Infiltration–runoff–slope instability mechanism of macropore slope under heavy rainfall is unclear.This paper studied its instability mechanism with an improved Green–Ampt(GA)model considering the dual-porosity(i.e...Infiltration–runoff–slope instability mechanism of macropore slope under heavy rainfall is unclear.This paper studied its instability mechanism with an improved Green–Ampt(GA)model considering the dual-porosity(i.e.,matrix and macropore)and ponding condition,and proposed the infiltration equations,infiltration–runoff coupled model,and safety factor calculation method.Results show that the infiltration processes of macropore slope can be divided into three stages,and the proposed model is rational by a comparative analysis.The wetting front depth of the traditional unsaturated slope is 17.2%larger than that of the macropore slope in the early rainfall stage and 27%smaller than that of the macropore slope in the late rainfall stage.Then,macropores benefit the slope stability in the early rainfall but not in the latter.Macropore flow does not occur initially but becomes pronounced with increasing rainfall duration.The equal depth of the wetting front in the two domains is regarded as the onset criteria of macropore flow.Parameter analysis shows that macropore flow is delayed by increasing proportion of macropore domain(ω_(f)),whereas promoted by increasing ratio of saturated permeability coefficients between the two domains(μ).The increasing trend of ponding depth is sharp at first and then grows slowly.Finally,when rainfall duration is less than 3 h,ωf andμhave no significant effect on the safety factor,whereas it decreases with increasingωf and increases with increasingμunder longer duration(≥3 h).With the increase ofω_(f),the slope maximum instability time advances by 10.5 h,and with the increase ofμ,the slope maximum instability time delays by 3.1 h.展开更多
Reduced walleye (<i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Sander vitreus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><spa...Reduced walleye (<i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Sander vitreus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) fingerling production possibly related to nuisance filamentous green algae and overly</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">stable water chemistry patterns is a concern in earthen-substrate ponds at Blue Dog State Fish Hatchery, South Dakota, USA. We describe the success of alfalfa (<i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Medicago sativa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) meal (AFM, n</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">=</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2), alfalfa meal plus soybean (<i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Glycine max</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) meal (AFM</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">SBM, n</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">=</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1), and alfalfa meal plus liquid 28N:0P:0K (AFM</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">28:0:0, n</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">=</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1) at achieving</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> walleye production objectives (>104,000 walleye and 32 kilograms/hectare) as well as the occurrence of filamentous green algae and the associated patterns of ammonia-nitrogen, pH, and dissolved oxygen in earthen-substrate ponds. Walleye production objectives were only achieved when filamentous green algae were absent preceding harvest, which occurred in one pond that received AFM and in the pond that received AFM</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">28:0:0.</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The presence of filamentous green algae preceding harvest was associated with higher dissolved oxygen and pH, whereas declines in these variables occurred when filamentous green algae were absent. Organic fertilizer alone exhibited low ammonia-nitrogen (<0.1 mg/L) despite the substitution of higher protein content soybean meal, but supplementation with 28:0:0 increased ammonia-nitrogen to 0.23 mg/L. These findings highlight the reduction in walleye fingerling production that occurred in the presence of filamentous green algae and the unpredictability of results when two earthen-substrate ponds are treated exactly the same with alfalfa meal. Achievement of walleye production objectives, lack of nuisance filamentous green algae, and promotion of</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">favorable patterns in water chemistry warrant future experimentation with alfalfa meal supplemented with 28:0:0 in earthen-substrate ponds at this hatchery.展开更多
当前快速的城市化进程导致了城市地区内涝事件频繁发生。绿色基础设施是减轻城市洪涝的有效措施之一。SWMM(Storm Water Management Model)等模型的复杂性使得规划管理者对模型的操作和应用存在困难,而且缺乏对绿色基础设施径流消减机...当前快速的城市化进程导致了城市地区内涝事件频繁发生。绿色基础设施是减轻城市洪涝的有效措施之一。SWMM(Storm Water Management Model)等模型的复杂性使得规划管理者对模型的操作和应用存在困难,而且缺乏对绿色基础设施径流消减机制的展现。目前的研究中,比较单个与综合绿色基础设施配置径流消减效果的研究相对较少。基于水量平衡和城市水文过程,开发了社区尺度绿色基础设施消减作用的暴雨径流模型,并以北京市一典型社区为例,模拟研究了一年一遇和五年一遇两种暴雨条件下不同绿色基础设施配置对暴雨径流流量和峰值的消减效率。结果表明:用两场野外监测的降雨和径流数据验证模型得到的决定系数分别为0.68和0.71,纳什效率系数分别达到0.99和0.96,表明模型是可靠的。在一年一遇和五年一遇两种暴雨条件下,将常规绿地改造成5 cm深度的下凹式绿地,径流量分别减少了8.23%和23.30%,径流峰值分别减少了20.31%和29.11%;在建造300 m3调蓄池的情景下,径流量分别减少了84.90%和20.97%,径流峰值分别减少了88.99%和0.10%;在50%的不透水地表铺装透水砖情景下,径流量分别减少了46.51%和38.52%,径流峰值分别减少了39.96%和35.48%。3种绿色基础设施都可以较好的消减社区暴雨径流,但是随着暴雨强度的增强,下凹式绿地的消减效果略增强,调蓄池的消减效果变差,透水砖铺装的消减效果较稳定。综合3种措施对暴雨径流具有显著消减效果,可以100%消减一年一遇暴雨产生的径流,在五年一遇设计暴雨条件下,分别消减75.47%的总径流量和64.52%的径流峰值。展开更多
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(Grant No.2023J011133)。
文摘Infiltration–runoff–slope instability mechanism of macropore slope under heavy rainfall is unclear.This paper studied its instability mechanism with an improved Green–Ampt(GA)model considering the dual-porosity(i.e.,matrix and macropore)and ponding condition,and proposed the infiltration equations,infiltration–runoff coupled model,and safety factor calculation method.Results show that the infiltration processes of macropore slope can be divided into three stages,and the proposed model is rational by a comparative analysis.The wetting front depth of the traditional unsaturated slope is 17.2%larger than that of the macropore slope in the early rainfall stage and 27%smaller than that of the macropore slope in the late rainfall stage.Then,macropores benefit the slope stability in the early rainfall but not in the latter.Macropore flow does not occur initially but becomes pronounced with increasing rainfall duration.The equal depth of the wetting front in the two domains is regarded as the onset criteria of macropore flow.Parameter analysis shows that macropore flow is delayed by increasing proportion of macropore domain(ω_(f)),whereas promoted by increasing ratio of saturated permeability coefficients between the two domains(μ).The increasing trend of ponding depth is sharp at first and then grows slowly.Finally,when rainfall duration is less than 3 h,ωf andμhave no significant effect on the safety factor,whereas it decreases with increasingωf and increases with increasingμunder longer duration(≥3 h).With the increase ofω_(f),the slope maximum instability time advances by 10.5 h,and with the increase ofμ,the slope maximum instability time delays by 3.1 h.
文摘Reduced walleye (<i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Sander vitreus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) fingerling production possibly related to nuisance filamentous green algae and overly</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">stable water chemistry patterns is a concern in earthen-substrate ponds at Blue Dog State Fish Hatchery, South Dakota, USA. We describe the success of alfalfa (<i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Medicago sativa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) meal (AFM, n</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">=</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2), alfalfa meal plus soybean (<i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Glycine max</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) meal (AFM</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">SBM, n</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">=</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1), and alfalfa meal plus liquid 28N:0P:0K (AFM</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">28:0:0, n</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">=</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1) at achieving</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> walleye production objectives (>104,000 walleye and 32 kilograms/hectare) as well as the occurrence of filamentous green algae and the associated patterns of ammonia-nitrogen, pH, and dissolved oxygen in earthen-substrate ponds. Walleye production objectives were only achieved when filamentous green algae were absent preceding harvest, which occurred in one pond that received AFM and in the pond that received AFM</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">28:0:0.</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The presence of filamentous green algae preceding harvest was associated with higher dissolved oxygen and pH, whereas declines in these variables occurred when filamentous green algae were absent. Organic fertilizer alone exhibited low ammonia-nitrogen (<0.1 mg/L) despite the substitution of higher protein content soybean meal, but supplementation with 28:0:0 increased ammonia-nitrogen to 0.23 mg/L. These findings highlight the reduction in walleye fingerling production that occurred in the presence of filamentous green algae and the unpredictability of results when two earthen-substrate ponds are treated exactly the same with alfalfa meal. Achievement of walleye production objectives, lack of nuisance filamentous green algae, and promotion of</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">favorable patterns in water chemistry warrant future experimentation with alfalfa meal supplemented with 28:0:0 in earthen-substrate ponds at this hatchery.