Low Doses of Ionized Radiation and Hypomagnetic Field Alter Redox Properties of Water and Physiological Characteristics of Seeds of the Highest Plants

The influence of a 40-fold attenuated geomagnetic field and its combined action with low doses of α- and γ-irradiation on the physiological characteristics of seeds of the highest plants and redox properties of water was investigated. It established the reduction of seed germination both under direct and indirect effects due to water action of attenuated geomagnetic field. A negative effect of hypomagnetic field on grown characteristics of seeds under indirect effect via water was decreased by the low doses of γ-irradiation, and was increased by low doses of α-irradiation, i.e. ionized radiation was the dominant factor in their combined action. It was revealed the increasing of the value of the oxidation-reduction potential of water under the influence of low-intensive α-ir-radiation (239Pu), γ-irradiation (137Cs) and also that the magnetic induction attenuated pointing to a natural decline. The increasing of the oxidation-reduction potential value testifies about “the regular decreasing of internal energy of water molecules” and the increasing of its oxidative properties, which, in our opinion, is caused the inhibition of the germination of seeds. It is supposed that namely water is the main component in the effects of studying factors on bio-objects, which acts due to the alterations of the properties and structural content of water.

Impact assessment of climate change and human activities on annual highest water level of Taihu Lake

The annual highest water level of Taihu Lake （Zm） is very significant for flood management in the Taihu Basin. This paper first describes the inter-annual and intra-annual traits of Zm from 1956 to 2000. Then, using the Mann-Kenall （MK） and Spearman （SP） nonparametric tests, the long-term change trends of area precipitation and pan evaporation in the Taihu Basin are determined. Meanwhile, using the Morlet wavelet transformation, the fluctuation patterns and change points of precipitation and pan evaporation are analyzed. Also, human activities in the Taihu Basin are described, including land use change and hydraulic project construction. Finally, the relationship between Zm, the water level of Taihu Lake 30 days prior to the day of Zm （Z0）, and the 30-day total precipitation and pan evaporation prior to the day of Zm （P and E0, respectively） is described based on multi-linear regression equations. The relative influence of climate change and human activities on the change of Zm is quantitatively ascertained. The results demonstrate that： （1） Zm was distinctly higher during the 1980-2000 period than during the 1956-1979 period, and the 30 days prior to the day of Zm are the key phase influencing Zm every year; （2） P increased significantly at a confidence level of 95% during the 1956-2000 period, while the reverse was true for E0; （3） The relationship between Zm, P and E0 distinctly changed after 1980; （4） Climate change and human activities together caused frequent occurrences of high Zm after 1980; （5） Climate change caused a substantially greater Zm difference between the 1956-1979 and 1980-2000 periods than human activities. Climate change, as represented by P and E0, was the dominant factor raising Zm, with a relative influence ratio of 83.6%, while human activities had a smaller influence ratio of 16.4%.

Scrutiny of Microorganisms in Fermented Milk Beverage and Water from Dairy under State Inspection

The aim of the study was to examine microorganisms in samples of fermented milk beverage and water from dairy under state inspection. In a dairy located in the Recôncavo of Bahia, fifteen samples of fermented milk beverage were collected, corresponding to three different batches, and six water samples, two from each point of use in the industry: Point 1—Sanitary barrier;Point 2—Internal faucet for cleaning surfaces and utensils;Point 3—Drinking fountain for employees. All samples were submitted to microbiological research of total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas spp. In the water samples, there was also quantification of heterotrophic bacteria and analysis of free residual chlorine. The fermented milk beverage samples did not show growth of total coliforms, E. coli and Aeromonas spp. With regard to water, no sample showed measurable levels of free residual chlorine, while in the microbiological analysis the count of heterotrophic bacteria in the drinking water exceeded the limit established by legislation (5.6 × 102 CFU.mL-1). In addition, the water from the sanitary barrier revealed total coliforms above the allowed value (1.3 × 101 CFU.100 mL-1) and showed contamination by Aeromonas spp. (7.0 × 101 CFU.mL-1). Thus, it can be inferred that, although the fermented milk beverage did not present the investigated microorganisms, the water used by the industry showed microbial contamination, and due to its participation in the entire production process, water quality control is extremely important to prevent contamination of the food handler and the final product, preventing the spread of diseases and harm to public health.

Agriculture and Water Sources Protection Zones in the Czech Republic

The area of interest is located in the South Moravia Region at the confluence of the Jihlava, Oslava and Rokytn^i rivers. Ivan^ice spring area comprises a series of hydrologic boreholes, it is the main water source for water supply of Ivan^ice and Rosice towns and provides water for 30,000 inhabitants. The risk analysis was created on the basis of water quality monitoring, hydrogeological assessment and terrain exploration and a revision of protection zones was proposed. The spring area is situated in nitrate vulnerable zones and recently nitrate concentrations have been decreasing. Water quality evaluation results： high concentration of manganese and iron, sometimes higher concentration of ammonium and COD. This area is intensively used for agriculture and it is necessary to make a compromise solution during protection zones proposal, The regime in protection zones can not affect manganese and iron concentration （their origin is in the natural geological environment）. Therefore, water treatment plant is in operation and its modernization is proposed. Furthermore, the paper deals with spring area intensification construction of a new hydrologic borehole, and managed and unmanaged infiltration of surface water. The proposal of protection zones revision consists of reduction to a 2nd level protection zone.

Brazilian’s Legal Framework and Water Regulation

The legal framework of water regulation can assume different characteristics according to each country’s reality.The preservation and conservation of water and ecosystems depend on rules configuration in the Constitution and legal prescriptions.This manuscript presents the Brazilian legal framework and water regulation.The analysis confirms that in the Brazilian system water is regulated as environmental resource and environmental good.From a descriptive methodology,the article explains how the Brazilian legal system works.The article also remarks on the regulation of multiple uses of water,approaching the legal regulation among industrial,agricultural,and human consumption of water.The aim of the paper is to explain normative regulation of water in Brazil,including the court’s activities in cases of discharges of sewage directly into the rivers.

“善、至善、伪善”:康德道德哲学的三个环节

康德的道德哲学真的是“空洞的形式主义”吗?哲学界之所以有如此批判,是因为康德的道德哲学从一开始就被狭义地理解为德性论,即关于善及其先验根据的理论体系,而不是被广义地理解为由包括德性论、正义论和根本恶论三个环节构成的道德哲学整体。康德道德哲学的这三个环节是围绕德与福的二律背反关系展开的:德性论的“善”作为纯粹实践理性的对象,可视为康德道德哲学的起点;正义论在“至善”的框架内对人的正义和上帝的正义进行了探讨,它为道德法则在现实中的贯彻落实提供了外部保障;根本恶论一方面通过对“伪善”或“德行假象”的揭示,以及试图对人的善的禀赋的重建,为德性论的纯粹化起到进一步的推动作用,另一方面则通过所谓的“伦理共同体”为道德法则的践行提供了一种辅助手段。

理性信仰如何可能?——论康德对“泛神论之争”的回应

通过对“泛神论之争”的回应,康德批判了雅各比和魏岑曼在信仰上的狂热主张和门德尔松的独断的常识信仰主张,并进一步说明了理性何以作为信仰的权威。虽然有限的理性存在者没有关于上帝的知识,但不能自身局限性而否认上帝的实在性;虽然一个道德的上帝理念是由实践理性悬设而来,目的在于满足实践理性的主观实践意图,但这一理念却具有普遍有效性。出于对人的神圣性的彰显以及对实践荒谬困境的避免,悬设作为至善的上帝是实践理性的必然要求。

Beyond the SDG 15.3.1 Good Practice Guidance 1.0 using the Google Earth Engine platform: developing a self-adjusting algorithm to detect significant changes in water use efficiency and net primary production

Monitoring changes in Annual Net Primary Productivity(ANPP)is required for reporting on UN Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)Indicator 15.3.1:the proportion of land that is degraded over the total land area.Calibrating time-series observations of ANPP to derive Water Use Efficiency(WUE;a measure of ANPP per unit of evapotranspiration)can minimize the influence of climate factors on ANPP observations and highlight the influence of non-climatic drivers of degradation such as land use changes.Comparing the ANPP and WUE time series may be useful for identifying the primary drivers of land degradation,which could be used to support the Land Degradation Neutrality objectives of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD).This paper presents an algorithm for the Google Earth Engine(freely and openly available upon request-http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4429773)to calculate and compare ANPP and WUE time series for Santa Cruz,Bolivia,which has recently experienced an intensification in its land use.This code builds on the Good Practice Guidance document(ver-sion 1)for monitoring SDG Indicator 15.3.1.We use the MODIS 16-day average,250 m resolution to demonstrate that the Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI)responds faster to changes in water avail-ability than the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI).We also consider the relationships between ANPP and WUE.Significant and concordant trends may highlight good agricultural practices or increased resilience in ecosystem structure and productivity when they are positive or reducing resilience and functional integrity if negative.The sign and significance of the correlation between ANPP and WUE may also diverge over time.With further analysis,it may be possible to interpret this relationship in terms of the drivers of change in plant productivity and ecosystem resilience.

“一切存在随心转”如何可能——牟宗三“圆善论”再辨析

学界主流观点认为,牟宗三在“圆善论”中所说的“一切存在随心转”是主体转变了对“存在”的态度,这就导致了“德福一致”也只是主观意义的“幸福感”与“德”一致。但是,通过深入了解牟宗三的“圆善论”可知,他首先将“幸福”建立于现象界之存在之上,而“现象物”的存在紧系于“识心之执”,“识心之执”则由“无限智心”的“自我坎陷”而来。“无限智心”转化一物之存在实际上是其“自我坎陷”以从物和“会物以归己”之历程。因此,“无限智心”所转者为“存在”本身,只是同一“存在”对不同主体所现之“面向”不同。“一切存在随心转”为“德福一致”提供了必要之理论前提。在此基础上,牟宗三解决了康德没有解决的“圆善”问题。

港口危险货物集装箱堆场应急事故废水量计算方法研究

在港口危险货物集装箱堆场项目环境影响评价、环境风险应急预案和环保工程设计中,存在估算应急事故废水发生量与环境应急收集池有效容积不一致问题。通过参考GBT 50483—2019《化工建设项目环境保护设计标准》等相关研究成果,结合港口危险货物集装箱堆场工程特点和环境风险特征,构建了港口危险货物集装箱堆场的应急事故废水发生量计算方法,建立了计算公式并明确相关计算指标和参数取值,进行了工程案例分析。该计算方法为港口危险货物集装箱堆场的应急事故废水发生量估算提供了一种解决方案,为应急事故废水收集池容积设计提供重要技术参数,对有效控制应急事故废水对周边水环境和土壤环境污染风险具有重要意义。

危险货物滚装码头消防及给排水设计研究

针对危险货物滚装码头的消防、给排水设计相关技术规范不健全问题,根据危险货物滚装码头装卸作业特点,结合作业货种危险特性和码头项目实例,给出了消防设计、给排水设计规范建议,可为危险货物滚装码头的消防设计、给排水设计提供参考。

基于公共物品和协同治理的农村水污染对策设计

水作为人类赖以生存的重要资源之一,在社会发展中人们却忽略了水资源的保护。为解决农村水污染治理难题,研究对贵州省遵义市农村水污染现状进行探讨,并指出现存治理措施中的问题。以公共物品理论与协同治理理论作为指导思想,研究从治理能力、治理机制、治理格局三个方面给出农村水污染对策建议。结果显示,水系中的主要污染物质含量降低,超过90%的水系样本污染得到了改善。研究对水资源管理、生态保护以及可持续发展的推进具有重要意义。

人类活动影响下海南岛万泉河下游年最高水位阶段性演变研究

为探明近年来海南岛万泉河下游年最高水位的演变趋势与演变机制,基于加积站1980—2020年最高水位序列,结合该站流量与河床断面地形等资料,梳理年最高水位的演变趋势,并进一步辨识人类活动在其中产生的影响。结果表明:万泉河下游年最高水位的演变可分为平稳波动期(1980—2002年)和快速下降期(2003—2020年)两个阶段,进入快速下降期后年最高水位下降约1.81m,降幅达23%。水库建设等人类活动是万泉河年最高水位阶段性显著下降的主要驱动力,其中,水库削减洪峰对年最高水位产生的影响约占41%,而水库拦沙引起河床下切带来的影响占比达51%。

水冷降温法在贵金属焊接上的应用

由于黄金和白银等贵金属导电性能好,导致使用常规无缝焊接机焊接金银制品时变压器和焊接电极发热量巨大。常用的焊接设备没有辅助降温的配套设施,一般通过自然降温的方式散热。为避免操作危险,常规的无缝焊接机焊接生产8到10件金银制品后就需要停机,依靠自然冷却或者压缩空气冷却的方式进行辅助降温。待设备降温至工作温度后,才能继续进行焊接。现通过借鉴汽车发动机水冷散热原理,采用增加循环水与风冷降温系统的方式,将短路焊接时电流释放的巨量热量,由冷却系统转移释放至空气中,减少焊接系统中的热量集聚。改进后的焊接机可以不间断的进行金银制品的焊接,显著提升了工作效率。

灌区骨干渠道节水配水优化研究

水资源短缺是实现经济快速发展必须面对的问题。为了协调好各个支渠配水流量,减少整个渠系的输水量损失,针对贵州省金沙县花滩河片区的灌区内的实际状况,优化灌区骨干渠道的用水配水量。结果表明,夏秋灌刚开始4月上旬的配水量和实际需水量均不足10万m^(3),配水量为7.5万m^(3),大于2.4万3 m实际需水量。4月中旬配水量最高,达到60万m^(3),实际需水量为58万m^(3),可以满足需求。在完成配水优化之后,上游段支渠的配水量几乎高于支渠实际的需水量。1、2、3号的支渠配水量和支渠实际需水量相关性得到了显著提升,拟合系数分别提升了0.87、0.83、0.58。配水优化后取得了显著成效,大大提高了预测的准确性,优化技术的广泛应用对提高水资源利用效率有积极作用。

我国结构抗浮水位研究现状与展望

目前我国结构抗浮水位方面研究成果虽然很丰富,但分歧很大,不仅直接影响了实际工程中的应用,同时也造成了研究工作自身缺乏系统性和延续性。为解决这一问题,利用水文学、水力学和土力学等科学理论,分别从抗浮水位基本概念、抗浮水位分析中两个基本问题(孔隙水压力和远期最高水位)的方法论和抗浮水位分析的技术体系等3个角度对既有研究成果进行了系统综述与客观分析。在抗浮水位基本概念方面,根据地下水赋存和渗流理论,将目前研究成果划分为二维、准三维和三维等3种类型,提出了各自的数学表达式,分析了三者之间逻辑关系,讨论了各自的科学性和适用性。在孔隙水压力分析方法方面,尤其是孔隙水压力折减问题,对基于渗流理论和有效应力原理的经典分析方法进行系统评述的同时,还对当前讨论热烈的基于结合水理论的分析方法进行了梳理评价。在地下水远期最高水位预测方面,着重讨论了历史最高水位法、基于宏观数据反演法和数值分析法等3种方法的优缺点及需要完善之处。在抗浮水位分析技术体系方面,以北京地区为例对该类问题作了简要总结与评述。最后,对抗浮水位研究与应用现状进行了概要性评述,并结合我国国情,对未来工作提出了展望与建议。

考虑非合意产出的水资源利用效率及影响因素研究

水资源可持续利用是我国经济社会发展的战略问题,其核心是提高水资源利用效率。本文使用1999-2009中国30个省区市际面板数据,选取基于投入导向的DEA模型,测算出含有非合意性产出的全要素水资源利用效率,并以此为基础,采用Tobit回归模型分析中国和分区域水资源利用效率的影响因素。研究结果表明:我国全要素水资源利用效率均值呈现下降-上升-再下降的趋势,且东部、中部、西部水资源利用效率依次递减;我国全要素水资源效率呈发散趋势,各省份之间效率的差距在扩大;经济水平、水资源价格对全要素水资源效率有显著的正向作用,而产业结构和政府影响力却有显著的负向影响。

南京和镇江最高水位与长江中下游地区可利用降水的统计分析

本文利用降水量和平均气温资料计算了长江流域中下游地区可利用降水量,并分析了其与南京和镇江段长江最高水位之间的关系,结果发现夏季6月和7月可利用降水量的不同分布类型对长江当月最高水位有直接的影响,并且这些分布类型出现频次的增多是造成长江水位持续升高的主要原因之一。

水分和氮肥管理对灌溉水稻优质高产高效调控机制的研究进展

随着人们对稻米需求量日益增加,水稻(特别是优质稻米)产出需保持逐年增长趋势,但水资源紧缺及水稻生产中过量氮肥投入致环境承载压力增大等因素均阻碍水稻生产。因此,水稻生产当前面临的矛盾是如何在减少资源(水分和氮素)投入条件下产出更多优质稻米,节水省氮栽培模式下获得高产优质稻米是未来水稻生产走可持续发展道路的重要保障。笔者回顾水分管理制度(节水栽培模式、灌溉模式及土壤含水量)、氮肥管理制度(施氮量和施氮方法)及水氮协同管理对灌区水稻产量、品质和水/氮资源利用效率的调控效应,阐明水氮互作对优质高产高效水稻的生理生态调控机制,提出灌区优质高产高效水稻实现过程中潜在的关注点及相应的研究构想。