Forecast Mapping of the Dynamics and Sprawl of the City of Comè

The city of Comè adjoins the commune of Grand-Popo and the Togolese Republic. The latter is experiencing urban sprawl and the disappearance of natural ecosystems without respecting Land Use Plans. This research was initiated to analyze the dynamics observed in land use and foretell the city urban sprawl. The method used is based on both mapping and field surveys. Landsat TM 2005 and OLI TIRS 2023 images have been processed to produce environmental dynamics and sprawl in addition to geographical coordinates of infrastructure, subdivision data and populations from 1979 to 2023. The “Land Change Modeler” program used in ArcGIS was used to predict urban sprawl in 2041. Population perceptions were analyzed from surveys of 100 people. Excel 2010 was used to produce the graphs. The results showed that the city of Comè grew from 221.1 ha to 2500.1 ha between 2005 and 2023. This urban sprawl does not necessarily follow the urban planning and land use plans proposed in the Master plan for the development of the municipality (SDAC). Subdivision operations, land use, population, infrastructure and geographical location of the crossroads town have all contributed to this sprawl. By 2041, the city will have expanded to 5583.37 ha. Over time, if this accelerated and uncontrolled urbanization is ignored, the city will expand to the point where the commune, which used to produce maize, oil palm, fish and vegetable resources, will find itself unable to provide these resources for its people.

The Use of Hand Stamps in the Manuscript Maps Drawn by East Asian Countries in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

It was generally accepted that manuscript maps,as distinct from printed maps,exhibited no signs of printing and were entirely hand-drawn.Western scholars Christopher Terrell and Tony Campbell were the first to break this stereotype in 1987,followed by Catherine Delano-Smith and Chet Van Duzer who discovered a few Renaissance maps and two Qing dynasty maps that showed use of hand stamps.Inspired by these findings,this paper explores the stamped map signs in ten Chinese maps,three Japanese maps,and three Korean maps.By analyzing each map and each type of stamp,this paper provides more examples of this research,broadens the research horizons and geographical area,and demonstrates that use of stamps in manuscript maps was invented independently among people of different regions and civilizations as a result of human nature.

Cartographic Study and Modeling of the Bakwanga Kimberlite Massive 5 at Kasai Oriental in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Bakwanga kimberlite massive 5 in Kasai Oriental is part of a set of 13 kimberlite massives numbered according to the order in which they were discovered. They are located on an alignment with a more or less W-E direction making up the Northern group known as Bakwanga. The importance of the Bakwanga kimberlite massives on the country’s economy in the production of diamonds sufficiently proves the interest of geological research work in this area. The objective of this work is to determine a mathematical model of the shape of the massive as close as possible to reality and through cartography. The cartographic study and modeling of this kimberlite massive were carried out using data from core samples taken on longitudinal and transverse profiles of the 50 × 50 meter mesh drilling plan intersecting this kimberlite massive. We intend to deduce the structure and lithostratigraphy of the kim-berlitic facies and the direct environment of massive 5. As a result, we note that the majority of surveys on the extent of this massive have intersected: Red clayey sand - Polymorphic sandstone - Nodular sandstone, with kaolin blocks and nodules - Epiclastic Kimberlite - Xenokimberlite - Massive Kimberlite - Mesozoic sandstone - Dolomite (enclosing). The shape of the Massive 5 model is vaguely elliptical with a W-E longitudinal axis of 575 m and N-S axis of 275 meters. Surveys have shown that Massive 5 is in fact composed of two pipes, located in the W (western pipe) and E (eastern pipe) ends of the massif. The two chimneys of the two pipes have walls ranging from subvertical at the eastern pipe to very steep walls of around 70˚ to 80˚ for the western pipe and the average diameter of the two pipes is ±50 meters. At level 600, the massive has an area of ±10.5 hectares and it gradually decreases in depth and the modeling of the latter shows a concentric decrease in the volume of the massive from the surface to depth in the shape of a mushroom. 3 eruptive phases established this Kimber-litic massive, the first two phases (old) of which formed the crater of the western pipe and the third formed the crater of the eastern pipe in the dolomites. These dolomites constitute everywhere the surrounding area of the massive;the distinction of these 3 phases is made possible thanks to Epiclastic deposits, Xenokim-berlites and massive Kimberlites.

State’s Technical Cartography and Social Cartography’s Participatory Mapping: Contributions to a Contemporary Reflection on the Use of Maps

The use of cartography in geographical approaches, notably in those focused on territorial discussions, is gaining more and more importance. However, the use of technical maps still prevails, which often act to hinder its use and appropriation by traditional communities. Based on this assumption, this article seeks to show that, in addition to technical cartography, there are other methodologies, which should also be used, in both elaboration and representation of territories, such as the participatory mapping. For that, some recommendations and suggestions are presented in this paper, aiming to subsidize the application and the collaboration of maps, through the mentioned methodology. These suggestions and contributions are the result of both theoretical debates and in loci observations, in workshops held in traditional communities of Brazilian Amazonia. From these discussions, it is concluded that the adoption of participatory mapping in the process of valuing and understanding the knowledge of traditional communities is of great value, in addition to serving as a subsidy for the claims of rights of both appropriation and possession of the territory.

An Overview ofModern Cartographic Trends Aligned with the ICA’s Perspective

This study provides a comprehensive overview of modern cartography innovations and emerging trends,highlight-ing the importance of geospatial representation in various fields.It discusses recent advancements in geospatial data collection techniques,including satellite and aerial imagery,Light Detection and Ranging(LiDAR)technology,and crowdsourcing.The research also investigates the integration of big data,machine learning,and real-time processing in Geographic Information Systems(GIS),as well as advances in geospatial visualization.In addition,it examines the role of cartography in addressing global challenges such as climate change,disaster management,and urban planning in line with the International Cartographic Association’s(ICA)perspectives.The study discusses the ethical considerations and challenges associated with modern cartography,including privacy,data security,and accessibility issues.Finally,it outlines future directions and opportunities in cartography,focusing on the potential applications of artificial intelligence,interdisciplinary collaborations,and open-source platforms.This discussion aims to emphasize the significance of continued research and development in cartography and encourage interdisciplinary collaboration for a better understanding of the world.

Slope Stability Analysis: Case of the West Wall of the EMZ Pit at the Essakane Gold Mine in Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Knowledge of the state of stability of mining pits is both a basic condition, an essential axis and a safety benchmark for mining operations. This stability is largely based on the knowledge of the rock mass sheltering the mining works and this requires a perfect characterization of all of its structural formations through mapping (manual or digital). The families of discontinuities, namely family 1 (bedding), family 2 (Joint 2) and family 3 (Joint 1) obtained through structural mapping in the Essakane open pit mine, made it possible to analyze the failure modes at the origin of rock instabilities. The respective dips of these different directional families are: 77˚ - 85˚/N 058˚ - 068˚, 66˚ - 74˚/N 133˚ - 143˚, 25˚ - 35˚/N115˚ - 130˚. An average safety factor of 4.3 was estimated for the area with a quality of the rock mass (RMR) estimated at 47. The results obtained reflect on the one hand the risks of instability associated with the quality of the rock mass studied and on the other hand highlights the state of stability of the study area.

Synopsis of Fire＇s Forest in the Province of Sidi Bel Abbes： Analysis and Cartography

In order to characterize the forest fires in the province of Sidi Bel Abbes （North West of Algeria） and depending on a statistical data analysis of a 17-year period （1996-2012）, our works are oriented toward a study of the area covered by forest fires in the 53 constituent municipalities of the region. To do this, we depended on the archives of the forest fires balance sheets in forest conservation in the wilaya of Sidi Bel Abbes. The results show that the region lost an annual average 29,929 ha of its total forest area for a maximum of 11,817.5 ha recorded in 2012. On the other hand, the use of the fire severity index ＂FSI＂ by town and its cartography in which we used the map of administrative division of the study area as support, has divided the region into six classes according to the risk of fire, where the municipalities belonging to the forest of Telagh whose land is rugged represent the risk of fire is greater. Indeed, this situation category the study area among the most exposed wilaya and the most affected by this problem at the national level and require new approaches to forest management for its conservation. These are paramount in reducing the risk of fires based on appropriate management plans to be established for each forest conservation area.

Information Theory of Cartography:An Information-theoretic Framework for Cartographic Communication

Map is one of the communication means created by human being.Cartographers have been making efforts on the comparison of maps to natural languages so as to establish a"cartographic language"or"map language".One of such efforts is to adopt the Shannon’s Information Theory originated in digital communication into cartography so as to establish an entropy-based cartographic communication theory.However,success has been very limited although research work had started as early as the mid-1960 s.It is then found that the bottleneck problem was the lack of appropriate measures for the spatial(configurational)information of(graphic and image)maps,as the classic Shannon entropy is only capable of characterizing statistical information but fails to capture the configurational information of(graphic and image)maps.Fortunately,after over 40-year development,some bottleneck problems have been solved.More precisely,generalized Shannon entropies for metric and thematic information of(graphic)maps have been developed and the first feasible solution for computing the Boltzmann entropy of image maps has been invented,which is capable of measuring the spatial information of not only numerical images but also categorical maps.With such progress,it is now feasible to build the"Information Theory of Cartography".In this paper,a framework for such a theory is proposed and some key issues are identified.For these issues,some have already been tackled while others still need efforts.As a result,a research agenda is set for future action.After all these issues are tackled,the theory will become matured so as to become a theoretic basis of cartography.It is expected that the Information Theory of Cartography will play an increasingly important role in the discipline of cartography because more and more researchers have advocated that information is more fundamental than matter and energy.

Cartography of Landslide Susceptibility around the Dias Horst and Thies Cliff-Senegal

The aim of this work is to map the susceptibility of sites to landslides. To assess the susceptibility of the zone, GIS techniques were used. Susceptibility factors are selected and split into two groups: active and passive factors. Passive factors regroup all the intrinsic conditions existing on the field at all times. The active factors or triggering factors are present sporadically and are added to the passive factors to trigger a landslide. With the weighted overlay method using ArcGIS?, four scenarios have been developed. A first scenario where only passive factors are combined and three scenarios for which we have for each scenario the passive factors combined with an active factor. With these different scenarios, five levels of susceptibility are obtained in the zone. These levels range from very low to very high susceptibility. For the different scenarios, the results show that the zone consists mainly of very low to low susceptibility with at least 61% of the area, followed by moderate susceptibility (23.54% to 38.24%) and last land with high susceptibility to very high with less than 1% of the surface. Fields with high to very high susceptibility are located on the slopes of the hills. Among the active factors, only the rainfall significantly modifies the percentage of land susceptible to landslide but remains in the field of moderate susceptibility. The predicted susceptibilities are closer to the observed landslides around the Thies Cliff than to the Dias Horst.

Cartography for the Aquifer Potential Recharge Areas of the Base of the Department of Aboisso(South-East Cote d’Ivoire)

The study highlights the potential recharge areas of the aquifers of the Department of Aboisso for an adequate and rational management of their use. The methodology used consisted in the identification of parameters (land use, soil types, drainage density, slope, induced permeability and alteration thickness) allowing infiltration and their expression as thematic maps. A weighting of these parameters was made by the multicriteria analysis method of Saaty. The integration to GIS conducted to elaborate the map of the potential recharge area of the aquifers for the Department of Aboisso. It brings to light five recharge level classes (bad: 20%;mediocre: 19%, medium: 45%;good: 15% and very good: 1%) in the study area. That map reveals the dominance of good recharge areas covering 61% and practically all over the studied area. They are generally characterized with gentle slopes coupled with mosaics of cultivations and forests, and high induced permeability allowing better infiltration. The zones of low recharge cover 39% of the department’s area, and are mainly located in urban areas inside the streams. This study exhibited that the land use is the preponderant parameter influencing the recharge in base area. This map could be considered as an excellent support for all kinds of activities especially to implement planning in the Department of Aboisso, the setting up of drilling broadbands and the choice of future sites for landfills or landfill of wastes to protect groundwater from any pollution.

Cartographic-Environmental Analysis of the Landscape in Natural Protected Parks for His Management Using GIS.Application to the Natural Parks of the“Las Batuecas-Sierra de Francia”and“Quilamas”(Central System,Spain)

In this work we report a methodological procedure with an integrated physical-perceptual approach that allows units of landscape in protected natural areas to be differentiated. First, indirect methods were applied by means of a mapping procedure, which identified the physical components of major relevance. We then generated maps of natural units, anlyzing the “printed” landscape of a territory. Secondly, we developed direct methods to identify and describe the reresentative elements of the landscape, analyzing the “perceived” landscape. The identification and delimitation of these landscape units with geographical information systems provide detailed maps facilitate the tasks of planning and management. The procedure was validated by means of its application in two protected natural spaces. The treatment used here considers landscape not only as an aesthetic element but also as something “live” elaborating maps that should be of use in land planning and management of natural areas.

Landslide Cartography at the Region of Nabeul-Hammamet Based on Geographic Information System and Geomatic

Landslides are one of the most significant natural damaging disasters in hilly environment [1]. The location of our study area is to the north of Tunisia, home to several manifestations of land instabilities, we bring to study this area of interest by GIS and geomatic approach to reduce social economic losses due to landslides. The performance of a cartographic data base for the landslide study in the Cap-Bon region was realized through studying geologic 1/50,000 and topographic 1/25,000 maps, aster optic Remote Sensing, land observation, and climatologic seismic data. These data will be digitalized, georeferenced, vectorized, spatially analyzed, classified and geotreated in order to produce a landslides card. The findings have shown that fields with smooth and friable lithology which are located at rather important seismic zones (more than 4 at Richter’s scale) have some stability. However, the most endangered zones are in the North-West around Oued El Kbir and El Ain. Realizing this work helps to determine the most hazardous zones so that policy makers have an effective field intervention.

The Cartography of Focus and Interrogative Projections inǸjò`-Kóo

Researches on cartography have made universal predictions on the hierarchies of functional projections in language.Based on this assumption,the structural maps established by Rizzi(1997,2001b)for the left-peripheral elements suggest very strongly that Interrogative dominates Focus.Nevertheless,a straight-jacket adoption of this proposed hierarchical order to account for these left-peripheral projections inǸjò`-Kóo would be counterintuitive.Therefore,leaning on empirical and theoretical evidence,the paper calls to question the universality of the cartographers’claim,and argues that the opposite of the view is true ofǸjò`-Kóo.The paper adopts fieldwork method for data elicitation and descriptive approach as well as minimalist program for analysis of data.Data used in this study were elicited from purposively selected native speakers based on language proficiency.Data were acquired with syntactic checklist and structured interviews,and were subjected to interlinear and qualitative analysis.

Polysurfacic Tori or Kideas Inspired by the Möbius Strip Topology

Polysurfacic tori or kideas are three-dimensional objects formed by rotating a regular polygon around a central axis. These toric shapes are referred to as “polysurfacic” because their characteristics, such as the number of sides or surfaces separated by edges, can vary in a non-trivial manner depending on the degree of twisting during the revolution. We use the term “Kideas” to specifically denote these polysurfacic tori, and we represent the number of sides (referred to as “facets”) of the original polygon followed by a point, while the number of facets from which the torus is twisted during its revolution is indicated. We then explore the use of concave regular polygons to generate Kideas. We finally give acceleration for the algorithm for calculating the set of prime numbers.

Geodetic Datum Transformation Parameters towards WGS84 Applicable to the 1/50k Topographical Map (1981) of Burundi

The knowledge of the geodetic reference datum of maps or data is required for their use in a GIS. Many older maps are lacking this information, making their use cumbersome. The availability of an aerial coverage at high resolution of Burundi and digital elevation model, based on a novel geodetic network, all calculated on the WGS84 datum, allows to calculate the datum applicable to older maps, for instance the regular 1/50k map of the country. The method, based on the difference in geocentric coordinates between points common to the two systems, yields: Δx = -156.71 ± 10.2 m, .Δy = -3.26 ± 13.2 m, .Δz = -290.77 ± 21.06 m, well in keeping with older values proposed by the NGA.

The Study on the Phase Structure of the Paul Trap System

In this article, the classic dynamic of Paul trap problem is investigated. We give a complete description of the topological structure of Hamiltonian flows on the real phase space. Using the surgery’s theory of Fomenko Liouville tori, all generic bifurcations of the common level sets of the first integrals were described theoretically. We give also an explicit periodic solution for singular values of the first integrals. Numerical investigations are carried out for all generic bifurcations and we observe order-chaos transition when the critical value of a control parameter is varied.

Targeting TLR4/MAPKs signaling pathway:A better option for therapeutic inhibition of atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis, found to be the dreadful diseases worldwide. There are diverse pathways associated with the progression of atherosclerosis. One of the important signaling pathways to target atherosclerotic plaque rupture is toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4） Pathway. Several studies are available for illustrating the role of TLR4 in health and diseases. Different types of immune cell are activated in atherosclerosis but primary cells that are activated by the TLR4 signaling are macrophages and endothelial cells. Mechanisms by which macrophages uptake lipids are diverse and it is very important to target signaling pathway responsible for controlling foam cell formation. The process of macrophages transformed foam cell formation is the critical event in progression of atherosclerotic lesion and TLR4 found to have actively participate in the event through mitogen activated protein kinases （MAPKs） activation. The activation of MAPKs signaling pathway leads to the accumulation of cholesterol in the macrophages and also contribute to the dissociation of IκB and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells （NF-κB） p65 subunit, thereby activating key infammatory cascade activation by MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathway to induce toxicity by activating different inflammatory parameters. Hence, the review focussed on exploring the role of TLR4/MAPKs signaling pathway for the therapeutic inhibition of atherosclerosis.

Contribution of a Websig to a Study of the Distribution of Education Staff for Vocational Training in Côte D’ivoire

Education makes it possible to pass from one generation to another, the culture necessary for the development of the personality and the social integration of the individual. Education contributes closely to the supervision of students and remains the responsibility of educators and education inspectors. But each education staff admits the number of students supported. This number is two hundred and eighty (280) students per educator and one thousand two thousand (2000) per education inspector. Our study aims at taking stock of the adequacy between school enrollment and education staff enrollment from a WebSIG for vocational training schools in Côte d’Ivoire. To achieve this, the methodology adopted led us to use the MERISE analysis method for setting up the database, web programming languages (HTML 5, PHP, CSS, XML and JavaScript), AJAX technology, Apache web server, DBMS (MySQL), Google Maps API. The results from the use of WebSIG highlight the disparity in the distribution of education personnel. These results also show which schools remain in need as well as in excess.

The Persistence of Invariant Tori in Nearly Small Twist Mappings with Intersection Property

In this paper we investigate the nearly small twist mappings with intersection property. With a certain non-degenerate condition, we proved that the most of invariant tori of the original small twist mappings will survive afer small perturtations. The persisted invariant tori are close to the unperturbed ones when the perturbation are small. The orbits reduced by those mappings are quasi-periodic in the invariant tori with the frequences closing to the original ones.

Nonlinear dynamics analysis of cluster-shaped conservative flows generated from a generalized thermostatted system

The thermostatted system is a conservative system different from Hamiltonian systems,and has attracted much attention because of its rich and different nonlinear dynamics.We report and analyze the multiple equilibria and curve axes of the cluster-shaped conservative flows generated from a generalized thermostatted system.It is found that the cluster-shaped structure is reflected in the geometry of the Hamiltonian,such as isosurfaces and local centers,and the shapes of cluster-shaped chaotic flows and invariant tori rely on the isosurfaces determined by initial conditions,while the numbers of clusters are subject to the local centers solved by the Hessian matrix of the Hamiltonian.Moreover,the study shows that the cluster-shaped chaotic flows and invariant tori are chained together by curve axes,which are the segments of equilibrium curves of the generalized thermostatted system.Furthermore,the interesting results are vividly demonstrated by the numerical simulations.