Spatiotemporal Evolution of Ecological Quality in Typical Karst Ecologically Fragile Areas Based on Remote Sensing Ecological Indexes

Fast and effective remote sensing monitoring is an important means for analyzing the spatio-temporal changes in ecological quality in fragile karst regions.This study focuses on Guanling Autonomous County,a national-level demonstration county for comprehensive desertification control.Based on Landsat TM/OLI remote sensing image data from 2005,2010,2015,and 2020,remote sensing ecological indices were used to analyze the spatio-temporal changes in ecological quality in Guanling Autonomous County from 2005 to 2020.The results show that:①the variance contribution rates of the first principal component for the four periods were 66.31%,71.59%,63.18%,and 75.24%,indicating that PC1 integrated most of the characteristics of the four indices,making the RSEI suitable for evaluating ecological quality in karst mountain areas;②the remote sensing ecological index grades have been increasing year by year,with an overall trend of improving ecological quality.The area of higher-grade ecological quality has increased spatially,while fragmented patches have gradually decreased,becoming more concentrated in the low-altitude areas in the northwest and east,and there is a trend of expansion towards higher-altitude areas;③the ecological environment quality in most areas has improved,with the improvement in RSEI spatio-temporal variation becoming more noticeable with increasing slope.Areas of higher-grade quality appeared in 2010,and the range of higher-grade quality expanded with increasing slope.

Spatio-temporal Evolution and Optimization of Landscape Ecological Risk in Karst Mountainous Areas

[Objective]The ecological vulnerability and landscape ecological risk of karst mountainous areas have increased as a result of enhanced disturbance of natural resources by human activities.This paper aimed to explore the characteristics of ecological risk evolution under different landscape patterns in the region,with a view to providing reference for land classification protection,sustainable use of resources and regional ecological risk optimization in karst mountainous areas.[Method]Taking Huangping County,a typical karst mountainous area,as an example,eight evaluation factors of natural and landscape patterns were selected to construct a landscape ecological risk evaluation model,to quantitatively explore the spatio-temporal evolution of landscape ecological risk and the trend of risk level transfer in the study area from^(2)010-2018,and to reveal the complex relationship between ecological risk and topography in karst mountainous areas.[Result]①From 2010 to 2018,land use types changed to different degrees,with the most amount of woodland transferred out(1627.37 hm^(2))and the most amount of construction land transferred in(1303.93 hm^(2));a total of 3552.31 hm^(2) of land was transferred,with a change ratio of 2.13%,and there was a significant conversion between construction land,arable land,and woodland.②From 2010 to 2018,the landscape ecological risk in the study area changed significantly,and the landscape ecological risk index decreased from 0.3441 to 0.1733,showing an upward and then downward trend;the landscape ecological risk of the whole region was dominated by low-risk and lower-risk zones,and the ecological risk level generally shifted from a high level to a low level,and the ecological environment was improved.③There was a negative correlation between ecological risk and topographic position,and high-risk zones were mainly distributed among low topographic zones;with the change of time,the advantage of risk level for the selection of topography was gradually weakened,and the influence of anthropogenic factors on the ecological risk of the landscape was becoming more and more prominent.[Conclusion]This paper can provide theoretical basis for land use optimization and ecological protection in karst mountainous areas.

ECOLOGICAL SECURITY EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN KARST MOUNTAINOUS AREA—A Case Study of Du'an Yao Autonomous County in Guangxi

Ecological security is the main task and applied field of present geography, resources and environment sciences and ecology. Ecological security evaluation will efficiently promote ecological security and environmental construction in regional land use. In this thesis, the authors put forward the index system of ecological security evaluation in karst mountainous area on three aspects, the pressure of resources and eco-environment, the quality of resources and eco-environment, and the ability of environmental protection and ecological improvement. Using the evaluation method with single index, based on the case study ofDu'an Yao Autonomous County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, the system of synthetic regionalization of ecological agricultural economy was formed, which includes three regions, south region with basic security and synthetic agricultural development, east region with critical security and agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry balanced development, mid-west and south region with ecological insecurity and compounded agriculture and forestry management. Meanwhile, for these regions, the countermeasures of sustainable agricultural development were pointed out, which provide the basis and example for ecological regulation and control of sustainable agricultural development in counties ofkarst mountainous area.

Changes in Vegetation and Assessment of Meteorological Conditions in Ecologically Fragile Karst Areas

Meteorological conditions have an important impact on changes of vegetation in ecologically fragile karst areas.This study aims to explore a method for quantitative evaluation of these meteorological conditions. We analyzed the changing trend of vegetation during 2000–2018 and the correlations between vegetation changes and various meteorological factors in karst rocky areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Key meteorological factors in vegetation areas with varying degrees of improvement were selected and evaluated at seasonal timescale. A quantitative evaluation model of comprehensive influences of meteorological factors on vegetation was built by using the partial least-square regression(PLS). About 91.45% of the vegetation tended to be improved, while only the rest 8.55% showed a trend of degradation from 2000 to 2018. Areas with evident vegetation improvement were mainly distributed in the middle and northeast, and those with obvious vegetation degradation were scattered. Meteorological factors affecting vegetation were significantly different among the four seasons. Overall, high air humidity, small temperature difference in spring and autumn, and low daily minimum temperature and air pressure were favorable conditions. Low temperature in winter as well as high temperature in summer and autumn were unfavorable conditions. The Climate Vegetation Index(CVI) model was established by PLS using the maximum, minimum, and average temperatures;vapor pressure;rainfall;and air pressure as key meteorological factors. The Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI) was well fitted by the CVI model, with the average coefficient of determination(r2) and root mean square error(RMSE) of 0.856 and 0.042, respectively. Finally, an assessment model of comprehensive meteorological conditions was built based on the interannual differences in CVI. The meteorological conditions in the study area in 2014 were successfully evaluated by combining the model and selected seasonal key meteorological factors.

生态脆弱区农户返贫脆弱性评估及其影响因素--以陇南山区为例

生态脆弱区既是生态环境最敏感区域,也是返贫问题较为集中的区域,返贫脆弱性作为评价农户返贫状况的重要指标,可为生态脆弱区农户的防返贫提供有效借鉴。以地处西秦岭的陇南山区为例,构建农户的返贫脆弱性评价指标体系,并利用微观调查数据,测度农户的返贫脆弱性水平,并利用分位数回归模型揭示其影响因素。结果发现:(1)陇南山区农户返贫脆弱性指数均值为0.103,整体处于中度脆弱水平,等级分布呈“两头小中间大”的橄榄形态势。(2)不同类型农户的返贫脆弱性水平存在分化特征,高山区、农业收入占比高、抚养比高的农户返贫脆弱性较高,且农业收入占比高、抚养比高农户的高脆弱群体占比也高。(3)不同抚养比农户的暴露度与适应能力差异最为显著,敏感性水平则在不同生计方式和抚养比农户中差异最大。(4)家庭规模的扩大可显著增强农户的返贫脆弱性,而交通便利度、网络覆盖率、未来生活预期、帮扶措施多样化和政策帮扶强度的提高可有效减缓农户的返贫脆弱性;政策帮扶强度削弱了高度脆弱农户因交通便利度低所致的返贫脆弱性,帮扶措施多样化则减弱了户主受教育水平高所发挥的降脆效果。

生态脆弱区公路选线优化及生态敏感性研究——以贵州省黔东南州玉屏至镇远公路为例

大规模交通基础设施的快速发展加剧了生态风险,尤其是生态脆弱区的公路建设,易对沿线生物多样性及生态系统构成重大威胁,如何填补这一空白,更好地优化公路选线仍缺乏普遍研究。本研究以贵州省黔东南州玉屏至镇远公路选线为例,采取客观、定量的评价方法分析公路沿线生态稳定性,通过构建公路生态敏感性评价体系,运用层次分析法(AHP)及ArcGIS空间加权叠加分析,指导其在生态脆弱区的选线优化,有效防止生态系统的进一步破碎和丧失。结果表明:1)从高程(B1)、坡度(B2)、坡向(B3)、水源保护(B4)、土地利用现状(B5)、风景名胜资源保护(B6)、植被覆盖度(B7)、景观破碎度(B8)、地质灾害(B9)9个指标进行评价,权重值由大到小为B7>B1>B4>B8>B5>B2>B9>B6>B3,表明植被覆盖度对公路生态敏感性影响最大,坡向影响最小。2)玉屏至镇远公路生态敏感性分值为1.60~5.62,高敏感区和中敏感区分别占10.72%和25.84%。3)对传统公路选线(B线)与基于生态敏感性选线(K线)指标对比,K线生态敏感性(4.34)低于B线(4.58),提出了不同路段工程建设适宜性与生态恢复策略。本研究为生态脆弱区公路选线提供了科学依据,并可推广至其他领域绿色基础设施的规划与实践。

面向县域生态安全的岩溶山区生态修复研究——以宁远县为例

生态修复是国土空间治理的重要组成部分。面向县域生态安全,以湖南省宁远县为例,立足南岭生态系统服务功能与岩溶地貌特点,以生态安全格局为切入点,空间化识别县域生态保护重要性,并从整体生态格局分析县域生态系统问题,进而划分生态保护修复分区,提出生态修复重点工程。结果表明:①宁远县生态保护重要性等级高,全县极重要、重要区域占比达59.16%,总体呈“两屏、四水、多廊、多点”生态网络保护格局;②县域国土空间存在生态斑块破碎、生态廊道侵蚀严重、水土流失加剧、石漠化风险进一步扩散等问题;③以问题为导向、分区为基础、重点工程为手段的生态修复方案,符合面向县域生态安全的形成和优化。

产业结构演变下西南喀斯特地区产业生态效率时空演变——以贵州省为例

运用基于改进的生态足迹模型方法,分析贵州省产业结构演变下产业生态效率时空变化。研究结果显示,随着贵州省产业结构由“一二三”阶段演变到“二一三”“二三一”阶段以及“三二一”阶段,产业生态效率的增长率分别为8.2%、8.1%、14.1%,整体平均增长率为10.1%,与全国相比还有一定的差距。第一产业的生态效率平均增长率为9.4%,第二产业的生态效率平均增长率为8.2%,第三产业生态效率平均增长率为10.6%。在1986—2019年间,贵州省各市(州)产业生态效率不断增加,产业生态效率与产业生态效率增长率存在一定差距,总体差距呈现减少趋势。根据研究结果提出了新时期贵州省经济发展的相应对策。

国土空间生态修复关键区识别及修复分区——以西南喀斯特山区开远市为例

以开远市为例,从生态系统服务和生态脆弱性视角,构建生态安全格局并识别生态修复关键区域;以生态问题指数识别生态修复关键区内存在的生态问题,划定生态修复分区并提出相应的修复策略.研究表明:(1)开远市生态安全格局由两种源地和两类廊道构成.其中生态保护源地和生态修复源地的面积分别为190.53和16.82km^(2),潜在生态廊道和修复廊道总长分别为191.15和75.71km.(2)基于生态安全格局提取开远市生态修复关键区域,包括15个生态修复源地、12条修复廊道、31个生态夹点和11个障碍区.生态修复关键区域内石漠化主要集中于开远市西部和南部,西部石漠化程度较南部更高;土壤侵蚀以微度侵蚀为主;地质灾害多发于采矿区以及喀斯特地貌区;景观生态风险均较高;人为干扰集中在西北—东南一线.(3)根据生态问题指数(Ecological Problem Index)测算结果,将生态修复关键区域分为生态保育区、功能提升区、灾害防治区和重点整治区,并结合各区突出生态问题提出相应的优化策略.

外来植物入侵对喀斯特乡土物种多样性影响研究进展

外来植物入侵导致了喀斯特生态系统的严重退化,遏制生态脆弱区外来植物入侵迫在眉睫。本研究解析了外来植物对喀斯特乡土物种多样性影响的过程,分析了外来植物在喀斯特生境中入侵的可能机制,提出将外来植物未入侵、入侵以及入侵种去除三种类型的群落整个到一个框架中,这可能是全面理解外来植物入侵过程的有效途径。基于此框架,在环境(包括资源的可利用性以及异质性)和入侵强度(梯度去除入侵种)梯度上,构建如上三种群落间的物种多样性关系,度量外来植物内禀优势和资源环境及其交互作用在外来植物入侵过程中的相对贡献,这应该是未来喀斯特生态脆弱区外来植物入侵预测和防治研究的重要方向。通过对喀斯特生态系统的外来植物入侵研究,不仅可以丰富入侵生态学的内容,而且可为其他生态脆弱区的外来物种入侵的影响评价和防治提供理论依据和实践指导。

山江海地域系统关键带综合分类研究——以桂西南喀斯特区-北部湾海岸带为例

为满足自然资源发展规划的需求,本文基于山江海视角,以桂西南喀斯特区-北部湾海岸带为研究对象,采用地貌类型、地质类型、土壤类型、植被类型和土地利用要素构建了山江海地域系统关键带三级分类方案,运用空间叠置法对分类要素进行叠加和制图综合分析,并进行山江海地域系统关键带区划分类、制图和环境因子分析研究。结果表明,可将桂西南喀斯特区-北部湾海岸带划分为38个一级单元、78个二级单元、111个三级单元。一级关键带分类中海拔山地-非碳酸盐岩区占据面积最大,为19.10%;二级分类中海拔山地-非碳酸盐岩区-红壤性土占据面积最大,为13.98%;三级分类中低海拔丘陵-非碳酸盐岩区-复盐基红黏土-针叶林-河渠占据面积最大,为15.21%。研究结果表明,本文所提出的关键带综合分类方案可体现区域特征中的差异和驱动因素,因此可为自然资源地表系统规划提供理论基础,同时可为国内外相关研究提供参考依据。

固碳能力提升目标下自然生态空间保护研究——以喀斯特山区宁远县为例

自然生态空间与碳汇空间高度重合,自然生态空间的保护和修复是固碳能力提升的必然举措.以国家级生态功能区、南岭山区喀斯特地貌广泛分布的湖南省永州市宁远县为例,运用MODIS NPP数据、景观格局指数、最小累积阻力模型,识别县域碳汇空间、县域自然生态空间景观结构格局特征及生态安全格局,进而提出自然生态空间保护方案.结果表明:①宁远县固碳能力较强,年固碳量达1702.77×10^(4)t,但空间分布差异大,最大固碳密度为2.07 kg C/m^(2),最小固碳密度为0.32 kg C/m^(2).②宁远县生态资源优越,森林资源丰富,受生产建设和石漠化侵蚀等因素影响,生态斑块破碎,生态廊道连通性不够.③从保护目标设置、空间布局优化、用途管制、生态保护修复4个方面提出自然生态空间保护方案,符合县域自然生态空间格局的形成和优化,为南岭山区自然生态空间保护修复提供参考.

基于格网GIS的喀斯特山区草地生态脆弱性评价

以贵州省长顺县为研究区,以多元空间信息为基础,采用层次分析法(AHP)和主成分分析法并结合格网GIS技术,对评价体系中的各指标进行10m×10m尺度下的格网化,运用栅格数据的空间叠加方法及生态脆弱性的评价模型,分析获得了长顺县草地生态脆弱性的空间数据。根据生态脆弱性指数(EVI)将喀斯特山区的草地资源生态脆弱程度分为5个等级。分析结果显示,严重脆弱区的面积为36.32km2,所占比重最大;其次是中度脆弱区和极端脆弱区面积分别为28.09和24.99km2,最后,轻度脆弱区和潜在脆弱区面积分别为16.54和8.60km2,所占比重较小。从总体上看,长顺县草地生态脆弱性等级较高,喀斯特山区草地的生态脆弱性主要是由于特殊的地质背景和人类频繁活动干扰的结果。

西南喀斯特生态脆弱区实行轮作休耕问题探讨——以贵州省为例

轮作休耕制度是中国农业供给侧结构性改革的有效手段,是探索藏粮于地、藏粮于技的具体实现途径,对推动中国农业绿色发展和保障国家粮食安全具有重要战略意义。西南喀斯特生态脆弱区是轮作休耕制度试点的重点区域之一,贵州作为喀斯特生态脆弱区的典型代表,探讨其实行轮作休耕的现状、问题及对策,对完善该区轮作休耕制度具有重要指导意义。本文从耕地质量和耕地环境两方面分析了贵州实施轮作休耕的必要性;在剖析轮作休耕现状的基础上提出了贵州实行轮作休耕存在的问题,其中最突出问题为轮作模式面积不大、特色不强,休耕为被动休耕、休耕农田不合理。根据存在的问题,提出了实施轮作休耕的措施与对策,重点探讨了不同退化类型耕地实施轮作休耕的技术路径,耕地质量优越区应发展山地高效的特色农作制度,重金属污染区宜实施多年休耕,连作障碍、面源污染及石漠化区应合理实施轮作和休耕,同时与秸秆还田、肥田作物、有机肥、保护性耕作等措施相结合;最后,简要介绍了贵州实施耕地轮作休耕制度的实践。

典型岩溶山区土地石漠化过程——以粤北岩溶山区为例

中国南方岩溶区是土地石漠化广为发生发展的脆弱生态区域。运用面上调查、定位观测和模拟试验相结合的方法,以粤北岩溶山区为例,从地表生态过程的角度对土地石漠化过程进行解析、研究。在轻度石漠化向极重度石漠化发展的过程中,仅2-3 a,植被就从灌草混合群落退化为草本群落,物种减少76%,植被盖度降低87.2%;土壤侵蚀量逐渐加大,土壤物质不断流失和丢失,土层变薄,侵蚀模数呈10多倍、数10倍增加。岩溶坡面特殊的水文过程和水循环模式,使石漠化土地上"四水"转化迅速。随着石漠化程度加重,地表水和壤中水流失量加大,石灰岩脉动式"生长"速度加快,使基岩裸露率由30%—50%增至90%以上,最终导致土壤粗化,养分减少,生物生产量减少89%甚至更多。这表明,土地石漠化过程是由植被退化丧失过程、土壤侵蚀过程、地表水流失过程、碳酸盐岩溶蚀侵蚀过程和土地生物生产力退化过程相互联系、组合而成的土地退化过程,也是岩溶山区土地生态系统演变为石质荒漠系统的地表生态过程。

淮河流域沂蒙山区水土保持生态脆弱性的AHP分析

采用层次分析法,通过选取定量表征淮河流域沂蒙山区不同土地利用类型生态特征的植被状况、地形地貌、地表性质、土壤状况等指标,对该区域内林地、耕地、草地和裸地4种土地利用类型的水土保持生态脆弱性进行定量评价,以制订该区域水土保持生态修复策略。结果表明:在选取的7个用于评价淮河流域沂蒙山区不同土地利用类型水土保持生态脆弱性的指标中,土壤侵蚀面积比例权重最大,为0.441 2;其次为土层厚度,权重为0.225 2;再次为地表枯落物量,权重为0.150 5,这3个指标是评价沂蒙山区不同土地利用类型生态脆弱性的重要指标。不同土地利用类型的生态脆弱性评价结果表明:经济林生态脆弱度为0.729 5,属于中等脆弱类型,脆弱度等级为二级;耕地和疏幼林地脆弱度等级也较高,分别为0.565 8和0.567 2,属于一般脆弱,脆弱等级为三级;草地生态脆弱度为0.415 4,具有潜在脆弱性;有林地脆弱度仅有0.183 4,属于不脆弱等级。因此,沂蒙山区经济林的水土流失综合治理应引起高度重视。

西南岩溶山区生态危机与反贫困的可持续发展文化反思

西南岩溶山区生态环境退化严重、贫困人口集中。文章探讨民族传统文化观念在岩溶山区经济活动中的作用,力图寻找岩溶山区生态恶化和贫困的深层次原因,指出岩溶山区存在的山地文化封闭性和典型的贫困文化特性及不合理的现代性转换导致区域生态恶化和可持续发展的滞后。岩溶山区应通过生态恢复模式示范建设、开展参与式社区资源管理、改善居民聚居点环境来实现文化创新和文化整合,实现传统性与现代性的深层次互动与接纳,拓宽现代性生长的内在精神空间,变外源性的"输血"机制为内源性的"造血"机制,从而使岩溶山区实现可持续发展。

贵州喀斯特山区农业生态环境的脆弱性及可持续发展对策

贵州喀斯特山区的农业生态环境极为脆弱 ,对农业的可持续发展带来了很大的不利影响。本文认为其脆弱性主要是由喀斯特自然过程和人为活动共同作用的结果。并据此探讨了其环境整治和农业可持续发展的战略途径及相应的发展模式。

岩溶脆弱生态区农业可持续发展模式创新构想——岩溶流水养鱼生态沟驱动模式

以贵州省为例,借鉴传统农业开发模式,充分挖掘岩溶区资源优势,通过改造传统养鱼业,提升产品质量,将生态农业开发、特色冷水鱼养殖、生态环境保护与旅游业"串并"结合,实现融合互动,提出岩溶区农业可持续发展新模式——岩溶流水养鱼生态沟驱动模式。进而阐述其概念和内涵,在此基础上,从资源依托性、经济价值、生态效应、交通和市场角度,分析该模式在岩溶区实施的可行性。研究表明:岩溶流水养鱼生态沟驱动模式是有别于岩溶区传统农业发展模式的创新模式,在岩溶区具有推广的可行性以及生态和经济价值,是充分利用当地资源,使农业增产,农民增收的新途径。

黔中喀斯特山区的生态环境特点及植被恢复技术

长期以来,由于樵采、放牧、生产用火等人为干扰强度大,喀斯特山地的植被多次遭到破坏,致使水土流失不断加剧,土地石漠化,立地生境恶化,造林困难地段的面积逐渐增加;表现出岩石裸露率高,土被不连续,土层浅薄,水土流失潜在危险性大,生态环境脆弱,环境容量小,抗外界干扰保持系统稳定的阈值较低,受破坏后自我修复能力差,植被自然恢复极端困难等特点。喀斯特山地农业生态环境的根本改善,有赖于岩溶地区森林植被的恢复与重建。以黔中地区典型的喀斯特山地为对象,在研究和分析喀斯特地区森林植被退化的成因和生态环境特点的基础上,筛选适于喀斯特山地的造林树种,提出了森林植被恢复、保护的技术措施,以期为西部大开发过程中的生态环境建设提供理论依据和技术支持。