ISOCHRONOUS STRESS-STRAIN CURVES OF LOW ALLOY STEEL CROSS-WELD-SPECIMEN AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

In this work, a parametric approach is presented and utilized to determine the creep properties of weldments; then the model of creep strain for cross weld specimen is given. On the basis of the experimental results, attempt has been made to establish equations of the isochronous stress-strain for weld joint that can predict the function of loading and service time in use of the creep data of base metal and weld metal.

The Complete Stress-strain Curve of Recycled Aggregate Concrete under Uniaxial Compression Loading

The mechanical performance of recycled aggregate concrete （RAC） is investigated. An experiment on the complete stress-strain curve under uniaxial compression loading of RAC is carried out. The experimental results indicate that the peak stress, peak strain, secant modulus of the peak point and original point increase with the strength grade of RAC enhanced. On the contrary, the residual stress of RAC decreases with the strength grade enhancing, and the failure of RAC is often broken at the interface between the recycled aggregate and the mortar matrix. Finally, the constitutive model of stress-strain model of RAC has been constituted, and the results from the constitutive model of stress-strain meet the experiment results very well.

Numerical simulation of the stress-strain curve and the stress and strain distributions of the titanium-duplex alloy

The stress-strain curve of an α-β Ti-8Mn alloy was measured and then it was calculated with finite element method （FEM） based on the stress-strain curves of the single α and β phase alloys. By comparing the calculated stress-strain curve with the measured one, it can be seen that they fit each other very well. Thus, the FE model built in this work is effective. According to the above mentioned model, the distributions of stress and strain in the α and β phases were simulated. The results show that the stress gradients exist in both α and β phases, and the distributions of stress are inhomogeneous. The stress inside the phase is generally higher than that near the interface. Meanwhile, the stress in the α phase is lower than that in the β phase, whereas the strain in the α phase is higher than that in the β phase.

Charactersitics of Stress-strain Curve of High Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete under Uniaxial Tension

A whole of 110 specimens divided into 22 groups were tested with varying the volume fraction of steel fibers and the matrix strength of these specimens. The stress-strain behaviors of four types of steel fiber reinforced concrete （SFRC） under uniaxial tension were studied experimentally. When the matrix strength and the fiber content increase, the tensile stress and tensile strain vary differently according to the fiber type. The mechanisms of reinforcing effect for different types of fiber were analyzed and the stress-strain curves of the specimens were plotted. Some experimental factors for stress or strain of SFRC were given. A tensile toughness modulus Re0.5 was introduced to evaluate the toughness characters of SFRC under uniaxial tension. Moreover, the formula of the tensile stress-strain curve of SFRC was regressed. The theoretical curve and the experimental ones fit well, which can be used for references in construction.

Relations of complete creep processes and triaxial stress-strain curves of rock

Based on the results of triaxial compressive creep tests for five kinds of rock under the different stress loading,unloading and cycle-loading-unloading conditions,the creep deformation is not only a function of stress and time,but also it has the corresponding relations to the triaxial stress-strain curves of rock.The deformation properties of soften-strain,harden-strain and ideal plasticity presented by conventional triaxial compressive test curves under the different stress states were utilized,and the creep characteristics,the creep starting stress and the different entire creep process curves of rock were studied systematically according to creep experiment results,and the relations of the triaxial stress-strain curves to the creeping starting stress,the terminating curve,the different creep processes,and the different creep fracture properties were established.The relations presented in this paper were verified partially by the creep experiment results of five types of rock.

MODELLING OF TENSILE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE OF WOVEN FABRICS

A general shape of tensile stress-strain curves of woven fabrics is first recognised by puttingtested and predicted results together.An exponential function with two parameters is then selectedfor the prediction of tensile stress-strain relationship.The predicted results by using the proposedfunction show excellent agreement with experimental data.

Investigation into the stress-strain curves of deformation-induced ferrite transformation in a low carbon steel

A series of tests of deformation-induced ferrite transformation （DIP-T） in a low carbon steel were carried out by the Gleeble-3500 hot simulation machine at a temperature range of Ae3-Ar3. The overall stress-strain curves during DIFT can be divided into three typical types： ＂double-humped＂,＂ single-humped＂ and ＂transitional＂. The peaks exhibited in the curve are involved with deformation-induced transformation which happened in grains or at the grain boundaries. According to the stress-time curve and strain-time curve, strain capacity dramatically postponed the strain-induced transformation, which leads to the start of the transformation right ahead of the finish of deformation and the majority of the ferrite transformation process mainly happened after the deformation. Deformation-induced transformation is a metadynamic transformation process with dynamic nucleation.

High temperature stress–strain curves of MnS and their applications in finite element simulation

A novel method for testing stress–strain curves of non-metallic materials was presented.The high temperature stress-strain curves of MnS were preliminarily obtained and corrected to account for the influence of friction.Using the finite element method,the influence of deformation parameters on the deformation evolution of MnS inclusions was investigated based on the experimental reference data.The corresponding physical experiment was designed for comparative analysis.The results indicate that the experimental high-temperature deformation data of MnS are highly reliable.In the process of matrix deformation,the shapes of MnS inclusions change from spherical to ellipsoidal and even to lamellar.There are some differences in the morphological deformation of MnS inclusions located at different positions.With the increase in the initial size of MnS inclusions,the risk of failing the inclusion-flaw inspection increases and the forging quality further deteriorates.

Finite Element Modeling of Stress Strain Curve and Micro Stress and Micro Strain Distributions of Titanium Alloys— A Review

Most of the alloys like titanium, steel, brass, copper, etc., are used in engineering applications like automobile, aero- space, marine etc., consist of two or more phases. If a material consists of two or more phases or components it is very difficult to predict the properties like mechanical and other properties based on simple laws such as rule of mixtures. Titanium alloys are capable of producing different microstructures when it subjected to heat treatments, so much of money and time are squandering to study the effect of microstructure on mechanical properties of titanium alloys. This squandering can be reduced with the help of modeling and optimization techniques. There are many modeling tech- niques like Finite element method, Mat lab, Mathematical modeling etc. are available. But Finite element method is widely used for prediction because of capable of producing distributions of stresses and strains at any different loads. From the literature it is observed that there is a good agreement between the calculated and measured stress strain curves. This review paper describes the effect of volume fraction and grain size of alpha phase on the stress strain curve of the titanium alloys. It also can predict the effect of strength ratio on stress strain curve by using FEM. This informa- tion will be of great use in designing and selecting the titanium alloys for various engineering applications.

On the calibration of a shear stress criterion for rock joints to represent the full stress-strain profile

Conventional numerical solutions developed to describe the geomechanical behavior of rock interfaces subjected to differential load emphasize peak and residual shear strengths.The detailed analysis of preand post-peak shear stress-displacement behavior is central to various time-dependent and dynamic rock mechanic problems such as rockbursts and structural instabilities in highly stressed conditions.The complete stress-displacement surface(CSDS)model was developed to describe analytically the pre-and post-peak behavior of rock interfaces under differential loads.Original formulations of the CSDS model required extensive curve-fitting iterations which limited its practical applicability and transparent integration into engineering tools.The present work proposes modifications to the CSDS model aimed at developing a comprehensive and modern calibration protocol to describe the complete shear stressdisplacement behavior of rock interfaces under differential loads.The proposed update to the CSDS model incorporates the concept of mobilized shear strength to enhance the post-peak formulations.Barton’s concepts of joint roughness coefficient(JRC)and joint compressive strength(JCS)are incorporated to facilitate empirical estimations for peak shear stress and normal closure relations.Triaxial/uniaxial compression test and direct shear test results are used to validate the updated model and exemplify the proposed calibration method.The results illustrate that the revised model successfully predicts the post-peak and complete axial stressestrain and shear stressedisplacement curves for rock joints.

Stress-strain Model of Corroded Concrete under Uniaxial Compressive Loading

The prism specimens of corroded concrete were subjected to uniaxial compressive load to develop the stress-strain model. Compared to the un-corroded concrete, the mechanical prop- erties of corroded concrete, such as peak strength, Young＇s modulus, and residual deformation, et al are degraded. The concrete, which were subjected to the aggressive media in the environment, were resulted in randomly distributed pre-loading flaws and defects. The propagation of these corrosion flaws during the procedure of loading was the main reason of degradation of corroded concrete properties. By the application of the statistic theory of continuum damage, the compressive stress-strain curve of corroded concrete was simulated. The initial damage factor was introduced to represent the corrosive effects of different media. The present damage constitutive model agreed well with the test results.

Stress-strain analysis of loess triaxial shear test by PFC^(3D)

In order to compensate for limitations of microscopic study on loess triaxial tests, taking the loess in Longxi area as an example, the authors established the loess triaxial test model by using PFC3D software and simulating tfiaxial shear test under the different confining pressures in 0 kPa, 50 kPa and 300 kPa. Compared with laboratory triaxial shear test, the numerical simulation test has a guiding role in loess mechanical strength analysis.

基于Hoek-Brown准则的岩体高温-荷载耦合损伤模型及其验证

针对隧道岩体在高温和荷载共同作用下产生的耦合损伤问题,基于连续损伤力学理论,引入高温-荷载耦合损伤因子,建立了考虑高温作用的广义Hoek-Brown(H-B)准则的弹塑性损伤本构模型,解决了模型在数值积分过程中的奇异点问题,并利用Fortran语言编写了模型的有限元程序。结果表明:模型计算的应力-应变曲线与试验所得到的曲线趋势一致且计算结果误差在5%以内,温度作用下隧洞围岩损伤逐渐加剧,验证了模型的准确性和程序的稳健性,可为火灾作用下隧道围岩安全稳定性评价提供一种有效计算方法。

Mechanical behaviour of wood compressed in radial direction-part I.New method of determining the yield stress of wood on the stress-strain curve

A test equipment was developed,which allows for real time observation of the deformation behav-ior of wood cellular structure under a compression load applied in radial direction.Compression tests were performed on jack pine(Pinus banksiana)and balsam poplar(Populus balsamifera)spec-imens to explore the relationship between the yield stress and the first failure occurring in wood cell layers during radial compression.The microstructural changes for P.banksiana and P.bal-samifera wood below and above the yield point were analyzed.The study results showed that for P.banksiana the first failure of wood cells occurred at the first earlywood layer,while for P.balsamifera it occurred at the layer with the largest vessels.The first failure of wood cell layer for each species tested was found to correspond to the yield point on the stress-strain curve.A new method of determining the yield stress for wood specimens under radial compression was developed.

Full-Range Compressive Stress-Strain Curves for Cold-Formed 304 Stainless Steel Circular Hollow Sections After Exposure to Vacuum Brazing

With the rapid development of microscale cellular structures, the small-diameter cold-formed welded stainless steel tubes have recently been used for creating the metallic lat- tice topologies with high mechanical properties. In this paper, to obtain the accurate material properties of the circular hollow section （CHS） under pure compression, a series of concentric compression tests are conducted on the millimeter-scale cold-formed 304 stainless steel circu- lar tubular stub columns after exposure to a vacuum brazing process. The tests cover a total of 18 small-diameter stub tubes with measured thickness-to-diameter ratios （t/D） from 0.023 to 0.201. A generalized three-stage nominal stress-strain model is developed for describing the compressive behavior of the post-brazing CHSs over the full strain range. This mechanical model is especially applicable to computer code implementation. Hence, an interactive computer pro- gram is developed to simultaneously optimize three strain hardening exponents （n1, n2, n3） in the expression of the model to produce the stress-strain curve capable of accurately replicating the test data. To further reduce the number of the model and material parameters on which this model depends, this paper also develops five expressions for determining the 2.5% proof stress （ap2）, n2, the ultimate compressive strength （σp3）, n3, and the ultimate plastic strain （p3%） for given experimental values of three basic material parameters （E0, σ0.01, σ0.2）. These expressions are validated to he effective for the CHSs with t/D 〉_ 0.027. The analytically predicted full-range stress-strain curves have generally shown close agreement with the ones obtained experimentally.

拉拔过程中全长灌浆锚固系统能量演化规律

锚固系统的拔出破坏实质上是能量驱动的失稳破坏,能量演化规律能充分反映锚固系统的承载性状和失效破坏过程。为了揭示循环荷载作用下全长灌浆锚固系统变形破坏过程中的能量转化机制及损伤劣化过程,文章基于热力学第一定律,给出了锚固系统在拉拔过程中的输入能、弹性能、耗散能、阻尼能以及损伤能等能量计算公式,并结合某项目全长灌浆锚索的现场拉拔试验,系统地研究了拉拔过程中全长灌浆锚固系统内部的能量演化规律。研究结果表明:1)随着循环次数和拉拔荷载的增加,输入能、弹性能、阻尼能以及损伤能均在逐渐增加,当拉拔荷载接近于极限抗拔力时,损伤能会呈现出急速增加的现象;2)在拉拔过程中,弹性能的变化幅度较小,其占比始终维持在50%左右;3)阻尼能和损伤能的演化是一个“此消彼长”的过程,阻尼能的占比曲线呈倒“U”型,其占比总体来说维持在20%以下,而损伤能的占比曲线大体呈“U”型,且其随着荷载比的变化幅度相对较为明显;4)全长灌浆锚固系统在拉拔过程中会产生较大的塑性损伤能,该过程实际上是不断损伤、刚度逐渐劣化的过程。本文成果对全长灌浆锚固系统的设计、施工、检验及监测预警具有一定借鉴意义。

Fractal approximation of the stress-strain curve of frozen soil

A method to approach the stress-strain curve of frozen soil is presented based on the fact that the stressstrain curve of frozen soil has fractal property. First, a linear hyperbolic iterated function system (LHIFS) in which the perpendicular contraction factors are regarded as parameters is established using fractal geometry theories. Secondly, a method to calculate the best point which makes the attractor of the LHIFS an optimal approximation of the stress-strain curve of frozen soil is presented. Then, a method for calculating the fractal dimension of the stress-strain curve of frozen soil is obtained. Finally, a simple example is provided. The method presented in this paper provides a new method for simulating the stress-strain curve and calculating its fractal dimension of geomaterials that have the fractal feature by using computer.

攀爬式灯杆清洁装置的设计

针对现有灯杆清洁方式存在的劳动强度大、效率低、清理效果不佳等问题,为了实现城市灯杆清洁的自动化,基于Creo和Keyshot软件平台,设计了一款攀爬式灯杆清洁装置,对其工作原理和机构设计进行了介绍。该设备主要由智能导航小车、攀爬装置、清洁装置、废屑收集装置四部分组成,可用于对城市灯杆大规模清洁,以期该研究为相关行业提供技术参考。

基于研华MAS控制器的鞋底磨边机控制系统设计

针对马丁靴在传统工艺制作中存在的鞋底周边手工打磨效率低、安全性不高、轨迹不一致性、轮廓呈现多种尺寸以及产品质量无法可靠保证等问题,设计一种全自动的鞋底磨边机控制系统。该系统采用研华MAS控制器控制,根据鞋底预设轮廓曲线轨迹数据,用MAS控制器同步控制两台交流伺服电机完成鞋底轮廓曲线轨迹的全自动磨削过程,从而实现了标准的机器打磨鞋底作业,具有一定的理论意义和实用价值。

基于轮廓曲率的工件图像配准方法

随着机器视觉技术的发展,工件图像配准在机器抓取、缺陷检测方面应用广泛,然而工件拍摄视点不同易造成图像匹配困难,这也成为工件图像匹配亟待解决和研究的问题。鉴于工件的独特轮廓形状,针对多视点造成的匹配问题,提出了一种基于轮廓曲率的工件图像配准方法。首先,在轮廓平滑处理中,针对多边形拟合道格拉斯-普克(DP)算法效果不佳的问题,利用滑动窗口平均方法对轮廓做了进一步处理,有效提高了轮廓平滑度;然后,在轮廓曲线重采样中,对采样点集进行了时间序列化,利用采样间隔设计了一种有效的重采样方法,实现了对重采样点的任意取值,并保持了轮廓点的密集情况;在建立全仿射曲率库中,设计了两步匹配策略,有效提高了匹配精度和效率;最后,针对曲率曲线匹配算法,将形状上下文(SC)引入动态时间规整(DTW)距离计算,解决了DTW算法存在的问题。研究结果表明:该方法能有效地对模板工件图像进行仿射转换,实现与目标工件图像的匹配目的;同时在匹配算法的三对比较实验中,利用SC-DTW匹配算法得到的转换图像与目标工件图像的差异只有4.8%、2.65%和3.92%,相较DTW的6.83%、4.03%和6.34%,以及归一化相关性匹配算法(NCC)的7.45%、6.39%和7.31%,其差异较小,表明该算法配准效果更好,能更有效地计算两条曲线的相似度,从而获得最佳曲率曲线样本,完成工件图像精准配准的任务。