The prediction of landslide displacement for active landslides is very important for landslide risk management. The time series of cumulative displacement was divided into a trend term and a periodic term using the Hodrick-Prescott(HP) filter method. The polynomial model was used to predict the trend term. The extreme learning machine(ELM) and least squares support vector machine(LS-SVM) were chosen to predict theperiodic term. In the prediction model for the periodic term, input variables based on the effects of rainfall and reservoir water level in landslide displacement were selected using grey relational analysis. Based on the results, the prediction precision of ELM is better than that of LS-SVM for predicting landslide displacement. The method for predicting landslide displacement could be applied by relevant authorities in making landslide emergency plans in the future.

Characteristics and interpretation of the seismic signal of a field-scale landslide dam failure experiment

Outburst floods caused by breaches of landslide dams may cause serious damages and loss of lives in downstream areas; for this reason the study of the dynamic of the process is of particular interest for hazard and risk assessment. In this paper we report a field-scale landslide dam failure experiment conducted in Nantou County, in the central of Taiwan.The seismic signal generated during the dam failure was monitored using a broadband seismometer and the signal was used to study the dam failure process.We used the short-time Fourier transform(STFT) to obtain the time–frequency characteristics of the signal and analyzed the correlation between the power spectrum density(PSD) of the signal and the water level. The results indicate that the seismic signal generated during the process consisted of three components: a low-frequency band(0–1.5 Hz), an intermediate-frequency band(1.5–10 Hz) and a highfrequency band(10–45 Hz). We obtained the characteristics of each frequency band and the variations of the signal in various stages of the landslide dam failure process. We determined the cause for the signal changes in each frequency band and its relationship with the dam failure process. The PSD sediment flux estimation model was used to interpret the causes of variations in the signal energy before the dam failure and the clockwise hysteresis during the failure. Our results show that the seismic signal reflects the physical characteristics of the landslide dam failure process. The method and equipment used in this study may be used to monitor landslide dams and providing early warnings for dam failures.

Numerical investigation of hydro-morphodynamic characteristics of a cascading failure of landslide dams

A cascading failure of landslide dams caused by strong earthquakes or torrential rains in mountainous river valleys can pose great threats to people’s lives,properties,and infrastructures.In this study,based on the three-dimensional Reynoldsaveraged Navier-Stokes equations(RANS),the renormalization group(RNG)k-εturbulence model,suspended and bed load transport equations,and the instability discriminant formula of dam breach side slope,and the explicit finite volume method(FVM),a detailed numerical simulation model for calculating the hydro-morphodynamic characteristics of cascading dam breach process has been developed.The developed numerical model can simulate the breach hydrograph and the dam breach morphology evolution during the cascading failure process of landslide dams.A model test of the breaches of two cascading landslide dams has been used as the validation case.The comparison of the calculated and measured results indicates that the breach hydrograph and the breach morphology evolution process of the upstream and downstream dams are generally consistent with each other,and the relative errors of the key breaching parameters,i.e.,the peak breach flow and the time to peak of each dam,are less than±5%.Further,the comparison of the breach hydrographs of the upstream and downstream dams shows that there is an amplification effect of the breach flood on the cascading landslide dam failures.Three key parameters,i.e.,the distance between the upstream and the downstream dams,the river channel slope,and the downstream dam height,have been used to study the flood amplification effect.The parameter sensitivity analyses show that the peak breach flow at the downstream dam decreases with increasing distance between the upstream and the downstream dams,and the downstream dam height.Further,the peak breach flow at the downstream dam first increases and then decreases with steepening of the river channel slope.When the flood caused by the upstream dam failure flows to the downstream dam,it can produce a surge wave that overtops and erodes the dam crest,resulting in a lowering of the dam crest elevation.This has an impact on the failure occurrence time and the peak breach flow of the downstream dam.The influence of the surge wave on the downstream dam failure process is related to the volume of water that overtops the dam crest and the erosion characteristics of dam material.Moreover,the cascading failure case of the Xiaogangjian and Lower Xiaogangjian landslide dams has also been used as the representative case for validating the model.In comparisons of the calculated and measured breach hydrographs and final breach morphologies,the relative errors of the key dam breaching parameters are all within±10%,which verify the rationality of the model is applicable to real-world cases.Overall,the numerical model developed in this study can provide important technical support for the risk assessment and emergency treatment of failures of cascading landslide dams.

Time series prediction of reservoir bank landslide failure probability considering the spatial variability of soil properties

Historically,landslides have been the primary type of geological disaster worldwide.Generally,the stability of reservoir banks is primarily affected by rainfall and reservoir water level fluctuations.Moreover,the stability of reservoir banks changes with the long-term dynamics of external disastercausing factors.Thus,assessing the time-varying reliability of reservoir landslides remains a challenge.In this paper,a machine learning(ML)based approach is proposed to analyze the long-term reliability of reservoir bank landslides in spatially variable soils through time series prediction.This study systematically investigated the prediction performances of three ML algorithms,i.e.multilayer perceptron(MLP),convolutional neural network(CNN),and long short-term memory(LSTM).Additionally,the effects of the data quantity and data ratio on the predictive power of deep learning models are considered.The results show that all three ML models can accurately depict the changes in the time-varying failure probability of reservoir landslides.The CNN model outperforms both the MLP and LSTM models in predicting the failure probability.Furthermore,selecting the right data ratio can improve the prediction accuracy of the failure probability obtained by ML models.

Examination of Rainfall-Induced Landslide Failure Mechanisms via a Centrifuge Physical Simulation Test

Rainfall is one of the most important factors contributing to landslides, and gentle bedding incline, high-rainfall induced landslides are common throughout the world. Field observations and theoretical analyses have been used to assess slope instability caused by permeability variation. In this study, the influence of rainfall infiltration on gentle bedding incline slope behaviour was investigated using a centrifuge physical simulation test. The magnitude, pattern and development of pore water and earth pressure at the interface;the shear failure surface features;and the corresponding deformation and failure processes were considered. A model with interbedded sand and mud was created, and a centrifuge was used to simulate both natural and rainfall conditions. The weak intercalation was composed of single-material silty clay, and the landslide mass was composed of red-bed sandstone. A combination of photography, pore water pressure measurements and earth pressure measurements were used to examine the relationship between the pore water pressure, earth pressure and failure modes. When the slope experiences overall instability, the curves of the earth pressure and pore water pressure dramatically decrease. The results reveal that the failure shear surface largely depends on the differential creep caused by the properties of the rock mass and the rainfall infiltration.

白龙江流域大型高位滑坡成灾动力过程模拟研究

白龙江流域山高坡陡,分布大量高位滑坡,是我国高位地质灾害风险极高的地区。舟曲县立节镇北山古滑坡位于白龙江左岸,滑坡剪出口与江面高差约700 m,历史上曾发生过多次变形破坏。通过资料搜集、遥感调查与解译、现场调查等手段,查明了立节北山滑坡的地质环境与变形破坏特征,基于光滑质点流体动力学与等效流体模型,开展滑坡后破坏运动过程模拟,对远程致灾危险进行预测分析。模拟分析表明,立节北山滑坡若发生失稳剧滑,将形成高位高速远程滑坡-碎屑流灾害,滑动距离达1 600 m,最大运动速度45.7 m/s,沿途铲刮方量77.7万m~3,滑体扩容系数1.32。滑体约200 s后完全停止运动并堆积,堆积区面积2.2×10~5 m~2,覆盖坡脚立节镇一半的范围,最大堆积厚度17.8 m,最大冲击速度30 m/s。研究结果为立节北山滑坡开展风险评价与分区提供定量化数据,为白龙江流域大型高位滑坡精细调查与风险评估提供参考依据。

Probing multi-physical process and deformation mechanism of a largescale landslide using integrated dual-source monitoring

The implementation of isolated heterologous monitoring systems for spatially distant borehole deployments often comes with substantial equipment costs,which can limit the effectiveness of geohazard mitigation and georisk management efforts.To address this,we have developed a novel monitoring system that integrates fiber Bragg grating(FBG)and microelectromechanical system(MEMS)techniques to capture soil moisture,temperature,sliding resistance,strain,surface tilt,and deep-seated inclination.This system enables real-time,simultaneous data acquisition and cross-validation analyses,offering a costeffective solution for monitoring critical parameters in geohazard-prone areas.We successfully applied this integrated monitoring system to the Xinpu landslide,an active super-large landslide located in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA)of China.The resulting strain profile confirmed the presence of two shallow secondary sliding surfaces at depths of approximately 7 m and 12 m,respectively,in addition to the deep-seated sliding surface at a depth of28 m.The lower secondary sliding surface was activated by extreme precipitation,while the upper one was primarily driven by significant changes in reservoir water levels and secondarily triggered by concentrated rainfalls.Anti-slide piles have remarkably reinforced the upper moving masses but failed to control the lower ones.The gap between the pile heads and the soil amplified the rainwater erosion effect,creating a preferential channel for rainwater infiltration.Multi-physical measurements revealed a mixture of seepage-driven and buoyancy-driven behaviors within the landslide.This study offers an integrated dual-source multi-physical monitoring paradigm that enables collaborative management of multiple crucial boreholes on a large-scale landslide,and contributes to the evaluation and improvement of engineering measures in similar geological settings.

西部高山峡谷区重大滑坡成生规律及灾变演化机理研究进展

中国西部水电工程大多位于高山峡谷内,复杂的工程地质条件导致峡谷库岸滑坡灾害分布广泛。基于西部高山峡谷水电工程区的工程地质特征,系统分析了地形、地质构造、滑体物质、坡体结构和水文地质条件与滑坡的成生发育关系,并总结了典型滑坡的类型、特征及其灾变演化的力学机制。研究结果表明:西部高山峡谷滑坡以坡度30°~50°、高程超过1000 m、体积超过100×10^(4)m^(3)的滑坡为主;三叠系、奥陶系和志留系为典型的易滑地层;降雨和水库蓄水导致侵蚀基准面抬升、侵蚀范围扩大,库区水位的反复升降导致涉水滑坡体前缘岩土体性质降低。西部高山峡谷区滑坡类型主要分为以牵引式滑坡、推移式滑坡和复合式滑坡为主的堆积层滑坡以及以顺层岩质滑坡、溃屈型岩质滑坡、反倾岩质滑坡和座落式滑坡为主的岩质滑坡,不同类型的滑坡其演化过程不同,滑坡灾变机理也有所差异。研究成果将对西部高山峡谷区的滑坡识别、监测、预警以及防治具有一定的指导意义。

页岩数字岩心重构与水力压裂数值试验

为了实现对深部页岩油储层水力裂缝扩展规律的精细研究,以吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组陆相页岩油储层下甜点主要油层段为研究对象,对3684.62~3705.70 m深度范围内的20组页岩样品进行扫描并构建数字岩心,开展水力压裂数值试验.试验获得了各模型的破裂压力和水力裂缝扩展路径.结果表明:破裂压力随孔隙度的增加而降低,随着脆性矿物体积分数的增加而增加,和石英体积分数呈现较明显的线性关系.水力裂缝在孔隙位置起裂,连通独立的孔隙区域并沿着贯通的孔隙区域继续扩展.在远离孔隙区域时,水力裂缝主要沿垂直于最小主应力方向延伸.水力裂缝的复杂程度均随石英体积分数和孔隙度的增加而增加,但也会受到矿物分布形态的影响.当石英体积分数或孔隙度较高且呈现大面积连通分布时,水力裂缝的扩展受到抑制,水力压裂的增渗改造效果较弱.

陡倾片麻岩滑坡演化过程研究——以兰陵溪滑坡为例

弯曲-倾倒破坏是陡倾顺层岩质斜坡的一种变形模式,当其折断面贯通形成滑移面时,斜坡演化为滑坡。以三峡库区兰陵溪滑坡为例,引入反转应力法、梁板强度理论对滑坡变形模式与演化过程进行了研究。结果表明:①该岩质斜坡具有典型的陡倾顺层、岩体结构软硬相间的特点,为其发生弯曲-倾倒破坏提供了先天性条件。②差异性风化是兰陵溪滑坡发生弯曲-倾倒变形的主要原因,片状片麻岩抗弯强度变弱,促使片麻岩逐渐发生弯曲,最后产生弯曲折断-倾倒变形破坏。③兰陵溪滑坡演化过程历经差异性风化、岩层弯曲变形、岩层倾倒破坏、折断面贯通等4个阶段,所有折断面贯通形成潜在滑移面时,斜坡演化为滑坡。研究成果可为该滑坡工程治理提供理论依据,也可为同类型岩质斜坡治理提供思路。

水库滑坡变形特征和预测预报的数值研究

水库滑坡不同于一般山体滑坡,其稳定性受水位波动的影响十分明显。由于水库滑坡的特殊性和重要性,其变形特征和预测预报的研究已成为目前研究的热点和难点。库水水位的波动,改变了水库滑坡的水力边界条件,引起坡体内渗流场的非稳定渗流,采用传统的分析方法很难对其变形破坏特征和稳定性的动态变化进行研究,并对其失稳破坏进行预测预报。因此,基于数值极限分析方法对水位下降过程中滑坡体的变形特征和稳定性的动态变化规律进行了研究;通过位移-时间关系曲线以及位移-时间对数关系曲线对滑坡体的变形破坏特征进行了定量研究,并提出利用水平位移陡升段(加速段)和水平方向的夹角作为滑坡临滑预报的判据,为认清水库滑坡的破坏机制和提升其预报水平提供了新的思路。

非连续变形分析方法模拟千将坪滑坡启动与滑坡全过程

2003年7月13日,位于长江支流青干河左岸的秭归县千将坪村发生巨型基岩滑坡。滑坡体总体积约2.04×107 m3。因千将坪滑坡位于三峡库区,且是在三峡水库首次蓄水至135 m水位后不到2周时间内发生的,其滑坡体地质特征以及成因机制受到社会各界关注。在对千将坪滑坡特征、基本地质条件与力学参数进行调查和研究基础上,利用非连续变形分析方法兼有真实时间模拟和非连续大变形问题分析于一体的优势,研究用非连续变形分析数值模型反映滑坡启动的识别方法,并对该滑坡体的启动条件和滑坡全过程特征进行数值模拟。分析结果表明,千将坪滑坡启动的原因主要是降雨以及库水位上升使得滑坡体控制性滑面力学参数降低所致;滑坡类型为由上部变形错动引起的推移式滑坡;由非连续变形分析方法模拟得到的滑坡最大滑移速度及上部最大滑动错距与实际情况具有可比性,由数值模拟得出的滑坡滑动持续时间约40 s。另外,提出的研究思路与方法可为其他滑坡机制研究所借鉴。

三峡库区卧沙溪滑坡变形失稳机制分析

卧沙溪滑坡位于长江支流青干河右岸,三峡库区蓄水以来,该滑坡的变形持续加剧。地表调查表明滑坡出现了剪性、张性及挤压裂缝;GPS监测数据表明滑坡下部的变形大于上部,滑动是由于库水位下降而引起。滑坡变形机制为前缘牵引后缘平推式,前期以牵引为主,后期以平推为主。强降雨和库水位下降是滑坡变形的主要因素,当库水位在一段时期内按一定速率持续下降时,滑体变形速率明显加大。

金沙江“10·11”白格特大型滑坡形成机制及发展趋势初步分析

2018年10月11日,西藏昌都市江达县波罗乡白格村发生大规模滑坡,约有3165×104m3的山体高速冲入金沙江形成堰塞坝,13日9时堰塞坝体被自然泄流冲开,堰塞湖威胁解除。11月3日,在时隔短短23 d后,该滑坡后缘约215×104m3高位滑体再次发生滑动破坏,高速运动的滑体沿途铲刮坡体并冲入金沙江,再次形成堰塞坝。现场调查研究得出白格滑坡主要是受其后缘逆冲分支断层f2(不整合接触面)控制,并在长期重力卸荷、降雨和地下水的反复浸润作用影响下,最终整体失稳破坏。通过对滑坡演化过程分析得出,其变形破坏过程可分为5个阶段,即:后缘蠕滑和沉降下错阶段(Ⅰ)、坡体裂缝发展、贯通阶段(Ⅱ)、整体启动"锁固端"剪断阶段(Ⅲ)、高速凌空滑跃阶段(Ⅳ)、碰撞、破碎、堆积成坝阶段(Ⅴ)。一期变形破坏机制模式可归结为蠕滑-下错-剪断-滑跃式,破坏方式表现为推移式,后期临空条件较好,破坏将以牵引式为主。在此基础上,结合残留强变形区块(K1、K2、K3)及其周边影响区形貌特征和变形迹象,对其变形破坏特征和发展趋势进行了预测分析,认为后期强变形区总体将以渐进解体方式破坏为主。

三峡库区藕塘滑坡变形失稳机制研究

三峡库区藕塘滑坡是巨型顺层基岩古滑坡,滑坡面积1.78km2,体积约9.0×107m3,威胁3900余人的生命财产安全,涉及场镇整体搬迁,同时对长江航道形成潜在堵塞隐患,是近年来三峡库区重大滑坡灾害之一。基于大量的现场地质调查及工程地质勘探,详细介绍了滑坡地质地貌及地质结构特征;充分利用现场监测数据,深入分析了滑坡变形特征;在此基础上,从地质成因和环境成因两方面对滑坡变形失稳机制展开系统研究,并结合滑坡稳定性计算对其变形发展的趋势进行了预测。相关的结论主要包括:(1)该滑坡具有多级多期次滑动特征,主要表现为三级滑动,且空间形态具有视向倾斜滑动的特征;(2)特殊的地形地貌、地层岩性及地质构造等因素是滑坡长期孕育形成的地质内因;(3)库水位周期性波动及集中降雨是诱发滑坡复活变形的环境外因,研究表明该滑坡变形与库水位下降及集中降雨的相关性显著;库水位下降导致坡体内外地下水落差形成指向坡外的渗透压力,促进滑坡体变形;集中降雨则增加滑坡体自重和下滑力,并使得大量的水富集于易滑软层,软化滑带土,促使滑坡蠕动变形加速;(4)三级滑坡体与西侧变形区在极端工况下存在欠稳定状态可能性,推断现阶段滑坡以局部失稳破坏形式为主。鉴于此,建议进一步加强监测,采取相应的工程防治措施。

三峡库区奉节县新城区T_2b^3泥质灰岩斜坡变形破坏模式的现象学研究

三峡库区奉节县新城区边坡,由于其变形破坏的成因机制和破坏堆积体的特殊性质,成为三峡库区地质灾害防治和边坡防护工程的重中之重,其主要地层“巴东组”第3段泥质灰岩也成为学术界和工程界多年来争论的焦点问题之一。通过现象学的研究方法,对泥质灰岩边坡变形破坏成因机制得到如下认识:(1)“巴东组”第3段泥质灰岩岩性脆且易碎,“渗入性”风化导致了大范围岩体强度降低并形成“酥松”结构;(2)边坡岩层通过切层压裂和沿陡倾和中倾节理的重力滑移剪切破坏,形成岩层的结构松动和逐级错动的重力弯曲现象,使边坡岩体的结构强度显著降低;(3)“巴东组”第3段泥质灰岩边坡破坏所形成的堆积物成分均一、完全无规则排列、无滑坡滑动面(带),不是滑坡和崩塌堆积物,而是边坡一定范围结构崩溃解体的产物;(4)“巴东组”第3段泥质灰岩边坡的变形破坏过程是由于风化引起岩石力学性质弱化和重力变形导致岩体结构松动,直至整体结构崩溃的复合过程。

三峡库区巴东李家湾滑坡变形破坏机理研究

以三峡库区李家湾滑坡为例,对库水位变动影响下的滑坡变形机理进行了探讨。通过现场详细调查、原位声波测试和室内岩体单轴抗压和耐崩解试验分析,认为滑坡岩性组合特征、节理裂隙发育状况为其变形破坏提供了运动空间,库水位波动、水流流动为滑坡内部岩体运动提供了动力条件。由于软弱夹层的存在,在自身重力作用下,斜坡内部岩体发生剪切滑移,坡面发生拉裂。在库水位周期性波动影响下,前缘坡脚岩体受到江水侵蚀,泥灰岩软弱夹层向内发生凹陷,岩体发生弯折倾倒破坏;在江水的侧向淘蚀作用下,岩体发生滑移、错动、坍塌破坏。