Ecological Regionalization of Suitable Trees, Shrubs and Herbages for Vegetation Restoration in the Farming-Pastoral Zone of Northern China

To provide materials for the selection of plant species for vegetation restoration and reconstruction in the farming-pastoral zone in northern China, where the eco-environment has been already deteriorated by over-farming and over-grazing, the suitable trees, shrubs and herbages were examined, screened and identified under the guidance of four principles of taking precedence for ecological conservation, being beneficial to economic production, matching species (trees, shrubs and herbages) with the site, and giving consideration to the integrity of local administrative division. According to the key ecological factors that determine species growth and distribution in the zone, i.e., the lowest daily mean temperature in a year, annual accumulated temperature, and water regimes represented by the moist index, the ratio between annual rainfall and accumulated temperature (>0 degreesC), as well as the soil type influenced by climate, surface substances and landform, the farming-pastoral zone was regionalized into seven parts: ( I) Western Songliao Plain and Da Hinggan Mountain Region; (II) Upper Liaohe River Sandy Region; (III) Mid-Eastern Nei Mongol Plateau and Northwestern Heibei Mountain Region; (IV) Luliang, Taihang and Yanshan Mountain Region; ( V) Ordos Plateau Sandy Region; (VI) Northern Shaanxi to Eastern Gansu Loess Plateau Region; and (VII) Mid Gansu to Eastern Qinghai Plateau Loess Region. And the suitable trees, shrubs and herbages for each region were selected and tabularly introduced in detail.

Vegetation-Climate Relationship and Its Application in the Division of Vegetation Zone in China

Distribution of vegetation is closely coupled with climate; the climate controls distribution of vegetation and the vegetation type reflects regional climates. To reveal vegetation_climate relationships is the foundation for understanding the vegetation distribution and theoretically serving vegetation regionalization. Vegetation regionalization is a theoretical integration of vegetation studies and provides a base for physiogeographical regionalization as well as agriculture and forestry regionalization. Based on a brief historical overview on studies of vegetation_climate relationships and vegetation regionalization conducted in China, we review the principles, bases and major schemes of previous vegetation regionalization and discuss on several contentious boundaries of vegetation zones in the present paper. We proposed that, under the circumstances that the primary vegetation has been destroyed in most parts of China, the division of vegetation zones/regions should be based on the distribution of primary and its secondary vegetation types and climatic indices that delimit distribution of the vegetation types. This not only reveals the closed relationship between vegetation and climate, but also is feasible practically. Although there still are divergence of views on the name and their boundaries of the several vegetation zones, it is commonly accepted that there are eight major vegetation regions in China, i.e. cold temperate needleleaf forest region, temperate needleleaf and broadleaf mixed forest region, warm temperate deciduous broadleaf forest region, subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest region, tropical monsoon forest and rain forest region, temperate steppe region, temperate desert region, and Qinghai_Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau high_cold vegetation region. Analyzing characteristics of vegetation and climate of major vegetation boundaries, we suggested that: 1) Qinling Mountain_Huaihe River line is an important arid/humid climatic, but not a thermal climatic boundary, and thus can not also be regarded as the northern limit of the subtropical vegetation zone; 2) the northern limit of subtropical vegetation zone in China is along the northern coast of the Yangtze River, from Hangzhou Bay, via Taihu Lake, Xuancheng and Tongling in Anhui Province, through by southern slope of the Dabie Mountains, to Wuhan and its west, coinciding with a warmth index ( WI ) value of 130-140 ℃·month; 3) the tropical region is limited in a very small area in southeastern Hainan Island and southern edge of Taiwan Island; and 4) considering a significant difference in climates between the southern and northern parts of the warm temperate zone, we suggested that the warm temperate zone in China is divided into two vegetation regions, deciduous broadleaf woodland region and deciduous and evergreen broadleaf mixed forest region, the Qinling Mountain_Huaihe River line being as their boundary. We also claimed that the zonal vegetation in North China is deciduous broadleaf woodland. Finally, we emphasized the importance of dynamic vegetation regionalization linked to climate changes.

Drought and flood characteristics in the farmingpastoral ecotone of northern China based on the Standardized Precipitation Index

The farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China(FPENC)provides an important ecological barrier which restrains the invasion of desert into Northwest China.Studying drought and flood characteristics in the FPENC can provide scientific support and practical basis for the protection of the FPENC.Based on monthly precipitation data from 115 meteorological stations,we determined the changes in climate and the temporal and spatial variations of drought and flood occurrence in the FPENC during 1960-2020 using the Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI),Morlet wavelet transform,and inverse distance weighted interpolation method.Annual precipitation in the FPENC showed a slightly increasing trend from 1960 to 2020,with an increasing rate of about 1.15 mm/a.The interannual SPI exhibited obvious fluctuations,showing an overall non-significant upward trend(increasing rate of 0.02/a).Therefore,the study area showed a wetting trend in recent years.Drought and flood disasters mainly occurred on an interannual change cycle of 2-6 and 9-17 a,respectively.In the future,a tendency towards drought can be expected in the FPENC.The temporal and spatial distribution of drought and flood differed in the northwestern,northern,and northeastern segments of the FPENC,and most of the drought and flood disasters occurred in local areas.Severe and extreme drought disasters were concentrated in the northwestern and northeastern segments,and severe and extreme flood disasters were mainly in the northeastern segment.Drought was most frequent in the northwestern segment,the central part of the northeastern segment,and the northern part of the northern segment.Flood was most frequent in the western part of the northwestern segment,the eastern part of the northeastern segment,and the eastern and western parts of the northern segment.The accurate evaluation of the degrees of drought and flood disasters in the FPENC will provide scientific basis for the regional climate study and critical information on which to base decisions regarding environmental protection and socio-economic development in this region.

Variability and Variation Characteristics of Climate in Northern Winter Wheat Zone during 1961-2004

[Objective] The research aimed to study the variability and variation characteristics of climate in northern winter wheat zone during 1961-2004.[Method] Based on the meteorological data (temperature,precipitation and sunshine) of 55 meteorological stations in northern winter wheat zone during 1961-2004 and the yield data of winter wheat,by using the linear regression,correlated coefficient and climatic tendency rate,the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of agricultural climatic resources (sunshine hours,temperature and precipitation) in northern winter wheat zone were analyzed.[Result] The annual average temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours in northern winter wheat zone during 1961-2004 all presented certain zonal distribution in the space.The precipitation and temperature gradually decreased from south to north.The sunshine hours gradually increased from south to north.The annual average temperature overall presented rise trend in northern winter wheat zone in 44 years,but the rise rate had difference in the different areas.The rise of annual average temperature in the high-latitude zone was more obvious than that in the low-latitude zone.The annual rainfall overall presented decrease trend,and the tendency rate of annual precipitation had significant difference in the different areas.The decrease rates of rainfalls in the central and western areas were bigger than that in other areas.The annual sunshine hours overall presented decline trend.In most areas,the tendency rate of annual sunshine hours was negative.But there was certain difference in the different areas.The zones where the decrease amplitude was smaller scattered in the west,and included central Shaanxi,south of Shanxi and some areas in southeast of Shandong.The decrease amplitudes were bigger in south of Henan,northwest of Shandong and south of Hebei.[Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis for understanding the historical evolution of climate in northern winter wheat zone.

Comment on "Estimation of potential distribution of gas hydrate in the northern South China Sea" by Chunjuan Wang et al.

Herein we would like to comment on the paper ＂Estimation of potential distribution of gas hydrate in the northern South China Sea＂ by Wang et al. 2010 in Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Lirnnology, 28（3）： 693-699. The purpose of this comment is to point out that the given probabilities of gas hydrate occtwrence in the northern Zhujiang Mouth Basin and the Yinggehai Basin in the figure of Wang et al. （2010） are improper. After introducing our work of estimation of gas hydrate stability distribution in the northern South China Sea, we suggest that Wang et al. （2010） dismissed the basic P-T rule for the existence of gas hydrate. They should consider more the variables of water depth, seabed temperature and geothermal gradient in their gas hydrate distribution model in future studies.

Geochemical characteristics of island-arc volcanic rocks in the Nan-Nam Pat-Phetchabun zone,northern Thailand

Late Permian-Early Triassic(P2-T1) volcanic rocks distributed on the eastern side of ocean-ridge and oceanic-island basalts in the Nan-Uttaradit zone were analyzed from aspects of petrographic characteristics,rock assemblage,REE,trace elements,geotectonic setting,etc.,indicating that those volcanic rocks possess the characteristic features of island-arc volcanic rocks.The volcanic rock assemblage is basalt-basaltic andesite-andesite.The volcanic rocks are sub-alkaline,dominated by calc-alkaline series,with tholeiite series coming next.The chemical composition of the volcanic rocks is characterized by low TiO2 and K2O and high Al2O3 and Na2O.Their REE patterns are of the flat,weak LREE-enrichment right-inclined type.The trace elements are characterized by the enrichment of large cation elements such as K,Rb and Ba,common enrichment of U and Th,and depletion of Nb,Ta,Zr and Hf.The petrochemical plot falls within the field of volcanic rocks,in consistency with the plot of island-arc volcanic rocks in the Jinsha River zone of China.This island-arc volcanic zone,together with the ocean-ridge/oceanic island type volcanic rocks in the Nan-Uttaradit zone,constitutes the ocean-ridge volcanic rock-island-arc magmatic rock zones which are distributed in pairs,indicating that the oceanic crust of the Nan-Uttaradit zone once was of eastward subduction.This work is of great significance in exploring the evolution of paleo-Tethys in the Nan-Uttaradit zone.

Land use pattern evolution and optimization in the Farming-Pastoral Zone of Northern China

Using information about the land cover of the Farming-Pastoral Zone of Northern China retrieved from multi-temporal NOAA/AVHRR and SPOT VEGETAN images obtained in 1989, 1994 and 1999, the authors analyzed land-use pattern evolution over this 10-year period and built a land-use pattern simulation model, based on which land-use pattern evolution and optimization modeling in this region were studied. Results showed that the proposed model can effectively simulate regional land-use patterns and help improve regional ecological environments.

Development of quantitative methods for detecting climate contributions to boundary shifts in farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China

The quantitative effect of climate change on fragile regions has been a hot topic in the field of responses to climate change. Previous studies have qualitatively documented the impacts of climate change on boundary shifts in the farming-pastoral ecotone （FPE）; however, the quantitative methods for detecting climate contributions remain relatively limited. Based on long-term data of meteorological stations and interpretations of land use since 1970, climate and land use boundaries of the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s were delineated. To detect climate contributions to the FPE boundary shifts, we developed two quantitative methods to explore the spatial-temporal pattern of climate and land use boundary at the east-west （or south-north） （FishNet method） and transect directions （Digital Shoreline Analysis System, DSAS method）. The results indicated that significant differences were exhibited in climate boundaries, land use boundaries, as well as climate contributions in different regions during different periods. The northwest FPE had smaller variations, while the northeast FPE had greater shifts. In the northwest part of the southeast fringe of the Greater Hinggan Mountains and the Inner Mongolian Plateau, the shifts of climate boundaries were significantly related to the land use boundaries. The climate contributions at an east-west direction ranged from 10.7% to 44.4%, and those at a south-north direction varied from 4.7% to 55.9%. The majority of the results from the DSAS were consistent with those from the FishNet. The DSAS method is more accurate and suitable for precise detection at a small scale, whereas the FishNet method is simple to conduct statistical analysis rapidly and directly at a large scale. Our research will be helpful to adapt to climate change, to develop the productive potential, as well as to protect the environment of the FPE in northern China.

南海北部水合物区HD109站位沉积物及孔隙水特征对甲烷渗漏的响应:来自元素和钡同位素的记录

甲烷渗漏活动及甲烷厌氧氧化作用(AOM)不仅导致特定自生矿物的形成,更会引起沉积物-孔隙水体系中元素和同位素组成的变化。本研究对南海北部水合物赋存区HD109站位开展了沉积物-孔隙水的Ba同位素及微量元素特征研究,综合分析了沉积物-孔隙水的氧化还原敏感元素(Mo、U)、Ba及Ba同位素特征对古今硫酸盐-甲烷转换带(SMTZ)及甲烷渗漏事件的指示。HD109站位孔隙水元素变化特征显示了清晰的地球化学分带,由上至下包括Fe-Mn还原带、硫酸盐还原带和硫酸盐-甲烷过渡带。沉积物Ba元素特征显示现今SMTZ上方有较为明显的钡峰(Ba/Al高值)发育,沉积物浅部Mo、U富集层位及相邻层位Ba/Al值特征综合指示了浅部古钡峰及古SMTZ的存在,代表沉积历史上甲烷渗漏通量较高事件。孔隙水δ^(138/134)Ba值普遍高于海洋颗粒钡及碎屑钡的δ^(138/134)Ba值,反映了沉积物中成岩重晶石溶解的贡献,其中,现代钡峰附近孔隙水具有明显的δ^(138/134)Ba峰值,显示孔隙水δ^(138/134)Ba对自生重晶石沉淀过程有较显著的响应。

南海西北部陆缘张破裂过程与特征

南海西北部陆缘是被动大陆边缘中度岩浆类型的代表,针对其伸展变形和薄化破裂的研究存在诸多争议,限制了对南海陆缘的全面认知。本研究通过高精度地震剖面分析沉积-断层-岩浆-地壳结构,结合重力反演模型,探讨西北部陆缘变形与破裂过程。结果显示:①西北部陆缘早期(Tg~T80)断层活动速率可达150~500 m/Ma,同张裂期沉积呈楔状,陆缘上地壳以脆性变形为主;晚期(T80~T70)断层活动速率下降,同张裂期沉积更加均厚,陆缘地壳变形的韧性成分占比增加;②从陆架到上陆坡,脆韧转换带与上下地壳分界面深度相近,但从下陆坡到洋陆过渡带(COT),脆韧转换带快速抬升至地壳浅层(5~10 km),上、下地壳拉伸系数均从2~3增加至4~5,推测岩浆侵位(~38 Ma)增加COT地温梯度,导致大部分地壳以韧性方式变形;③西北部陆缘北侧和南侧地壳厚度在~70 km和~30 km范围从~20 km减薄至6~7 km,结合COT的沉积充填、断裂结构和上下地壳厚度特征,提出陆缘地壳早期伸展减薄受控于南倾的单剪式断层,晚期以韧性纯剪方式伸展破裂。该研究为探讨南海北部陆缘横向差异性以及建立中度岩浆型陆缘模型提供新依据。

Impacts of Recent Climate Change on Dry-Land Crop Water Consumption in the Northern Agro-Pastoral Transitional Zone of China

Climate change has substantially impacted crop growth and development in the northern agro-pastoral transitional zone. Examination of the response of crop water consumption to climate change may provide a guide for adapting local agricultural production and ecological construction to new realities. The water consumption of three local crops （wheat, naked oats, and potatoes） is examined for Wuchuan County in the northern agro-pastoral transitional zone of China using meteorological data from 1960 to 2007 and soil moisture data from 1983 to 2007. The relationships between climate change and the crop water consumption are discussed. The results show that Wuchuan experienced both a warming trend and a reduction of precipitation between 1960 and 2007. The annual mean surface air temperature increased at a rate of 0.04℃ yr-1 and the annual precipitation decreased at a rate of 0.7 mm yr-1 . Both trends are particularly pronounced between 1983 and 2007, with an increase in annual mean temperature of 0.09℃ yr-1 and a decrease in annual mean precipitation of 2.1 mm yr-1 . Crop water consumption decreased between 1983 and 2007 for wheat （1.65 mm yr-1 ）, naked oats （2.04 mm yr-1 ）, and potatoes （3.85 mm yr-1 ）. Potatoes and naked oats consume more water than wheat. Climate change has significantly impacted crop water consumption. Water consumption and rainfall during the growing season are positively correlated, while water consumption and active accumulated temperature are negatively correlated. Compared to precipitation, accumulated temperature has little impact on crop water consumption. Recent climate change has been detrimental for crop production in Wuchuan County. Adaptation to climate change should include efforts to breed drought-resistant crops and to develop drought-resistant cultivation techniques.

Determinants and identification of the northern boundary of China's tropical zone

The influence of monsoon climatic characteristics makes the tropics of China different from those of other parts of the world. Therefore, the location of the northern boundary of China's tropical zone has been one of the most controversial issues in the study of comprehensive physical regionalisation in China. This paper introduces developments in the study of the northern boundary of China's tropical zone, in which different scholars delimit the boundary with great differences based on different regionalisation objectives, indexes, and methods. The main divergence of opinion is found in different understandings of zonal vegetation, agricultural vegetation type, cropping systems, tropical soil type and tropical characteristics. In this study, we applied the Geo Detector model, which measures the spatial stratified heterogeneity, to validate the northern boundaries of the tropical zone delimited by six principal scholars. The results show that the mean q-statistic value of the higher latitude boundary delimited by Ren Mei'e is the largest(q=0.37), suggesting that, of the rival views, it best reflects the regional differences between China's tropical and subtropical zones, but it is not necessarily suitable for guiding the development of tropical agriculture. The mean values of the q-statistics of Zheng Du's line and Yu Xianfang's line around the Leizhou Peninsula at a lower latitude were smaller, at 0.10 and 0.08 respectively, indicating that the regional differences were smaller than those of Ren Mei'e's boundary. Against the background of global climate change, the climate itself is changing in fluctuation. It is, thus, worth our further research whether the northern boundary of the tropical zone should not be a fixed line but rather should fluctuate within a certain scope to reflect these changes.

中国北方地区40年来湿润指数和气候干湿带界线的变化

本文研究了中国北方地区 196 1～ 2 0 0 0年 4 0年间气候干湿带界线分布和 10年际变化。 4 0年来中国北方地区 ,在东经 10 0°以东地区 ,半干旱区和半湿润区的分界线不断波动向东推进 ,2 0世纪 90年代比 6 0年代向东和向南扩展 ,半干旱区面积扩大 ,半湿润区面积缩小 ,气候趋向干旱化 ;东经 10 0°以西地区 ,极端干旱区面积在缩小 ,湿润指数有增大趋势。如果把温度和湿润指数相结合 ,东经 10 0°以东的黄淮海区和黄土高原区为持续的干暖型 ;东经 10 0°以西的西北地区 ,则由干暖型向湿暖型转变 :河西走廊和东疆盆地转型的时间发生在 2 0世纪 70年代初 ,北疆山地绿洲荒漠地区转型的时间发生 2 0世纪 80年代中期前后。气候干湿带界线的变化取决于降水和潜在蒸发的变化速率。 4 0年来 ,在东经 10 0°以东地区 ,降水和潜在蒸发都呈下降趋势 ,但降水减少速率大于潜在蒸发下降速率 ;在东经 10 0°以西地区变湿的原因 ,研究认为除了降水有所增加外 ,潜在蒸发也在下降 ,而且潜在蒸发下降速率的绝对值大于降水增加速率。

黑龙江省饲料油菜品种筛选与种植技术研究

为筛选适宜在黑龙江省规模化种植的饲料油菜品种及栽培模式,采用多年多点的田间定位方法,研究了不同品种、不同种植方式和播期的产量差异和施肥效应以及不同收获期产量及营养成分积累规律。结果表明:金油158、15-P15和12-P38的产量表现好;采用机播平作,播种量15 kg/hm^2,底肥施磷酸二铵150 kg/hm^2,4月22日早播,能够显著提高饲用油菜的生物量。盛花期收获,饲用油菜生物量相对较高,推测其与玉米秸秆混合青贮,制成配合饲料较好。本文结果为饲料油菜在我国北方早熟区开展多功能开发利用提供了参考。

南海北部陆坡天然气水合物成藏条件及其控制因素

南海北部陆坡区天然气水合物(以下简称水合物)资源潜力虽然巨大,但影响该区水合物成藏的地质因素却异常复杂。为此,从水合物成藏的稳定域、气体来源、气体疏导体系以及储集层特征等宏观地质条件的视角,剖析了水合物成藏的地质条件及主要控制因素。结果表明:1南海北部热流分布较复杂,影响着水合物稳定域的空间分布,而区域构造地质演化则控制着水合物成矿气体来源、气体疏导体系、富集空间及储层物性特征;2南海北部陆坡从西部—中部—东部,水合物成藏条件及控制因素具有明显的差异性,对水合物成藏模式和空间分布都产生了深刻影响;3总体而言,从陆坡的东段到西段新构造活动渐次减弱,水合物稳定域厚度由东而西、由南向北厚变薄,东部以台西南盆地深水斜坡带成藏条件最为优越,兼具扩散型和渗漏型水合物发育的地质条件,水合物矿藏在稳定域内呈多层、多形式富集的特点,中部以神狐海域白云凹陷南坡为典型代表,为扩散型水合物发育的有利区,水合物矿藏在稳定域底部呈单层发育特点,西南部以琼东南盆地的陆坡深水区成藏条件最为优越,有利于发育渗漏型水合物矿藏。

郯庐断裂带北段及邻区现代地震活动性与应力状态

收集了郯庐断裂带北段及邻区自1964年1月至2008年1月的1254个ML≥2.0的地震数据和191条震源机制解、198条原地应力测量数据,通过震中分布、震源深度、应变释放速率的分析计算和震源机制解及其它应力数据的统计,探讨了郯庐北段现今的地震活动性和应力状态。结果表明,郯庐断裂带北段及邻区的地震活动可分为日本海-长白山深震区、郯庐断裂带北段地震区、松辽盆地西缘地震区和松辽盆地内部地震区;郯庐断裂带北段现今地震强度较小,频度较低,但空间差异性显著,依兰-伊通断裂活动性比敦化-密山断裂强,且具有两端强而中间弱的分段活动特点;深震区P轴平均走向为288°,倾角约31°,断裂活动以逆断为主;郯庐断裂带北段附近浅震P轴走向以NEE-SWW向为主,倾角平均26°,T轴走向以NNW-SSE向为主,倾角平均23°,断裂活动以走滑和逆断为主。浅震区和深震区主压应力方位存在差异,这可能是在西太平洋板块低角度高速水平消减产生的NWW向挤压应力作用下,郯庐断裂北段右行走滑派生的次级应力场的影响。

华北板块北缘西段裂谷系金矿床成矿特征及成因探讨

白云鄂博群和渣尔泰山群是华北板块北缘中新元古代裂陷谷沉积的陆缘碎屑岩、泥页岩、碳酸盐岩及少量火山岩建造,赋存的典型金矿床有白云鄂博北部金矿床、朱拉扎嘎、浩尧尔忽洞等成型金矿床。从区域成矿角度看,由西向东构成了一个巨大的Au-Cu-Pb-Zn-S(Fe)-Mn-Au-REE-Nb-Fe热水沉积成矿系统。地质特征表明金矿床均具有明显的层控型特点;元素地球化学特征显示金的来源主要与中元古代火山活动及沉积地层有关;同位素年龄暗示一期重要成矿时代与华力西晚期的岩浆-构造事件相耦合。认为金矿床成因可概括为热水喷流沉积-热液叠加改造复合型。显示具有较大的找矿潜力。

1964-2013年中国北方农牧交错带温度和降水时空演变特征

基于中国气象局1964-2013年温度和降水格点观测数据,利用旋转经验正交分解对中国北方农牧交错带进行了气候分区,并分析研究了该地区近50年的温度和降水变化特征。结果表明:(1)我国北方农牧交错带共可分西区、中区、东区南段、东北段4个区域。(2)整体来看,近50年农牧交错带增暖显著,其中最低温和冬季增温贡献最大;年降水量略有减少(50年减少约13 mm),主要表现为夏季降水减少。(3)分区来看,中区增温最快;西区年降水量是减少的,主要发生在春季;中区与东区南段年降水量也是减少的,主要发生在夏季;而东区北段年降水量是增加的,主要是春季降水的贡献。(4)1998年以来,农牧交错带存在同全球变暖停滞类似的增温停滞现象,且停滞程度更明显。