Effect Analysis of Volume Fraction of Nanofluid Al2O3-Water on Natural Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient in Small Modular Reactor

Development and use of nuclear energy is currently growing very rapidly, in order to achieve increasingly advanced technology, both in terms of design, economic factors and safety factors. Thermal-hydraulics aspects of nuclear reactors should be done with calculation and near-perfect condition. Including today began development of a nuclear reactor with low power below 300 MW, or commonly called the Small Modular Reactor (SMR). One is CAREM-25 developed by Argentina with a power of 25 MW, where in CAREM already using natural circulation system and the use of nanofluid as coolant fluid. In this research, analytic modeling of thermal-hydraulics nuclear reactor SMR CAREM-25, when the nanofluid Al2O3-Water used as cooling fluid in the cooling system of a nuclear reactor. Further to this analytic modeling will be done on CFD. Analytic modeling with CFD to determine the flow phenomena and distribution as well as the effect of nano-particles of Al2O3-Water based on the volume fraction (1% and 3%) of the coefficient of heat transfer by natural convection.

Improving Heat Transfer in Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors by Magnetic Nanofluids

A parabolic trough solar collector(PTSC)converts solar radiation into thermal energy.However,low thermal efficiency of PTSC poses a hindrance to the deployment of solar thermal power plants.Thermal performance of PTSC is enhanced in this study by incorporating magnetic nanoparticles into the working fluid.The circular receiver pipe,with dimensions of 66 mm diameter,2 mm thickness,and 24 m length,is exposed to uniform temperature and velocity conditions.The working fluid,Therminol-66,is supplemented with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles at concentrations ranging from 1%to 4%.The findings demonstrate that the inclusion of nanoparticles increases the convective heat transfer coefficient(HTC)of the PTSC,with higher nanoparticle volume fractions leading to greater heat transfer but increased pressure drop.The thermal enhancement factor(TEF)of the PTSC is positively affected by the volume fraction of nanoparticles,both with and without a magnetic field.Notably,the scenario with a 4%nanoparticle volume fraction and a magnetic field strength of 250 G exhibits the highest TEF,indicating superior thermal performance.These findings offer potential avenues for improving the efficiency of PTSCs in solar thermal plants by introducing magnetic nanoparticles into the working fluid.

Experimental Study and Thermal Modelling of Cocoa Shell Convective Drying in an Indirect Solar Dryer

The concern of the present work is the convective drying of empty cocoa shells in an indirect solar dryer. Some drying experiments, using one sample, were carried out. During the experiments, the sample is introduced in the drying chamber. Then at steady time intervals, the sample is withdrawn from the drying chamber, for a rapid weighing. After each weighing, the sample is reintroduced in the dryer. At each time interval, the ambient temperature of the drying chamber and its relative humidity γ are measured by a thermo-hygrometer. From the experimental data, a theoretical determination of the moisture evaporated from the product was performed and a good agreement was found between the theoretical and experimental values, confirmed by the value of the RMSE. Those calculations used the constants in the Nusselt number found in literature. Then those constants were evaluated again, to get new values more suitable with the experimental data. The dimensionless numbers of Nusselt, Grashof and Prandtl were calculated. That allowed the calculation of the average value of the Nusselt number. The average convective heat transfer coefficient was determined.

SIMULATION OF STEEL COIL HEAT TRANSFER IN HPH FURNACE

The mathematical model has been estublished for the simulation of steel coil＇s heat transfer during annealing thermal process in HPH （high performance hydrogen） furnace. The equivalent radial thermal conductivity is adopted by statistical analysis regression approach through the combination of a large quantity of production data collected in practice and theoretical analyses. The effect of the number of coils on circulating flow gas is considered for calculating the convection heat transfer coefficient, The temperature within the coil is predicted with the developed model during the annealing cycle including heating process and cooling process. The good consistently between the predicted results and the experimental data has demonstrated that the mathematical model established and the parameters identified by this paper are scientifically feasible and the effective method of calculation for coil equivalent radial heat transfer coefficient and circulating gas flow has been identified successfully, which largely enhances the operability and feasibility of the mathematic- model. This model provides a theoretical basis and an effective means to conduct studies on the impact that foresaid factors may imposed on the steel coil＇s temperature field, to analyze the stress within coils, to realize online control and optimal production and to increase facilily output by increasing heating and cooling rates of coils without producing higher thermal stress.

Experimental Investigation on Flow and Heat Transfer of Jet Impingement inside a Semi-Confined Smooth Channel

Experimental investigation is conducted to investigate the flow and heat transfer performances of jet impingement cooling inside a semi-confined smooth channel.Effects of jet Reynolds number(varied from 10 000to 45000),orifice-to-target spacing(zn=1d—4d)and jet-to-jet pitches(xn=3d—5d,yn=3d—5d)on the convective heat transfer coefficient and discharge coefficient are revealed.For a single-row jets normal impingement,the impingement heat transfer is enhanced with the increase of impingement Reynolds number or the decrease of spanwise jet-to-jet pitch.The highest local heat transfer is achieved when zn/dis 2.For the double-row jets normal impingement,the laterally-averaged Nusselt number distributions in the vicinity of the first row jets impinging stagnation do not fit well with the single-row case.The highest local heat transfer is obtained when zn/dis 1.A smaller jetto-jet pitch generally results in a lower discharge coefficient.The discharge coefficient in the double-row case is decreased relative to the single-row case at the same impingement Reynolds number.

Quantitative Visualization of the Thermal Boundary Layer of Forced Convection on a Heated or Cooled Flat Plate with a 30°Leading Edge Using a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

This study focuses on the experimental measurements of the heat transfer coefficient over a flat plate with a 30° leading edge. Under forced convection by a hot/cold air and flow over a cooled/heated flat plate, the thermal boundary layer and its thickness are quantitatively visualized and measured using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In addition, the variation in the local heat transfer coefficient is evaluated experimentally with respect to the air flow velocity and temperature. Differences within the heat transfer performance between the plates are confirmed and discussed. As a result, the average heat transfer performance is about the same for the heated plate and the cooled plate under all air velocity conditions. This contrasts with the theoretical prediction in the case of low air velocity, the reason considered was that the buoyancy at the 30° leading edge blocked air from flowing across the surface of the plate.

Heat Transfer Process of Bubble during the Occurrence of Cavitation in Hydraulic System

Thermal characteristic of cavitation has great influence on the process of occurrence,development and collapse of bubble in hydraulic system. By choosing the stage of bubble growth as the research object,combining with the characteristic of the process of bubble occurrence and development in hydraulic system, and ignoring the impact of thermal radiation,the heat transfer situation of bubble growth was analyzed under appropriate assumptions of thermodynamic conditions in the bubble generation and development process. The mathematical expression of the temperature change of bubble was deduced using thermodynamic principle. Through combining the expression with classic Rayleigh-Plesset Equation,numerical calculation was carried out and the temperature variation over time( or bubble radius) was obtained. The influences of convective heat transfer coefficient of bubble and polytropic exponent on the thermodynamic process of bubble were analyzed. Finally,the thermal characteristic of bubble growth after cavitation occurrence was summarized.

Heat transfer analysis of the bent cooling channels in SSRF light-blocked components

The front end light-blocked components of the third generation of synchrotron radiation facility,which are subjected to high heat load,are cooled with flowing water through the cooling channels.The convective heat transfer coefficient and the flow resistance(or pressure drop) are two important parameters for evaluating the heat transfer performance of the cooling channels and should be strictly quantified.In this research,two typical bent cooling channels in Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF) were modeled and their in-pipe turbulent flows were simulated.The two criteria obtained under different channel water velocities met the SSRF technical requirements.To reduce the total pressure drop,arc transitions were proposed to replace the right angle transitions in the cooling channels.At the same time,an experiment was performed to measure the convective heat transfer coefficient of a typical bent channel unit.The experimental results were in good agreement with the simulation ones.

Forced Convection Heat Transfer in Porous Structure: Effect of Morphology on Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer Coefficient

A light-weight structure with sufficient mechanical strength and heat transfer performance is increasingly required for some thermal management issues.The porous structure with the skeleton supporting the ambient stress and the pores holding the flowing fluid is considered very promising,attracting significant scientific and industrial interest over the past few decades.However,due to complicated morphology of the porous matrices and thereby various performance of the pressure drop and heat transfer coefficients (HTC),the comprehensive comparison and evaluation between different structures are largely unclear.In this work,recent researches on the efforts of forced convection heat transfer in light-weight porous structure are reviewed;special interest is placed in the open-cell foam,lattice-frame,structured packed bed,and wire-woven structures.Their experimental apparatus,morphological of the porous structures,effect of morphology on pressure drop and HTC,and further applications are discussed.The new method which measure morphology accurately should be paid more attention to develop more accuracy correlation.Also,the most research focused on low Reynolds number and existing structure,while very few researchers investigated the property of forced convection heat transfer in high velocity region and developed new porous structure.

Experimental study of heat transfer coefficient with rectangular baffle fin of solar air heater

This paper presents an experimental analysis of a single pass solar air collector with, and without using baffle fin. The heat transfer coefficient between the absorber plate and air can be considerably increased by using artificial roughness on the bottom plate and under the absorber plate of a solar air heater duct. An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the effect of roughness and operating parameters on heat transfer. The investigation has covered the range of Reynolds number Re from 1259 to 2517 depending on types of the configuration of the solar collectors. Based on the experimental data, values of Nusselt number Nu have been determined for different values of configurations and operating parameters. To determine the enhancement in heat transfer and increment in thermal efficiency, the values of Nusselt have been smooth duct under similar flow compared with those of conditions.

Research on the effect of Reynolds correlation in natural convection film condensation

Film condensation is a vital phenomenon in the nuclear engineering applications,such as the gas-steam pressurizer design,and heat removing on containment in the case of postulated accident.Reynolds number in film condensation can be calculated from either the mass relation or the energy relation,but few researches have distinguished the difference between them at present.This paper studies the effect of Reynolds correlation in the natural convection film condensation on the outer tube.The general forms of the heat transfer coefficient correlation of film condensation are developed in different flow regimes.By simultaneously solving a set of the heat transfer coefficient correlations with Re_(mass) and Re_(energy),the general expressions for Re_(mass) and Re_(energy) and the relation between the corresponding heat transfer coefficients are obtained.In the laminar and wavefree flow regime,Re_(mass) and Re_(energy) are equivalent,while in the laminar and wavy flow regime,Re_(mass) is much smaller than Re_(energy),and the deviation of the corresponding average heat transfer coefficients is about 30% at the maximum.In the turbulent flow regime,the relation of Re_(mass) and Re_(energy)is greatly influenced by Prandtl number.The relative deviation of their average heat transfer coefficients is the nonlinear function of Reynolds number and Prandtl number.Compared with experimental results,the heat transfer coefficient calculated from Re_(energy) is more accurate.

基于能量流向的变压器饼式绕组散热分析及试验研究

变压器热点温度作为运行经济性、安全性的关键指标,是设备在线监测及状态评估中的重点。该文对变压器内部散热进行研究,着眼于饼式绕组及其油道结构,基于能量流向建立绕组温度变化的物理模型。基于这一模型,在一台内置分布式传感光纤的110kV三相ONAN变压器上开展试验研究,使用分布式光纤测温(distributed temperature sensing,DTS)技术对运行状况下的绕组整体温度分布进行实时监测,分析绕组在ONAN冷却方式下的散热状况。在变压器启动初期,绕组各处散热量较低,温升速率较快。约2 h后,各饼散热量基本与损耗相一致,散热率可达98%以上,因此将这一阶段称为准稳态。准稳态阶段,绕组整体散热率基本一致。负载变化前期不同位置散热量的差异是温度梯度形成的主要原因。基于DTS手段及散热器进出口处油温,提出绕组每饼平均对流换热系数的计算方法,基于无量纲数建立绕组内外表面局部对流换热系数的计算方法,对不同位置、负载率下两种对流换热系数的变化规律进行分析获得了绕组运行过程中对流换热系数分布规律及变化趋势。

基于电化学-热-力耦合模型的锂离子电池热失控研究

为提升锂离子电池的安全性能,减少由热失控导致的安全事故,分析电池温升的原因并有效降低其温度,依据电化学反应中浓度、电势与热模型中温度的相互影响关系,建立电化学-热-力耦合模型。通过模拟单电池和电池组温度分布的实时情况,分析单电池温度不均匀分布和电池组温度正态分布情况的原因,探讨换热面积和流通量对散热量的影响,研究电池组中单体电池的位置分布及不同传热介质的散热情况。研究结果显示:低温和相对高温环境下,欧姆热、极化热及电化学反应热产热占比不同,但产热最高温度未达到电极材料与电解液分解反应的临界温度420 K;高温环境下,电池温度持续升高接近临界温度,出现热失控趋势,对流换热系数对电池影响较大。电池组间隙为10 mm和20 mm时,整体温度比间隙为0时分别降低了1.1%和1.8%;与无间隙电池组相比,以铜板和铝板为传热介质的电池组温度分别降低了2.0%和1.6%。

基于组合边界条件的固体材料热扩散系数测试方法

提出了一种组合边界条件下结合传热反问题思想测算固体材料热扩散系数的方法.建立了正问题理论模型,基于有限体积法和交替方向隐式方法的思想利用MATLAB软件对正问题温度场进行数值求解,利用共轭梯度法结合软件编程求解反问题,反演得到材料的热扩散系数.设计了实验方案并搭建了完整的测试系统,利用测试装置对亚克力板(PMMA)、硼硅玻璃(Pyrex7740)、大理石3种材料进行了综合实验,结果表明导热系数测试结果与文献值的最大相对偏差为3.45%,小于5%,验证了测试方法和装置的可行性与准确性.进一步对PMMA热扩散系数实验的不确定度进行了分析,得到扩展不确定度为4.86%,处于较低水平,说明实验数据可靠,测试方法科学.

油浸式变压器的全域热网络模型

热点温度是衡量变压器绝缘性能和安全裕度的重要指标,对其进行快速准确计算具有重要的意义。对油浸式变压器内部的产热和传热机理进行了分析,得到自然对流边界层中速度和温度分布与流体普朗特数Pr的关系,考虑到局部自然对流换热系数的沿程变化以及不同区域传热特性的差异,对油浸式变压器进行了分区分层处理。基于热电类比法定义了多种热阻类型,构建了油浸式变压器的全域热网络模型;通过有限元仿真对比了热网络模型的计算结果。二者所得绕组温度变化趋势相同,热点温度相差约1.9%,热点位置相差约7.7%。相比于有限元仿真,热网络模型在求解时间和效率上更有优势,能够实现油浸式变压器运行状态的在线监测、实时分析和动态评估。

复合绝缘子无溢流覆冰增长数值模拟及自然覆冰试验验证

绝缘子覆冰对电力系统的安全可靠运行构成了严重威胁。目前,主要从试验角度定性解释伞裙结构对绝缘子覆冰形态、覆冰量的影响,少有基于覆冰增长机理的冰形数值模拟研究。因此以FXBW-35/70为研究对象,基于流体力学和热力学原理,计算分析了绝缘子表面冻结系数和对流换热系数的变化规律,建立了绝缘子无溢流覆冰增长三维数值模型,并进行了自然覆冰试验验证。结果表明,冻结系数随着温度、水滴直径和液态水含量的升高而降低;对流换热系数随着风速的增大而增大。绝缘子无溢流覆冰增长方向与位置有关,杆径覆冰主要沿径向增长,而伞裙边缘覆冰沿径向和轴向2个方向增长。模型计算得到的绝缘子覆冰特征参数与试验的误差均在15%以内,验证了模型的有效性。

热辐射特征参数对快堆锥形顶盖空间换热特性影响的研究

池式钠冷快堆的钠池内充满高温液态钠,其上方覆盖有氩气,高温液态钠主要通过辐射换热及对流换热的方式向快堆主容器上部结构及氩气空间传递热量,其换热特性及其影响因素十分复杂。辐射发射率及液态钠蒸发形成的气溶胶层对主容器上部结构的热工水力特性会造成一定影响。因此,为保证主容器上部结构在不同温度载荷下的安全性与稳定性,十分必要获取不同辐射发射率及不同气溶胶层分布下的温度分布。本研究建立大型池式钠冷快堆主容器上部锥形顶盖空间(以下简称“锥顶盖”)数值计算模型,开展数值模拟计算,得到不同发射率及气溶胶层厚度影响下锥顶盖的温度场。研究结果表明,发射率越高,锥顶盖斜肩及氩气空间温度越高;当气溶胶层存在于靠近钠液面的高度范围时(0~0.2 m),增加其厚度可使氩气空间局部温度升高,但对锥顶盖斜肩温度影响有限。发射率增高53%,则辐射换热量增加31.47%,格拉晓夫数(Gr)减少19.29%,辐射换热效果增强,自然对流效果减弱;气溶胶层高度由0增加到0~0.1 m时,对辐射换热量的吸收增加22.68%,格拉晓夫数(Gr)减少19.29%,气溶胶层高度由0~0.1 m增加到0~0.2 m时,透过气溶胶层的辐射换热量减少了0.04%,格拉晓夫数(Gr)增加了0.9%,辐射换热效果减弱,自然对流效果加强。

微尺度下基于对流混合的充填不平衡影响因素数值模拟分析

针对流道中采用对流混合的充填不平衡新的调控方法,通过数值模拟研究了微尺度聚合物熔体流动因素对流道熔体温度分布调控特性的影响。以“H”型流道作为研究对象,在流道中布局了对流混合装置。采用单因素的实验方法研究熔体温度、对流换热系数、流道系统对熔体充填不平衡的影响。数值模拟结果表明:绝热边界条件时,升高熔体温度伴随着熔体自身黏度的下降,对称点之间的温差减小,改善了充填不平衡,对流换热边界时,升高熔体温度加大了熔体通过壁面散失的热量,对称点之间的温差加大,充填不平衡越明显;对流换热系数越小,熔体与壁面之间的导热效率越低,熔体平均温度较高,增加了对称点之间的温差,加剧了充填不平衡;随着流道系统的减小,微尺度效应减弱,可以降低对称点间的温差,充填不平衡的现象得到了较好的改善。其中对流换热系数对充填不平衡的影响最大,其次是流道系统,最后是熔体温度。

面向回流焊工艺过程质量控制的温度场仿真技术研究

针对回流焊工艺过程中的质量控制问题,文章提出了一种创新的回流焊温度场仿真方法。该方法综合考虑热对流和热辐射的影响,以单温区炉腔作为回流炉,PCB组件作为被焊物体,借助Ansys Icepak软件模拟回流焊接过程,并搭建炉温测试平台用于监控PCB组件温度曲线,以分析其焊接质量。结果表明,仿真模型成功模拟了工艺参数组A~C的回流温度分布。仿真与实测温度曲线吻合较好,其中工艺参数组A实现了更高的焊接质量。文章提出的创新方法能够顺利实现回流焊工艺过程的质量控制,得到合理的回流温度曲线,为优化回流焊工艺提供了理论依据,有助于快速调整工艺参数以提高焊接质量和生产效率;同时该方法也可为其他类似工艺的温度场控制提供参考。

水滴形热管阵列预冷器综合换热特性数值研究

提出了一种应用于高超声速飞行器进气预冷的水滴形热管阵列预冷器构想,以实现进气预冷的高效换热和低流动损失。基于将热管处理为恒定温度导热体的简化模型假设,采用数值模拟方法研究了水滴形热管预冷器的流动换热特性以及水滴热管形状、纵向间距和来流马赫数的影响,并与具有相同截面积的圆形热管预冷器进行了对比分析。结果表明,水滴外形减少了外掠高温来流在热管尾缘脱落涡的产生,流动变得平滑。与圆形热管预冷器相比,水滴形热管预冷器极大地减小了高温来流流动损失,仅为圆形热管阵列的30%。虽然温降有所降低,但综合性能因子大于圆形热管预冷器。在本文的研究参数范围内,存在相对较优的水滴形状和热管纵向间距,可以获得更高的综合换热特性;随着来流马赫数增大,预冷器的综合换热特性有所提升。