Historical retrospects and evolutionary characteristics of paleogenomic science and technology

Paleogenomics is a discipline in which the extraction and analysis of DNA from ancient biological remains are studied to understand the evolutionary history of past organisms.Research on this topic has revealed the evolutionary history of humans and other species,traced human migrations and genetic changes,and investigated ancient diseases and environmental influences due to its uniqueness.This paper reviews the scientific and technological history of the development of paleogenomics,including the molecular cloning era,the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)technique era,the genomics era,and the bio-data analysis era.This field explores the key technological development processes and effects of significant scientific discoveries,ranging from gene cloning technology and sequencing technology to breakthroughs and applications in big data analysis,addressing challenges such as sample contamination and trace collection analysis in paleogenomics research.

The Present Research and Prospect of Chinese Geosciences History

It has been over a hundred years since the birth of research on Chinese geosciences history, which was accompanied by the continuous progress of Chinese geosciences. For hundreds of years, it has grown out of nothing to brilliant performance by several generations of Chinese geologists committing their hearts and minds with the spirit of exert and strive without stop to promote the process of China＇s industrialization and to produce the significant impact on serving the society. The study of Chinese geosciences history reflects objectively and historically the history of geosciences in China, which has recorded, analyzed and evaluated the dynamic process sitting in the background and clue of the history of Chinese geosciences development. The study of the history of geological science has roughly experienced two stages in China. The first stage is the study of individual researchers. It spanned approximately 70 years from the early 20th century to the end of the 1970s. The research contents were mainly based on the evolution of geological organizations, the development and utilization of individual mineral species, the history of deposit discovery and the research of geological characters. The main representatives are Zhang Hongzhao, Ding Wenjiang, Weng Wenhao and Li Siguang, Ye Liangfu, Huang Jiqing, Yang Zhongjian, Xie Jiarong, Gao Zhenxi, Wang Bingzhang and etc. The most prominent feature of this period is the accumulation of a very valuable document for the study of the history of China＇s geological history and lays a foundation for the exchange of geological science between China and foreign countries. The second stage is organized group study. It took around 60 years from the 1920s to 1980s. It includes the history of Chinese geology, the history of geological organizations, the history of geological disciplines, the history of geological education, the history of geological philosophy, the history of Chinese and foreign geological science communication, the history of geologists and etc. The most chief feature of this stage is the birth of academic research institute--the establishment of the Commission on the History of Geology of the Geological Society of China.

History and development of laboratory animal science in Sri Lanka

The Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo(UCFM), is the forerunner in the laboratory animal science(LAS) field in Sri Lanka. Here laboratory animals such as rats, frogs and rabbits were used in medical education to demonstrate physiological principles in the early 1950 s. The establishment of the first animal house in 1969 at UCFM better facilitated the use of laboratory animals in medical education and research. By 2006, lack of ethical guide lines was an issue and a set of ethical guidelines was developed and published in 2009, which today are followed by researchers and reviewers in many universities and research institutions in the country. With this development, there was a need for an organized system of education for the LAS discipline. This was fulfilled by conducting the first certificate course on LAS in the Asian region in 2011 in collaboration with the Utrecht University,Netherlands. The Sri Lanka Association for LAS has continued LAS education since its establishment in 2012 at UCFM by conducting workshops and short courses.

On the Compilation Modes of Local History of Science and Technology——A Case Study of the History of Ba-Shu Science and Technology

The contents of"Ba-Shu History of Science and Technology"take up a single volume of A General History of Ba-Shu Culture.This paper attempts to explore compilation modes of the history of local science and technology by analyzing the compilation of"Shu History of Science and Technology".There are three approaches available,i.e.a general history-based approach,a discipline-based approach and an integrated approach,also known as a discipline-specific approach based on general history.This paper considers the integrated approach to be the most feasible as it elaborates Ba-Shu culture as a sub-culture of Chinese culture,the connotations of Ba-Shu achievements in science and technology,the special significance of the history of Ba-Shu science and technology,as well as the latest progress in studying the history of Ba-Shu science and technology.This paper also puts forward a possible choice to better approach the compilation of the history of local science and technology,reveals areas worth improving,and indicates a proper direction to move towards.

A retrospective view on the history of natural sciences in XX-XXI

The presented paper is dedicated to a new ret-rospective view on the history of natural sci-ences in XX-XXI cc, partially including the sci-ence philosophy (mainly, the problems of the scientific realism, i.e. the correspondence of science to reality) and also a novel scheme for different classes of sciences with different ob-jects and paradigms. There are analyzed the chosen “great” and “grand” problems of phys-ics (including the comprehension of quantum mechanics, with a recently elaborated new chapter, connected with time as a quantum obs- ervable and time analysis of quantum processes) and also of natural sciences as a whole. The particular attention is paid to the interpretation questions and slightly to the aspects, inevitably connected with the world- views of the res- earchers (which do often constitute a part of the interpretation questions).

Subjectivities of the Scientific Endeavor:Noting the Illusion of Objectivity in the History of Science and Medicine

The history of science and medicine has long been steeped in the notion that they are objective(untainted by the philosophical and ideological ebbs and flows of society)and utilitarian(doing what is best for the greater good).Because of this,scientific and medical epistemologies and praxis are often held to an esteem that is unquestioned,celebrated,and occasionally unchecked.A closer look at the history of science and medicine,however,readily reveal the extent to which the milieu of society has informed scientific and medical endeavors.As such,an understanding of how the subjectivities of scientific and medical endeavors situate within our contemporary disciplines and practices is significant to one’s ability to truly understand said disciplines.Likewise,such an evaluation will provide insight into our role in perpetuating the illusion of objectivity in these fields.With this in mind,this paper provides a philosophical and historical examination of the concept of objectivity(in contrast to subjectivity)in science and medicine.

HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND MODERN SCIENCES

Using examples in biology and mathematics, the mutual reinforcement correlation between the history of science and modern sciences in respect to the method of thinking is expounded in this article. The great value of historical materials to modem sciences is explained by citing instances in astronomy, earth sciences and engineering. The importance of the study of the external history of science (i.e. the sociological history of science) to personnel training and policy formulation is stressed. This article also seeks to make clear that the history of science itself is a modern discipline, which has just taken shape in the world during the 20th century, and that the discipline demands prompt development in China in view of its even later start.

At the dawn of a new revolution in life sciences

In a recently published article Sydney Brenner argued that the most relevant scientific revolution in biology at his time was the breakthrough of the role of "information" in biology.The fundamental concept that integrates this new biological "information" with matter and energy is the universal Turing machine and von Neumann's self-reproducing machines.In this article we demonstrate that in contrast to Turing/von Neumann machines living cells can really reproduce themselves.Additionally current knowledge on the roles of noncoding RNAs indicates a radical violation of the central dogma of molecular biology and opens the way to a new revolution in life sciences.

Logical Interpretation of China’s Science and Technology Development Strategy in the New Era

It has been recognized that self-reliance and self-improvement of science and technology is a necessary choice of taking the independent innovation path with Chinese characteristics in the new era,which provides strategic support for the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country.Containing the theoretical truth of the Chinese Marxist view of science and technology in the 21st century,it follows the 70-year development path of science and technology in New China,and responds to the scientific and technological strategic choice of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way in the new era.This is not only a theoretical deepening of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important statement on scientific and technological innovation,but also a practical guide for China to implement scientific and technological innovation in the new era.

Information Science Research in China:The Past,Present and Future

Information science grows rapidly in nowadays china with the explosion of information.In order to let scholars have a holistic view about information science,this paper aims at a comprehensive review of the development track of information science in china from the history to the status quo and future trends.It can serve as a reference for researchers to carry out further research practice.

国内外学界对“ethnohistory”的研究与认知

国内学界在涉及"ethnohistory"等相关概念的翻译及使用问题上,缺乏统一认识,对"ethnohistory"这种学术现象而言亦缺乏足够的关注。西方学者的有关研究与讨论,在量上确实不少,但从他们对"ethnohistory"的总体认知来看,处于众说不一、不断变化、低估乃至漠视其学术地位的状态。国内外学界对"ethnohistory"的研究与认知,为初步廓清和复原美国学界"ethnohistory"在历史人类学历史形成与体系建构中的独特作用提供了可资借鉴、批判和依托的基础平台。

“订阅-开放”(S2O)模式的源起与发展——以EDP Sciences出版社为例

【目的】通过调研“订阅-开放”(S2O)模式的源起与发展,并对比分析讨论该模式相比于其他出版模式的优缺点,为中国传统订阅期刊在开放获取的浪潮中进一步转型发展提供参考与启示。【方法】采用文献调研、对比分析和案例分析法,分析S2O模式的发展现状及与其他开放获取模式相比存在的利弊,并以EDP Sciences出版社的实践为例,提出传统订阅期刊采取S2O模式向开放获取转型的可行性。【结果】结合EDP Sciences出版社期刊使用S2O模式转型的实践经验,发现S2O模式对于传统订阅期刊转型较为有利。既给予期刊更多的灵活度与自由度,也不需要过度依赖外部资金的支持,同时符合开放科学的精神,为更多的科研人员,尤其是为资金欠缺地区的科研人员带来支持。【结论】在开放科学、开放获取的发展潮流中,一些中国传统订阅期刊也在寻求转型与过渡,除了主要的开放获取模式之外,S2O模式也是可行的选择。积极采用新兴开放获取模式有利于中国期刊进一步走向国际,在全球开放科学的交流中获得更多的主动权。

Holocene precipitationδ^18O as an indicator of temperature history in arid central Asia:an overview of recent advances

Holoceneδ^18O records from various archives(ice cores,cave stalagmites,and peat sediments)from the Xinjiang region of northwestern China,in arid central Asia(ACA),are all derived ultimately from local precipitationδ^18O(δ^18Op).Nevertheless,they have been proposed as indicators of different climatic parameters,such as wetness and temperature changes.This article summarizes previously reported records of moisture sources for the Xinjiang region and the results of modern observations conducted at an ice core site and a peat site in the Altai Mountains.The findings are used to propose that the overall positive trends in Holoceneδ^18O records from the various archives from the Xinjiang region primarily reflect the Holocene's long-term warming trend.It is concluded that more site-specific modern observations are needed to further elucidate the environmental significance of Holoceneδ^18O records from this region,especially for the separation of different seasonal temperature signals present withinδ^18O records.

Curriculum and Teaching Reform From the Perspective of Media History

The development history of education is actually a history of the change of media technology.From the perspective of historical development,different periods of media technology have different forms of education.As the two core elements of education,curriculum and teaching are also deeply influenced by the development of media technology.With the continuous emergence of new media,especially in the context of artificial intelligence,the curriculum has experienced the change from attaching importance to subject knowledge to the cultivation of students’innovation ability and core literacy;from static,paper-based,single to dynamic,online and network-based curriculum form;from fixed,unified,limited to personalized,unlimited and open curriculum change is tolerated.Teaching has also experienced two major changes:the optimization of teaching forms and the adjustment of teaching subject role.In order to actively cater to the development of the future science and technology society,the future curriculum and teaching should focus on sustainable development education;focus on the cultivation of key abilities in the 21st century;focus on improving the“three scientific and technological literacy”education;and strengthen the humanistic care of curriculum and teaching.

O-PIRTAS翻转课堂结合TBL在基础医学课程素质教育中的实践——以“细胞信号转导的分子机制”为例

基础医学是学生接触医学的起点,也是职业道德观和核心素养形成的关键时期。在传授基础知识的同时,融入能力培养和价值观引领,是实现全人教育、落实立德树人根本任务的必然要求和有效举措。基于国家级线上一流课程的优质资源,结合O-PIRTAS翻转课堂与TBL教学的优势,教学团队以“细胞信号转导的分子机制”为内容,积极探索对学生的素质培养。通过引入诺贝尔奖研究历程、我国学者重大研究成果、学科前沿进展、靶向药物作用机制、临床疾病等丰富的多元化素材和案例,引导学生在讨论与合作中收获知识、锻炼能力和提升素质。经过线上与线下、课内与课外、个体与团队、听与讲、学与练、基本理论与拓展探究多轨并行的互动环节,学生在自主学习、团队协作、交流表达方面的能力均有明显提高;对科学精神和人文精神有了更加深刻的理解;同时也形成了初步的辩证思维和创新意识,增强了医学生的使命感和民族自信,树立了为人民健康服务的职业理念。教学团队认为,优质资源与探究活动环节把控是提高O-PIRTAS翻转课堂结合TBL教学效果的重要步骤。