A modified generalized scaling law for the similitude of dynamic strain in centrifuge modeling

Soil strain is the key parameter to control the elasto-plastic deformation and even the failure processes.To overcome the defect that the strain of the model soil is always smaller than that of the prototype in Iai′s generalized scaling law(GSL),a modified scaling law was proposed based on Iai′s GSL to secure the same dynamic shear strain between the centrifuge model and the prototype by modulating the amplitude and frequency of the input motion at the base.A suite of dynamic centrifuge model tests of dry sand level ground was conducted with the same overall scaling factor(λ=200)under different centrifugal accelerations by using the technique of“modeling of models”to validate the modified GSL.The test results show that the modified GSL could achieve the same dynamic strain in model as that of the prototype,leading to better modeling for geotechnical problems where dynamic strain dominates the response or failure of soils.Finally,the applicability of the proposed scaling law and possible constraints on geometry scaling due to the capability limits of existing centrifuge shaking tables are discussed.

NOETHER’S CONSERVATION LAWS OF HOLONOMIC NONCONSERVATIVE DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS IN GENERALIZED MECHANICS

In the present paper, three kinds of forms for Noether’s conservation laws of hol-onomic nonconservative dynamical systems in generalized mechanics are given.

The Application of the Generalized Differential Formulation of the First Law of Thermodynamics for Evidence of the Tidal Mechanism of Maintenance of the Energy and Viscous-Thermal Dissipative Turbulent Structure of the Mesoscale Oceanic Eddies

The practical significance of the established generalized differential formula-tion of the first law of thermodynamics (formulated for the rotational coor-dinate system) is evaluated (for the first time and for the mesoscale oceanic eddies) by deriving the general (viscous-compressible-thermal) and partial (incompressible, viscous-thermal) local conditions of the tidal maintenance of the quasi-stationary energy and dissipative turbulent structure of the mesoscale eddy located inside of the individual fluid region of the ther-mally heterogeneous viscous (compressible and incompressible, respective-ly) heat-conducting stratified fluid over the two-dimensional bottom topog-raphy characterized by the horizontal coordinate x along a horizon-tal axis X. Based on the derived partial (incompressible) local condition (of the tidal maintenance of the quasi-stationary energy and viscous-thermal dis-sipative turbulent structure of the mesoscale eddy) and using the calculated vertical distributions of the mean viscous dissipation rate per unit mass and the mean thermal dissipation rate per unit mass in four regions near the observed mesoscale (periodically topographically trapped by nearly two-dimensional bottom topography h(x) eddy located near the northern region of the Yamato Rise in the Japan Sea, the combined analysis of the energy structure of the eddy and the viscous-thermal dissipative structure of turbulence is presented. The convincing evidence is presented of the tidal mechanism of maintenance of the eddy energy and viscous-thermal dissipa-tive structure of turbulence (produced by the breaking internal gravity waves generated by the eddy) in three regions near the Yamato Rise subjected to the observed mesoscale eddy near the northern region of the Yamato Rise of the Japan Sea.

Integrating Factors and Conservation Laws of Generalized Birkhoff System Dynamics in Event Space

In this paper, the conservation laws of generalized Birkhoff system in event space are studied by using the method of integrating factors. Firstly, the generalized Pfaff-Birkhoff principle and the generalized Birkhoff equations are established, and the definition of the integrating factors for the system is given. Secondly, based on the concept of integrating factors, the conservation theorems and their inverse for the generalized Birkhoff system in the event space are presented in detail, and the relation between the conservation laws and the integrating factors of the system is obtained and the generalized Killing equations for the determination of the integrating factors are given. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

Potential symmetries and conservation laws for generalized quasilinear hyperbolic equations

Based on the Lie group method, the potential symmetries and invariant solutions for generalized quasilinear hyperbolic equations are studied. To obtain the invariant solutions in an explicit form, the physically interesting situations with potential symmetries are focused on, and the conservation laws for these equations in three physi- cally interesting cases are found by using the partial Lagrangian approach.

RENEWAL OF BASIC LAWS AND PRINCIPLES FOR POLAR CONTINUUM THEORIES (Ⅳ)--SURFACE COUSERVATION LAWS

The purpose is to reestablish rather complete surface conservation laws for micropolar thermomechanical continua from the translation and the rotation invariances of the general balance law. The generalized energy-momentum and energy-moment of momentum tensors are presented. The concrete forms of surface conservation laws for micropolar thermomechanical continua are derived . The existing related results are naturally derived as special cases from the results proposed in this paper . The incomplete degrees of the existing surface conservation laws are clearly seen from the process of the deduction. The surface conservation laws for nonlocal micropolar thermomechanical continua may be easily obtained via localization .

Conservation Laws of the Differential-Difference KP Equation

An infinite number of semi-discrete and continuous conservation laws for the differential-difference KP equation were obtained by using a solvable generalized Riccati equation.

Quantum Gravitational Effects on Tunneling Rate of Reissner-Nordstroum Black Hole Emission and Generalized Second Law

The semi-classical black hole tunneling radiation (Parikh-Wilczek tunneling proposal) is calculated undera minimal length uncertainty analysis.It is shown that,the generalized second law of thermodynamics may bound thetunneling probability radiation of a Reissner-Nordstrom black hole radiation.

GENERALIZED HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS AND THE TWO-BODY PROBLEM

A generalization of the homogeneous function concept is studied.An application is done with a solution of the two-body problem.

On the Conservative Finite Difference Scheme for the Generalized Novikov Equation

In this paper, we investigate a numerical method for the generalized Novikov equation. We propose a conservative finite difference scheme and use Brouwer fixed point theorem to obtain the existence of the solution of the corresponding difference equation. We also prove the convergence and stability of the solution by using the discrete energy method. Moreover, we obtain the truncation error of the difference scheme which is .

Theorem of Necessity and Sufficiency of Stable Equilibrium for Generalized Potential Equality between System and Reservoir

The literature reports that equality of temperature, equality of potential and equality of pressure between a system and a reservoir are necessary conditions for the stable equilibrium of the system-reservoir composite or, in the opposite and equivalent logical inference, that stable equilibrium is a sufficient condition for equality. The aim and the first novelty of the present study is to prove that equality of temperature, potential and pressure is also a sufficient condition for stable equilibrium, in addition to necessity, implying that stable equilibrium is a condition also necessary, in addition to sufficiency, for equality. The second novelty is that the proof of the sufficiency of equality (or the necessity of stable equilibrium) is attained by means of the generalization of the entropy property, derived from the generalization of exergy property, which is used to demonstrate that stable equilibrium is a logical consequence of equality of generalized potential. This proof is underpinned by the Second Law statement and the Maximum-Entropy Principle based on generalized entropy which depends on temperature, potential and pressure of the reservoir. The conclusion, based on these two novel concepts, consists of the theorem of necessity and sufficiency of stable equilibrium for equality of generalized potentials within a composite constituted by a system and a reservoir.

Wave Interactions of the Aw-Rascle Model for Generalized Chaplygin Gas

In this paper, we investigate the elementary wave interactions of the Aw-Rascle model for the generalized Chaplygin gas. We construct the unique solution by the characteristic analysis method and obtain the stability of the corresponding Riemann solutions under such small perturbations on the initial values. We find that the elementary wave interactions have a much more simple structure for Temple class than general systems of conservation laws. It is important to study the elementary waves interactions of the traffic flow system for the generalized Chaplygin gas not only because of their significance in practical applications in the traffic flow system, but also because of their basic role for the general mathematical theory.

Multi-symplectic method for the generalized(2+1)-dimensionalKdV-mKdV equation

In the present paper, a general solution involv- ing three arbitrary functions for the generalized （2＋1）- dimensional KdV-mKdV equation, which is derived from the generalized （1＋1）-dimensional KdV-mKdV equa- tion, is first introduced by means of the Wiess, Tabor, Carnevale （WTC） truncation method. And then multi- symplectic formulations with several conservation laws taken into account are presented for the generalized （2＋1）- dimensional KdV-mKdV equation based on the multi- symplectic theory of Bridges. Subsequently, in order to simulate the periodic wave solutions in terms of rational functions of the Jacobi elliptic functions derived from thegeneral solution, a semi-implicit multi-symplectic scheme is constructed that is equivalent 1：o the Preissmann scheme. From the results of the numerical experiments, we can con- clude that the multi-symplectic schemes can accurately sim- ulate the periodic wave solutions of the generalized （2＋1）- dimensional KdV-mKdV equation while preserve approxi- mately the conservation laws.

Mathematical model and general laws of wet compression

Wet compression is an effective way to enhance the performance of gas turbines and it has attracted a good deal of attention in recent years. The one sidedness and inaccuracy of previous studies,which took concentration gradient as mass transfer potential are discussed. The mass transfer process is analyzed from the viewpoint of non equilibrium thermodynamics,by taking generalized thermodynamic driving force as mass transfer potential,and the corresponding mass transfer coefficient is obtained using the heat and mass transfer equilibrium occurring between moist air and water droplets at wet bulb temperature for the sake of avoiding complex tests and providing more accurate formulas. A mathematical model of wet compression is therefore established,and the general laws of wet compression are investigated. The results show that the performance of atomizer is critical for wet compression and wet compression is more suitable for compressors with higher pressure ratio and longer compression time.

General Provisions of the Civil Law and Commercial Legislation: Consensus, Problems and Options——Taking Commercial Agency as an Example

In the context of the codification of China's Civil Code, the academic consensus has been to make commercial legislation systematic and establish commercial norms with proper legislative expression. Many direct and indirect commercial norms in General Provisions of the Civil Law provide evidence that civil law has been turned into commercial law. However, a general overview shows that the absence of related norms, including agency in duty, reveals that General Provisions of the Civil Law is lacking commercial law's characteristics. In addition to the Civil Code, using General Rules of Commercial Law is a relatively reasonable choice for commercial legislative arrangements, such as norms in relation to agency in duty. Taking commercial agency as an example, legislators should adopt problem-oriented and limited systematic patterns of "residue law" instead of unified patterns of codification.

New Planck’s Law

In quantum mechanics, there are two very famous formulas. One is the energy formula of the bose particle, called Planck’s law. The other is the wavelength formula, which is called the de Broy wavelength. According to Einstein’s mass-energy equation, we have studied Planck’s law and De Bloy’s wavelength, and generalized it to the De Bloy’s wavelength formula from low speed to light speed. Then, on this basis, the smallest particle is defined as mass quantum. The new wavelength formula is obtained from the mass quantum and converted into the frequency formula. The generalized Planck’s law is obtained.

The Validity of the Thermohydrogravidynamic Theory Concerning the Predicted Dates of the Maximal Temporal Intensifications of the Global Seismotectonic Processes of the Earth during the Range 2020 - 2023 AD

We present (on the 13th International Conference on Geology and Geophysics) the convincing evidence that the strongest earthquakes (according to the U.S. Geological Survey) of the Earth (during the range 2020 - 2023 AD) occurred near the predicted (calculated in advance based on the global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principles determining the maximal temporal intensifications of the global seismotectonic, volcanic, climatic and magnetic processes of the Earth) dates 2020.016666667 AD (Simonenko, 2020), 2021.1 AD (Simonenko, 2019, 2020), 2022.18333333 AD (Simonenko, 2021), 2023.26666666 AD (Simonenko, 2022) and 2020.55 AD, 2021.65 AD (Simonenko, 2019, 2021), 2022.716666666 AD (Simonenko, 2022), respectively, corresponding to the local maximal and to the local minimal, respectively, combined planetary and solar integral energy gravitational influences on the internal rigid core of the Earth. We present the short-term thermohydrogravidynamic technology (based on the generalized differential formulation of the first law of thermodynamics and the first global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principle) for evaluation of the maximal magnitude of the strongest (during the March, 2023 AD) earthquake of the Earth occurred on March 16, 2023 AD (according to the U.S. Geological Survey). .

人工智能生成内容的著作权法之辩

根据输入指令与输出内容的比例关系,可将人工智能生成内容依次分为孪生内容、伴生内容和原生内容。人工智能生成内容主要涉及三个著作权法问题。一是机器阅读的法律性质问题,法定许可说能更好地兼顾著作权专有属性与公有属性,实现权利行使与限制的动态平衡。二是生成内容的可著作权性问题,需要结合内容类型并考虑输入指令的潜在影响。同比例复制的孪生内容不属于作品,差异化表达的伴生内容属于演绎作品,创造性表现的原生内容属于原创作品。三是生成内容的著作权归属问题,除另有协议外,需要结合内容类型并考虑所有者、使用者的贡献程度。孪生内容因不属于作品,无人享有著作权;所有者、使用者对伴生内容的形成均有重大贡献,基于概括合作行为与意识,所有者、使用者共同享有著作权;只有所有者对原生内容的形成具有重大贡献,所有者单独享有著作权。

法域协调视角下生成式人工智能产物涉知识产权问题研究——以ChatGPT为例

人类情感的表达是人类器官独有的自然反应,而并非是某种规则的产物。作品的认定应当包含作者的情感表达。现阶段的生成式人工智能并不具备情感表达能力,只是智能化程度更高的弱人工智能产品。其自身无法承担侵权责任,其生成物并不属于作品。随着科技的不断发展,带有情感的生成式强人工智能产品终有一天会被设计并投入使用,应对相关法律提前进行完善,以满足生成式强人工智能自身能够承担责任的需要。为了保证法律完善的顺利进行,应当坚持政策导向,并遵守法秩序统一性原则。具体完善路径包括:第一,肯定生成式强人工智能作为作者与被侵权人的主体地位;第二,应当明确生成式强人工智能在刑法上的地位,肯定其既可能成为刑法的犯罪主体,也能成为刑法中的被害人;第三,为生成式强人工智能设置专属的处罚方式。

人工智能生成内容的著作权客体性思考——兼论作品判定的独创性标准选择

以基于转换器的生成式预训练模型(GPT)为代表的高阶人工智能凭借其强大的智能型内容生成机制,使得内容产品生产中的技术占比不断上升,人的直接投入占比相对下降,传统著作权法作品的独创性要求、权利人本原则等基本理论受到冲击。面对人工智能生成内容(AIGC)可作品性问题,基于自然人智力投入的创造性本质理论和闭合性作品概念显得力不从心。在过程视角下(主观标准),人工智能内容生成过程符合人类创作的思维特征;在结果视角下(客观标准),人工智能生成内容具有著作权作品的外观形式和信息消费功能,符合著作权作品的本质属性。如果人为割裂人工智能生成内容与著作权作品在产生过程和实质作用上的同质关系,强行区分人工智能生成内容和自然人创作作品的法律性质,则有悖著作权法因应技术发展调整信息消费品利益的制度旨趣,最终将导致著作权法律秩序的混乱。