Gas flexible pipes are critical multi-layered equipment for offshore oil and gas development.Under high pressure conditions,small molecular components of natural gas dissolve into the polymer inner liner of the flexib...Gas flexible pipes are critical multi-layered equipment for offshore oil and gas development.Under high pressure conditions,small molecular components of natural gas dissolve into the polymer inner liner of the flexible pipes and further diffuse into the annular space,incurring annular pressure build-up and/or production of acidic environment,which poses serious challenges to the structure and integrity of the flexible pipes.Gas permeation in pipes is a complex phenomenon governed by various factors such as internal pressure and temperature,annular structure,external temperature.In a long-distance gas flexible pipe,moreover,gas permeation exhibits non-uniform features,and the gas permeated into the annular space flows along the metal gap.To assess the complex gas transport behavior in long-distance gas flexible pipes,a mathematical model is established in this paper considering the multiphase flow phenomena inside the flexible pipes,the diffusion of gas in the inner liner,and the gas seepage in the annular space under varying permeable properties of the annulus.In addition,the effect of a variable temperature is accounted.A numerical calculation method is accordingly constructed to solve the coupling mathematical equations.The annular permeability was shown to significantly influence the distribution of annular pressure.As permeability increases,the annular pressure tends to become more uniform,and the annular pressure at the wellhead rises more rapidly.After annular pressure relief followed by shut-in,the pressure increase follows a convex function.By simulating the pressure recovery pattern after pressure relief and comparing it with test results,we deduce that the annular permeability lies between 123 and 512 m D.The results help shed light upon assessing the annular pressure in long distance gas flexible pipes and thus ensure the security of gas transport in the emerging development of offshore resources.展开更多
The pulsating heat pipe is a very promising heat dissipation device to address the challenge of higher heat-flux electronic chips,as it is characterised by excellent heat transfer ability and flexibility for miniaturi...The pulsating heat pipe is a very promising heat dissipation device to address the challenge of higher heat-flux electronic chips,as it is characterised by excellent heat transfer ability and flexibility for miniaturisation.To boost the application of PHP,reliable heat transfer performance evaluationmodels are especially important.In this paper,a heat transfer correlation was firstly proposed for closed PHP with various working fluids(water,ethanol,methanol,R123,acetone)based on collected experimental data.Dimensional analysis was used to group the parameters.It was shown that the average absolute deviation(AAD)and correlation coefficient(r)of the correlation were 40.67%and 0.7556,respectively.For 95%of the data,the prediction of thermal resistance and the temperature difference between evaporation and condensation section fell within 1.13K/Wand 40.76K,respectively.Meanwhile,an artificial neural networkmodelwas also proposed.The ANN model showed a better prediction accuracy with a mean square error(MSE)and correlation coefficient(r)of 7.88e-7 and 0.9821,respectively.展开更多
Heat transfer of a capillary evaporator in a loop heat pipe was analyzed through 3D numerical simulations to study the effects of the thermal conductivity of the wick, the contact area between the casing and the wick,...Heat transfer of a capillary evaporator in a loop heat pipe was analyzed through 3D numerical simulations to study the effects of the thermal conductivity of the wick, the contact area between the casing and the wick, and the subcooling in the compensation chamber (CC) on the thermal performance of the evaporator. A pore network model with a distribution of pore radii was used to simulate liquid flow in the porous structure of the wick. To obtain high accuracy, fine meshes were used at the boundaries among the casing, the wick, and the grooves. Distributions of temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate were compared for polytetra-fluoroethylene (PTFE) and stainless steel wicks. The thermal conductivity of the wick and the contact area between the casing and the wick significantly impacted thermal performance of the evaporator heat-transfer coefficient and the heat leak to the CC. The 3D analysis provided highly accurate values for the heat leak;in some cases, the heat leaks of PTFE and stainless steel wicks showed little differences. In general, the heat flux is concentrated at the boundaries between the casing, the wick, and the grooves;therefore, thermal performance can be optimized by increasing the length of the boundary.展开更多
This work investigates the steam condensation phenomena in an air-cooled condenser.The considered horizontal flattened tube has a 30 mm hydraulic diameter,and its length is a function of the steam quality with a limit...This work investigates the steam condensation phenomena in an air-cooled condenser.The considered horizontal flattened tube has a 30 mm hydraulic diameter,and its length is a function of the steam quality with a limit value between 0.95 and 0.05.The mass flow rate ranges from 4 to 40 kg/m^(2).s with a saturated temperature spanning an interval from 40°C to 80°C.A special approach has been implemented using the Engineering Equation Solver(EES)to solve a series of equations for the two-phase flow pattern and the related heat transfer coefficients.A wavy-stratified structure of the two-phase flow has been found when the mass rate was between 4 and 24 kg/m^(2).s.In contrast,an initially annular flow is gradually converted into a wavy stratified flow(due to the condensation process taking place inside the flattened tube)when the considered range ranges from 32 to 40 kg/m^(2).s.展开更多
It is the basic requirement of the synergetic exploitation of deep mineral resources and geothermal resources to arrange the heat transfer tube in filling body. The heat release performance of filling body directly im...It is the basic requirement of the synergetic exploitation of deep mineral resources and geothermal resources to arrange the heat transfer tube in filling body. The heat release performance of filling body directly impacts on the exploiting efficiency of geothermal energy. Based on heat transfer theory, a three-dimensional unsteady heat transfer model of filling body is established by using FLUENT simulation software. Taking the horizontal U-shaped buried pipe as research object, the variation of temperature field in filling body around buried pipe is analyzed during the heat release process of filling body;the initial temperature of filling body, the diameter of buried pipe, the inlet temperature and inlet velocity of heat transfer fluid influencing of coupling heat transfer, which exists between heat transfer fluid and surrounding filling body within a certain axial distance of buried tube, and influencing of temperature difference between inlet and outlet of heat transfer fluid and on heat transfer performance of filling body are also discussed. It not only lays a theoretical foundation for the synergetic exploitation of mineral resources and geothermal energy in deep mines, but also provides a reference basis for the arrangement of buried pipes in filling body as well as the selection of working conditions for heat transfer fluid.展开更多
The earth to fluid pipe(ETFP)system has been widely applied to various energy engineering.The numerical model of the heat transfer process in the ETFP system with a shallow-buried horizontal or a deep-buried vertical ...The earth to fluid pipe(ETFP)system has been widely applied to various energy engineering.The numerical model of the heat transfer process in the ETFP system with a shallow-buried horizontal or a deep-buried vertical U-shape pipe adopted in practical engineering was established and the model distinctions were pointed out.The comparison of the thermal performance between the two types of ETFP system under various schemes was conducted on the basis of numerical prediction.The results showed that the thermal parameters of the ETFP system with a shallow-buried horizontal pipe were influenced by the inlet velocity and ground temperature obviously.The variation of the fluid temperature was smooth and the thermal influence zone was limited under the fixed conditions.The proper intermittent operation scheme reduced 53.1%outlet fluid temperature rising.By contrast,the fluid temperature in the ETFP system with a deep-buried vertical U-shape pipe varied dramatically with the operation conditions.The intermittent operation scheme with a relatively short interval led to a less temperature fluctuation of soil around the pipe.The intermittent scheme is beneficial to the recovery of the thermal condition of soil around the U-shape pipe.These results indicated a stark difference in thermal performance between the two types of system.The study can provide guidance for the selection and operation of ETFP system in practical heat exchange engineering.展开更多
A model that incorporates the important phenomena in annular gas-water flow through a Venturi tube has been presented. A series of the experiments were carried out to measure the flow and heat transfer characteristics...A model that incorporates the important phenomena in annular gas-water flow through a Venturi tube has been presented. A series of the experiments were carried out to measure the flow and heat transfer characteristics in cold and hog conditions. The comparison between numerical and experimental results shows good agreement.展开更多
防护工程内信息化设备散热量大,余热会导致工程内部温度升高、设备失效甚至瘫痪。结合垂直埋管运行高效和水平埋管成本低廉的优势,采用复合埋管式地源热泵系统处理工程内余热以及口部潮湿问题,计算工程内通信机房和办公大厅的全年逐时负...防护工程内信息化设备散热量大,余热会导致工程内部温度升高、设备失效甚至瘫痪。结合垂直埋管运行高效和水平埋管成本低廉的优势,采用复合埋管式地源热泵系统处理工程内余热以及口部潮湿问题,计算工程内通信机房和办公大厅的全年逐时负荷;利用TRNSYS仿真软件构建复合埋管式与垂直埋管式热泵系统模型,比较复合埋管式热泵系统与传统的垂直埋管式热泵系统的热性能、经济效益及防潮效果。结果表明,在工程口部设定水平地埋管可有效降低口部空气相对湿度,起到防潮防湿的作用;在复合埋管式热泵系统总性能系数(coefficient of performance,COP)更高的前提下,复合埋管式热泵系统的总成本较垂直埋管式热泵系统降低了21.8%。展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Research Project of Guangling College of Yangzhou University,China (ZKZD18004)General Program of Natural Science Research in Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province,China (20KJD430006)。
文摘Gas flexible pipes are critical multi-layered equipment for offshore oil and gas development.Under high pressure conditions,small molecular components of natural gas dissolve into the polymer inner liner of the flexible pipes and further diffuse into the annular space,incurring annular pressure build-up and/or production of acidic environment,which poses serious challenges to the structure and integrity of the flexible pipes.Gas permeation in pipes is a complex phenomenon governed by various factors such as internal pressure and temperature,annular structure,external temperature.In a long-distance gas flexible pipe,moreover,gas permeation exhibits non-uniform features,and the gas permeated into the annular space flows along the metal gap.To assess the complex gas transport behavior in long-distance gas flexible pipes,a mathematical model is established in this paper considering the multiphase flow phenomena inside the flexible pipes,the diffusion of gas in the inner liner,and the gas seepage in the annular space under varying permeable properties of the annulus.In addition,the effect of a variable temperature is accounted.A numerical calculation method is accordingly constructed to solve the coupling mathematical equations.The annular permeability was shown to significantly influence the distribution of annular pressure.As permeability increases,the annular pressure tends to become more uniform,and the annular pressure at the wellhead rises more rapidly.After annular pressure relief followed by shut-in,the pressure increase follows a convex function.By simulating the pressure recovery pattern after pressure relief and comparing it with test results,we deduce that the annular permeability lies between 123 and 512 m D.The results help shed light upon assessing the annular pressure in long distance gas flexible pipes and thus ensure the security of gas transport in the emerging development of offshore resources.
基金This work is funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51906216).
文摘The pulsating heat pipe is a very promising heat dissipation device to address the challenge of higher heat-flux electronic chips,as it is characterised by excellent heat transfer ability and flexibility for miniaturisation.To boost the application of PHP,reliable heat transfer performance evaluationmodels are especially important.In this paper,a heat transfer correlation was firstly proposed for closed PHP with various working fluids(water,ethanol,methanol,R123,acetone)based on collected experimental data.Dimensional analysis was used to group the parameters.It was shown that the average absolute deviation(AAD)and correlation coefficient(r)of the correlation were 40.67%and 0.7556,respectively.For 95%of the data,the prediction of thermal resistance and the temperature difference between evaporation and condensation section fell within 1.13K/Wand 40.76K,respectively.Meanwhile,an artificial neural networkmodelwas also proposed.The ANN model showed a better prediction accuracy with a mean square error(MSE)and correlation coefficient(r)of 7.88e-7 and 0.9821,respectively.
文摘Heat transfer of a capillary evaporator in a loop heat pipe was analyzed through 3D numerical simulations to study the effects of the thermal conductivity of the wick, the contact area between the casing and the wick, and the subcooling in the compensation chamber (CC) on the thermal performance of the evaporator. A pore network model with a distribution of pore radii was used to simulate liquid flow in the porous structure of the wick. To obtain high accuracy, fine meshes were used at the boundaries among the casing, the wick, and the grooves. Distributions of temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate were compared for polytetra-fluoroethylene (PTFE) and stainless steel wicks. The thermal conductivity of the wick and the contact area between the casing and the wick significantly impacted thermal performance of the evaporator heat-transfer coefficient and the heat leak to the CC. The 3D analysis provided highly accurate values for the heat leak;in some cases, the heat leaks of PTFE and stainless steel wicks showed little differences. In general, the heat flux is concentrated at the boundaries between the casing, the wick, and the grooves;therefore, thermal performance can be optimized by increasing the length of the boundary.
文摘This work investigates the steam condensation phenomena in an air-cooled condenser.The considered horizontal flattened tube has a 30 mm hydraulic diameter,and its length is a function of the steam quality with a limit value between 0.95 and 0.05.The mass flow rate ranges from 4 to 40 kg/m^(2).s with a saturated temperature spanning an interval from 40°C to 80°C.A special approach has been implemented using the Engineering Equation Solver(EES)to solve a series of equations for the two-phase flow pattern and the related heat transfer coefficients.A wavy-stratified structure of the two-phase flow has been found when the mass rate was between 4 and 24 kg/m^(2).s.In contrast,an initially annular flow is gradually converted into a wavy stratified flow(due to the condensation process taking place inside the flattened tube)when the considered range ranges from 32 to 40 kg/m^(2).s.
基金Projects(51974225,51874229,51674188,51904224,51904225,51504182) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(2018JM5161,2018JQ5183,2015JQ5187) supported by the Natural Science Basic Research Plan of Shaanxi,China
文摘It is the basic requirement of the synergetic exploitation of deep mineral resources and geothermal resources to arrange the heat transfer tube in filling body. The heat release performance of filling body directly impacts on the exploiting efficiency of geothermal energy. Based on heat transfer theory, a three-dimensional unsteady heat transfer model of filling body is established by using FLUENT simulation software. Taking the horizontal U-shaped buried pipe as research object, the variation of temperature field in filling body around buried pipe is analyzed during the heat release process of filling body;the initial temperature of filling body, the diameter of buried pipe, the inlet temperature and inlet velocity of heat transfer fluid influencing of coupling heat transfer, which exists between heat transfer fluid and surrounding filling body within a certain axial distance of buried tube, and influencing of temperature difference between inlet and outlet of heat transfer fluid and on heat transfer performance of filling body are also discussed. It not only lays a theoretical foundation for the synergetic exploitation of mineral resources and geothermal energy in deep mines, but also provides a reference basis for the arrangement of buried pipes in filling body as well as the selection of working conditions for heat transfer fluid.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51606114)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.18020501000).
文摘The earth to fluid pipe(ETFP)system has been widely applied to various energy engineering.The numerical model of the heat transfer process in the ETFP system with a shallow-buried horizontal or a deep-buried vertical U-shape pipe adopted in practical engineering was established and the model distinctions were pointed out.The comparison of the thermal performance between the two types of ETFP system under various schemes was conducted on the basis of numerical prediction.The results showed that the thermal parameters of the ETFP system with a shallow-buried horizontal pipe were influenced by the inlet velocity and ground temperature obviously.The variation of the fluid temperature was smooth and the thermal influence zone was limited under the fixed conditions.The proper intermittent operation scheme reduced 53.1%outlet fluid temperature rising.By contrast,the fluid temperature in the ETFP system with a deep-buried vertical U-shape pipe varied dramatically with the operation conditions.The intermittent operation scheme with a relatively short interval led to a less temperature fluctuation of soil around the pipe.The intermittent scheme is beneficial to the recovery of the thermal condition of soil around the U-shape pipe.These results indicated a stark difference in thermal performance between the two types of system.The study can provide guidance for the selection and operation of ETFP system in practical heat exchange engineering.
文摘A model that incorporates the important phenomena in annular gas-water flow through a Venturi tube has been presented. A series of the experiments were carried out to measure the flow and heat transfer characteristics in cold and hog conditions. The comparison between numerical and experimental results shows good agreement.
文摘防护工程内信息化设备散热量大,余热会导致工程内部温度升高、设备失效甚至瘫痪。结合垂直埋管运行高效和水平埋管成本低廉的优势,采用复合埋管式地源热泵系统处理工程内余热以及口部潮湿问题,计算工程内通信机房和办公大厅的全年逐时负荷;利用TRNSYS仿真软件构建复合埋管式与垂直埋管式热泵系统模型,比较复合埋管式热泵系统与传统的垂直埋管式热泵系统的热性能、经济效益及防潮效果。结果表明,在工程口部设定水平地埋管可有效降低口部空气相对湿度,起到防潮防湿的作用;在复合埋管式热泵系统总性能系数(coefficient of performance,COP)更高的前提下,复合埋管式热泵系统的总成本较垂直埋管式热泵系统降低了21.8%。
