The Social Determinants of Health and the Role of the Health Care System: A Case Study of the Significance of Good Governance in Public Hospitals in South Africa

Increasingly international and national policies are being directed at actions for the social determinants of health and for an integrated approach to health care provision, not only in terms of institutional cooperation but also stakeholder involvement. A key component of both these policies is the development of good governance principles in all health care agencies and organizations. A neglected dimension in these debates has been the role of the public hospital which remains a vital and expensive dimension of service provision. In a case study of a public hospital in South Africa, this paper charts the readiness of its management principles and activities to provide quality health care linked to population health and to contribute to the non-medical determinant of health. Using Taylor’s principles of good governance, we conclude that there is a mixture of good and not so good governance activity. The paper concludes by examining the external constraints on the public hospital and by providing suggestions for future activities.

Research on the Performance Evaluation Index System of Frontier County Governments in China ——Taking Hekou County as an Example

At present, the overall economic and social development of our country is fast, but the rate of development of the remote land and territories in the land is still far behind the speed of the inland and the east. This has also triggered a series of frontier issues. This requires our frontier government to strengthen border governance, seize the opportunity to meet challenges, and at the same time we must also strengthen the assessment of the governance capacity of the frontier government. This article hopes that through the actual investigation and study of frontier counties and the consideration of border issues according to local conditions, a set of performance evaluation index system for frontier county-level governments will be proposed, which will help the frontier government in border control.

Global Governance of New Frontiers： China＇s Perspective

The new frontiers for global governance serve as a new stage for international competition and cooperation. By playing a successful role in the governance of these new frontiers, China can facilitate the establishing of a community of shared future for all mankind.

The Belt and Road Initiative and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development:seeking linkages for global environmental governance

Global environmental cooperation serves as an important part in the Chinese ideal of building a Community with a Shared Future for all Human Beings. The report of 19 th CPC National Congress indicates that China is committed to proactive mitigation under the Paris Agreement and further participating in global environmental governance under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and both of which are largely integrated to the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI). BRI are also closely linked with South-South environmental and climate cooperation proposed by China from previous UN summits. Based on shared ideas, intersected agendas, and compatible governance approaches, BRI and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development grow increasingly relevant and they might form synergies based on increasingly interactive relations. In sum,seeking and intensifying the linkages between BRI and 2030 sustainable development goals(SDGs) could address global environmental governance deficits and enhance cooperation among nations.

Healthcare waste management in selected government and private hospitals in Southeast Nigeria

Objective:To assess healthcare workers' involvement in healthcare waste management in public and private hospitals.Methods:Validated questionnaires(n = 660) were administered to randomly selected healthcare workers from selected private hospitals between April and July 2013.Results:Among the healthcare workers that participated in the study,187(28.33%) were medical doctors,44(6.67%) were pharmacists,77(11.67%) were medical laboratory scientist,35(5.30%) were waste handlers and 317(48.03%) were nurses.Generally,the number of workers that have heard about healthcare waste disposal system was above average 424(69.5%).More health-workers in the government(81.5%) than in private(57.3%) hospitals were aware of healthcare waste disposal system and more in government hospitals attended training on it.The level of waste generated by the two hospitals differed significantly(P=0.0086) with the generation level higher in government than private hospitals.The materials for healthcare waste disposal were significantly more available(P=0.001) in government than private hospitals.There was no significant difference(P = 0.285) in syringes and needles disposal practices in the two hospitals and they were exposed to equal risks(P =0.8510).Fifty-six(18.5%) and 140(45.5%) of the study participants in private and government hospitals respectively were aware of the existence of healthcare waste management committee with 134(44.4%) and 19(6.2%) workers confirming that it did not exist in their institutions.The existence of the committee was very low in the private hospitals.Conclusions:The availability of material for waste segregation at point of generation,compliance of healthcare workers to healthcare waste management guidelines and the existence of infection control committee in both hospitals is generally low and unsatisfactory.

The Contending Claim Over Abyei by Sudan and South Sudan:Challenges Ahead

This article focuses on examining entangled factors that complicate the claim over Abyei and have therebyhindered any peaceful settlement of the dispute on the county. Many works of literature that presented the conflictin Abyei as natural resource conflict or identity-driven within a broader picture of conflicts in Sudan are factuallyflawed and poorly explained the nature and causes of the conflict. This paper contends that multiplicity of factorshas reinforced each other, thus these factors in unison created a stalemate and continuing claim over Abyei. Inexamining these interwoven factors, the paper employed a qualitative approach to conduct the study. Both primaryand secondary data sources were used adequately. Various academic pieces of literature, researches, and conferencereports have been used as secondary data sources. Key informant interviews were used to gather primary data totest secondary sources. Hence, the study comes up with three basic findings. First, claim over Abyei has beensustained by the elites’ manipulation of identity for their political and economic goals that hinder peacefulco-existence among communities in Abyei. Second, the competition over resources chiefly oil and locally, pastureand water complicated already fragile and tense relation by alluring national actors that even more protractedconflict on the ground to control these resources. Finally, the double standard in U.S. policy towards Abyei, by andlarge, helps Khartoum to continue its obstruction tactics to maintain the status quo.

GUIDING GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN NEW FRONTIERS GUIDED WITH IDEA OF “COMMUNITY OF SHARED DESTINY FOR MANKIND”

Polar regions,deep sea,cyberspace and outer space are often collectively known as global new frontiers.They are'new'compared to the space that has long been inhabited and governed by the mankind.Thanks to technological advancement,the mankind has been able to access and utilize new space and resources in deep sea,

国际秩序转型背景下“全球南方”的战略地位和角色作用

当今时代,大国政治博弈加剧,“全球南方”的战略地位与价值日益凸显。地位和角色的转变赋予了“全球南方”独特的理论价值,其逐渐超越传统以经济属性为主的新兴市场国家和发展中国家概念,成为具有更丰富内涵的国际政治新概念,为国际关系理论创新提供了新视角和路径。全球南方国家均非美西方盟友的核心成员,未处于国际权力体系的中心地位,具有相似的国际境遇、利益诉求、发展任务和政治主张。在国际秩序重构方面,全球南方国家主张以联合国宪章和原则为宗旨,建立公平合理的国际新秩序,践行真正的多边主义,实现平等共治、合作共赢。在全球气候治理领域,全球南方国家普遍面临经济发展、消除贫困的迫切要求,主张共同维护以联合国为核心的全球气候治理体系,捍卫共同但有区别的责任原则,推动全球气候治理体系朝着更加公正合理的方向发展。在国际经济领域,全球南方国家倡导开放包容、互利共赢的合作理念,主张坚持多边主义和公平贸易,通过改革与完善国际合作机制应对挑战,构建开放型世界经济。在新的时代背景下,加强政治、经济、科技等领域的南南合作,不仅有助于推动发展中国家自身经济和社会发展,还能为完善现行国际秩序做出重要贡献。

边疆治理现代化与周边命运共同体建设

人类命运共同体是百年未有之大变局下,中国提出的解决人类未来发展前途命运的愿景设计。人类命运共同体是一个从局部到整体的渐进建设过程,周边命运共同体建设就是迈向人类命运共同体的关键步骤和重要环节。中国边疆地区与周边国家存在天然而紧密的地缘关系,经济社会文化领域的联系交往广泛而频繁,繁杂的跨界公共事务需要相邻国家间平等协商治理,才能取得高效共赢的治理效果。推动建设周边命运共同体是达成合作共赢的最佳选择。周边命运共同体建设具有双重功能,一是为中国的未来发展营造良好的周边环境,二是促进中国边疆与周边国家的融合发展,加快边疆治理现代化进程。未来的边疆治理须秉持共生主义理念,统筹边疆治理与跨境区域治理,统筹国内发展与周边发展,统筹国内安全与周边安全,推进边疆治理现代化与周边命运共同体建设的高度耦合和协同演进。

全球新疆域的治理挑战与中国路径

深海、极地、外空、网络和数字空间、人工智能等全球新疆域蕴藏着人类生存与发展所需的重要资源和战略空间,已经成为各国争取发展资源、拓展发展空间、谋求发展优势的新领域。随着科技快速发展以及国际形势变迁,新疆域面临治理需求上升与治理规则赤字、国际合作要求上升与国际共识不足、国家私利与全球公利难以平衡等张力和矛盾,以及泛安全化等挑战。以西方为中心的旧思维已经无法应对新疆域的治理要求。中国提出的新疆域全球治理观以构建人类命运共同体为目标,以共商共建共享为原则,与新疆域的属性和治理需求高度契合,为应对新形势下新疆域的治理挑战提供了有影响力的中国理念与中国方案。实践中,中国支持发挥联合国的主导作用,主张通过践行真正的多边主义,推动新疆域治理机制的建设与完善,扩大广大发展中国家的参与权和话语权;并通过推动各领域多层次的国际合作,积极提供全球公共产品,推动共建新疆域命运共同体。

南海及其附属岛礁海洋科学考察历史资料系统整编2.数据治理技术与应用

在南海及其附属岛礁海洋科学考察历史资料系统整编项目实施过程中,数据管理是一项重要工作。文章从数据管理者的角度,以数据为研究对象,以数据治理为研究核心,探讨数据的科学管理工作,构建一个简单的数据治理模型,包含安全体系、组织体系、标准体系、资源体系、共享体系、对接体系共6大体系,为项目数据以及南海海洋数据的数据治理工作提供保障。文章重点围绕数据安全体系、数据标准体系、数据资源体系做简要论述。

边疆民族地区政治安全的认知演进与治道变革

政治安全是国家安全的根本,是国家政权、政治制度、政治秩序以及意识形态等方面免受威胁、侵犯、颠覆、破坏的客观状态。在国家疆域内不同地理空间中,政治安全的影响因素以及相应的治理之道差异悬殊。边疆民族地区的政治安全因其地理区位、社会结构、文化传统以及地缘政治等方面的特殊性与敏感性,成为一个特殊且复杂的治理场域。通过梳理新中国成立以来国家对边疆民族地区政治安全问题的认知演进及治道变革,政治安全在问题定位、主导价值、安全属性方面认知伴随国内外环境的变化而不断演变,其治理之道从“存异”走向“求同”。在以人民安全为宗旨的总体国家安全观指引下,边疆民族地区政治安全治理应凸显“人民中心”价值取向,强化边疆民族地区各族民众的国家认同、政治认同,进而构筑起维护政治安全的坚实屏障。

Research on the Influence of Government R&D Funding and Enterprise R&D Investment on the Innovation Efficiency of Pharmaceutical Industry

Objective To study the effect of government R&D funding and enterprise R&D input on innovation efficiency of China’s pharmaceutical industry.Methods Based on the inter-provincial panel data of China’s pharmaceutical industry from 2009 to 2019,the stochastic frontier analysis method was used to study the influence of government R&D funding and enterprise R&D input on the innovation efficiency.Results and Conclusion With 1%increase in government R&D funding,the innovation efficiency of enterprises will increase by 0.122%.When R&D investment increases by 1%,innovation efficiency will increase by 0.169%.Both government R&D funding and enterprise R&D investment promote the innovation efficiency of pharmaceutical enterprises,but the increase of enterprise R&D investment contributes more to the improvement of pharmaceutical innovation efficiency.

从责任共同体到命运共同体:边疆治理中的共同体建构研究

当今民族国家社会发展的难题,需要依据整体性、系统性的思维来治理,需以责任凝聚合作与发展,进而内化为“命运共同体”。我国边疆治理充分动员边民的参与就体现了共建共享共赢、多元协同这一思想精神。据此,基于怒江州边民参与治理跨境流动人口问题的实践,深入分析福贡县的多级联动机制与泸水市特色护边队“守土有责、守土负责、守土尽责”的责任共同体建设,进而推动边民“守小家顾大家”向命运共同体的转变,为我国陆地2.28万公里边境线区域治理路径和对策做出有益思考,也为学界提供开拓性的跨境治理研究视角,促进现代治理的创新实践与模式改变。

南海渔业资源可持续发展的中国方案建构

有效治理南海渔业资源问题,应以现实需求为导向探寻南海渔业资源可持续发展的总基调,这是建构中国特色治理方案的根本前提。同时,要不失时机地从立法、执法、司法角度深刻反思现有治理措施的缺陷,紧追全球海洋治理大势,借鉴地中海渔业合作治理经验,形成符合南海海洋治理需求的体系化方案。该方案需具有吸引力、感召力与引导力且全面展示中国在南海问题上的基本立场。中国可通过加强科学管理与法规建设、注重生态修复与增殖养护、推动国际合作与区域治理等可行途径实现南海渔业资源的可持续发展。

明初边疆治理的权威政治:“以茶羁縻”与“茶叶反腐”——以欧阳伦贩私茶事件为讨论中心

以茶羁縻和茶叶反腐在明洪武年间都受到高度重视,明廷也采取了多维度措施以保证二者的有效实施,对明代中后期的发展产生了重要影响。“欧阳伦贩私茶事件”进一步揭示出洪武年间以茶羁縻与茶叶反腐关系中的一种吊诡现象,促使这一现象出现的原因在于权威统治的深层问题。在中国传统社会历史的边疆治理中,如果缺乏系统的、法制化的有效运行机制,皇帝的个人魅力与忧患意识并无法真正有效解决腐败和治理的风险性问题。

公共产品视阈下的中国—拉美全球贸易治理合作

在当前国际格局发生重大变动、全球贸易治理规则遭到破坏的背景下,中国同拉丁美洲和加勒比地区国家在全球贸易治理中的合作体现出南南合作的韧性以及发展中国家团结一致参与公共产品供给的贸易治理观。中国和拉美国家在双边贸易规模不断扩大的现实支撑下,积极开展自由贸易谈判,充分利用服务贸易、产能合作、数字贸易等新模式维持合作基础,共同推进互利共赢的多边议程。面对新一轮的保护主义和经济民族主义压力,中国和拉美国家应摒弃带倾向性的多边合作,强化发展中国家身份认同,维护多边规则,促进自由贸易制度这一公共产品的有效供给。

边疆民族地区输入型公共卫生安全风险的制度协同治理机制研究

公共卫生安全风险是非传统安全风险的组成部分,一定情况下会威胁到国家总体安全。我国边疆民族地区多处于边境地带,既是境外公共卫生安全风险向国内输入的脆弱性空间,又是防范化解境外公共卫生安全风险的安全屏障。那么,如何有效治理边疆民族地区输入型公共卫生安全风险是当前亟须解决的重要问题。从输入型公共卫生安全风险的生成缘由、影响因素、发展态势等方面分析,边疆民族地区输入型公共卫生安全风险治理需遵循出入境制度、婚育制度、就业制度、反走私制度、公共卫生安全制度与社会公共安全制度。基于协同治理理论,在审视各项制度的基础上,通过制度建设协同、制度运行协同、制度保障协同构建边疆民族地区输入型公共卫生安全风险的制度协同治理机制,为边疆民族地区输入型公共卫生安全风险治理提供可行方案。

中华民族共同体视域下清朝“华夷观”的理论重构与实践演绎

清朝为了稳固其统治,对“华夷观”进行了理论重构,认为“华夷一家”,而“华夷”的区分标准是居住地域不同。考查清朝官方文献中对“夷”字的使用情况,基本符合清朝的“华夷观”理论,但细研史料,发现清朝的“华夷观”理论与实践又存在磨合现象,主要是清朝从维护国家统一和边疆安全视域做出的考量。总体来看,清朝对“华夷观”的重构是中华民族共同体形成史上的一次理论设想与实践尝试,有利于增强中华民族的凝聚力。

无尽的边疆,无尽的布什:论瓦尼尔·布什与美国联邦政府高等教育政策的塑造

瓦尼尔·布什在塑造美国联邦政府高等教育政策中发挥关键作用,成就了学府与政府关系的良性发展。从撰写《科学:无尽的边疆》到促成《国家科学基金会法》通过,布什积极游走于学府与政府之间,为大学科研事业不断斡旋。凭借科学家的研究洞察力、科学政治家的国家意识,汇聚学人良策,极力维护学术在自由与服务国家使命之间的张力。得益于布什的贡献,美国研究型大学的科研获得长足发展。研究布什在塑造美国联邦政府高等教育政策中的价值有助于明晰学人步入政治场域的复杂历程,领悟学府与政府交织复杂的博弈。