From the History of Georgian-German Cultural and Political Relationship： Prince Erekle in Berlin

Georgian kings and princes were trying to establish ties and to develop relationships with European monarchies. In times of cultural, religious, demographic crisis, the Catholic missions sent by the Pope, and Russian ambassadors hold out hope to the Bagrations. In such circumstances, Georgians became closer to Europeans. The Capuchins, the Theatines, Jesuit monks were honored guests and members of the royal retinue in the Georgian Kingdoms-Princedoms. Thanks to them, in XVII-XVIII centuries, were brought up such Georgians thinkers as： Vakhushti Batonishvili, Beri Egnatashvili, Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, Vakhtang VI, Teimuraz II, daughter of Vaghtang VI, Tamar （mother of King Erekle II）, etc. In addition, at the royal courts of Russia and Persia, it became fashionable to send their Princes to Europe, in order to get an education. The best example of this is Peter the Great and Nader Shah＇s son--known as Baron Semlin. From XVIII century, in the history of Georgian-German relations, there are authentic sources about Georgians＇ stay in Germany. Among the sources, if taking them chronologically, the oldest is about military education of Prince Erekle. The following sources are about visits of other Georgian Princes to Germany. The next sources tell about the military campaign of Georgian Hussars regiment, in whose ranks poet Davit Guramishvili was fighting. Among the above-mentioned sources, in the Georgian historiography, the issue of Davit Guramishvili has been well researched, but the same cannot be said of King Erekle II.

Depressed-type (0-IIc) colorectal neoplasm in patients with family history of first-degree relatives with colorectal cancer:A cross-sectional study

AIM： TO investigate the correlation of depressed-type （0-IIc） colorectal neoplasm and family history of firstdegree relatives （FDR） with colorectal cancer （CRC）. METHODS： This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2000 to October 2002 at National Cancer Center Hospital East. Eligible patients undergoing initial total colonoscopy were surveyed regarding family history of CRC among FDR by a questionnaire prior to colonoscopic examinations. All endoscopic findings during colonoscopy were recorded and the macroscopic classification of the early stage neoplasm/cancer was classified into two types （0-IIc vs non 0-IIc）. Odds ratios （OR） and 95% confidence intervals （CI） were calculated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression to estimate the association between macroscopic features and clinicopathological data including gender, age, and family history of FDR with CRC. RESULTS： The OR of an association between family history of FDR with CRC and overall early stage neoplasm adjusted by gender and age was 1.85 （95% CI： 1.31-2.61, P = 0.0004）, that for non 0-IIc neoplasm was 1.71 （95% CI： 1.22-2.41, P = 0.0017） and for 0-IIc colorectal neoplasm was 2.78 （95% CI： 1.49-5.16, P = 0.0031）. CONCLUSION： Our study shows a significant association between a family history of FDR with CRC and 0-IIc colorectal neoplasm. When patients with a family history of FDR with CRC undergo colonoscopy, colonoscopists should check carefully for not only polypoid, but also depressed-type （0-IIc） lesions.

Analyzing the Completeness(Relative Minimum Magnitude) of History Seismic Catalogue in Sichuan Province

Sichuan Province,East Western of China,within the area of east longitude 97°21′-108°31′,north latitude 26°03′-34°19′,which is on the Mediterranean seismic zone;with its complicated geological background,several strong shocks occurred in this district since ancient times.Earthquake catalogue of this area could date back to B.C.26,however,limited by the conditions—technology or funds,lots of minor earthquake have been lost,which could be

A Review of Studies on Sino-Vietnam Relations Under Tributary System(AD 968-1885)

For a long time,the concept“Nei Wai(内外―center-periphery)”has been used to construct the narrative of the backwarded pre-modern East Asian history.While over emphasizing the effect of the center(Nei),it just simply ignored the reactions from the marginal entities(Wai),as ancient China and its neighboring countries’tributary relations could offer us the classic paradigm.In the knowledge world and historical writing records before the establishment of the national states,the period after Vietnam politically independent to China,the most intricate relations between the two countries,or dynasties,we could still find so many similarities of politics and culture in China and Vietnam,which is far beyond the summarized conditions as tributary relations.On the basis of the previous academic construction of Zong Fan relations and applying the research path of decentralization in the view of global history,we can explore and interpret such tributary and diplomatic relations from various perspectives and thus a multi-dimensional,high definition and colorful past of communications between countries is projected to us by the voiceless,motionless,and monotone historical materials.

Bourriaud＇s Relational Aesthetics, Lacanian Aggressivity, and Teaching Contemporary Art History to Studio Art Students

Nicholas Bourriaud＇s relational aesthetics is regarded as a new approach to art history and criticism, but has recently been appropriated by many art programs as a pedagogical and productive strategy in the classroom. While there is much that is positive in Bourriaud＇s ideas in the first sense, its translation into a studio situation is problematic. Offering a corrective through Lacanian psychoanalysis, with acknowledgement of additional figures with corresponding ideas, it is proposed that Bourriaud＇s ideas are valuable additions to pedagogy generally but are equally in need of modifications that encompass a critical understanding of the desire structures of both students and faculty.

The Natural History of Dry Type of Age-related Macular Degeneration

To study the natural history of dry type of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and search for a sensitive method for detecting the development of the disease, the fundus fluorescein angiography, visual acuity, electroretinogram and FM 100-hue test were used to examine 75 eyes, 147 eyes, 73 eyes, and 94 eyes respectively. These examinations were taken at least twice during the follow-up periods. The average age was 63.2 years (50-80 years ). The average follow-up was 29.8 months with a range of 3-74 ...

What is the quantitative risk of gastric cancer in the first-degree relatives of patients? A meta-analysis

AIMTo quantify the risk of gastric cancer in first-degree relatives of patients with the cancer.METHODSA comprehensive literature search was performed. Case-control trials comparing the frequency of a positive family history of gastric cancer in patients with gastric cancer, vs non-gastric cancer controls were retrieved. Studies with missed or non-extractable data, studies in children, abstracts, and duplicate publications were excluded. A meta-analysis of pooled odd ratios was performed using Review Manager 5.0.25. We performed subgroup analysis on Asian studies and a sensitivity analysis based on the quality of the studies, type of the outcome, sample size, and whether studies considered only first-degree relatives.RESULTSThirty-two relevant studies out of 612 potential abstracts (n = 80690 individuals) were included. 19.0% of the patients and 10.9% of the controls had at least one relative with gastric cancer (P < 0.00001). The pooled relative risk for the development of gastric cancer in association with a positive family history was 2.35 (95%CI: 1.96-2.81). The Cochran Q test for heterogeneity was positive (P < 0.00001, I² = 92%). After excluding the three outlier studies with the highest relative risks, heterogeneity remained significant (P < 0.00001, I² = 90%). The result was not different among Asian studies as compared to others and remained robust in several sensitivity analyses. In the 26 studies which exclusively analysed the history of gastric cancer in first-degree relatives, the relative risk was 2.71 (95%CI: 2.08-3.53; P < 0.00001).CONCLUSIONIndividuals with a first-degree relative affected with gastric cancer have a risk of about 2.5-fold for the development of gastric cancer. This could be due to genetic or environmental factors. Screening and preventive strategies should be developed for this high-risk population.

Stomach cancer screening and preventive behaviors in relatives of gastric cancer patients

AIM:To investigate gastric cancer screening and preventive behaviors among the relatives of patients with gastric cancer[i.e.,gastric cancer relatives(GCRs)].METHODS:We examined the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005(KNHANESⅢ) database and compared the gastric cancer screening and preventive behaviors of GCRs(n=261)with those of non-GCRs(n=454)and controls without a family history of cancer(n=2842).RESULTS:The GCRs were more likely to undergo gastric cancer screening compared with the control group(39.2%vs 32.3%,adjusted odds ratio:1.43,CI:1.05-1.95),although the absolute screening rate was low.Dietary patterns and smoking rates did not differ significantly between the groups,and a high proportion of GCRs reported inappropriate dietary habits(i.e.,approximately 95%consumed excessive sodium,30% were deficient in vitamin C,and 85%were deficient in dietary fiber).CONCLUSION:The gastric cancer screening and preventive behaviors of GCRs have yet to be improved.To increase awareness among GCRs,systematic family education programs should be implemented.

Last deglacial relative sea level variations in Antarctica derived from glacial isostatic adjustment modelling

We present relative sea level （RSL） curves in Antarctica derived from glacial isostatic adjustment （GIA）predictions based on the melting scenarios of the Antarctic ice sheet since the Last Glacial Maximum （LGM）given in previous works.Simultaneously,Holocene-age RSL observations obtained at the raised beaches along the coast of Antarctica are shown to be in agreement with the GIA predictions.The differences from previously published ice-loading models regarding the spatial distribution and total mass change of the melted ice are significant.These models were also derived from GIA modelling; the variations can be attributed to the lack of geological and geographical evidence regarding the history of crustal movement due to ice sheet evolution.Next,we summarise the previously published ice load models and demonstrate the RSL curves based on combinations of different ice and earth models.The RSL curves calculated by GIA models indicate that the model dependence of both the ice and earth models is significantly large at several sites where RSL observations were obtained.In particular,GIA predictions based on the thin lithospheric thickness show the spatial distributions that are dependent on the melted ice thickness at each sites.These characteristics result from the short-wavelength deformation of the Earth.However,our predictions strongly suggest that it is possible to find the average ice model despite the use of the different models of lithospheric thickness.By sea level and crustal movement observations,we can deduce the geometry of the post-LGM ice sheets in detail and remove the GIA contribution from the crustal deformation and gravity change observed by space geodetic techniques,such as GPS and GRACE,for the estimation of the Antarctic ice mass change associated with recent global warming.

Cancer risk in relatives of BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers in a large series of unselected patients with breast cancer

Objective:The spectrum and risk of cancer in relatives of BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers in the Chinese population have not been established.Methods:A family history of cancer in 9903 unselected breast cancer patients was retrospectively analyzed.BRCA1/2 status was determined for all patients and relative risks(RRs)were calculated to evaluate cancer risk in relatives of the patients.Results:The incidences of breast cancer in female relatives of BRCA1 carriers,BRCA2 carriers,and non-carriers were 33.0%,32.2%,and 7.7%,respectively.The corresponding incidences of ovarian cancer were 11.5%,2.4%,and 0.5%,respectively.The incidences of pancreatic cancer in male relatives of BRCA1 carriers,BRCA2 carriers,and non-carriers were 1.4%,2.7%,and 0.6%,respectively.The corresponding incidences of prostate cancer were 1.0%,2.1%,and 0.4%,respectively.The risks of breast and ovarian cancers in female relatives of BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers were significantly higher than female relatives of non-carriers(BRCA1:RR=4.29,P<0.001 and RR=21.95,P<0.001;BRCA2:RR=4.19,P<0.001 and RR=4.65,P<0.001,respectively).Additionally,higher risks of pancreatic and prostate cancers were noted in male relatives of BRCA2 carriers than non-carriers(RR=4.34,P=0.001 and RR=4.86,P=0.001,respectively).Conclusions:Female relatives of BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers are at increased risk for breast and ovarian cancers,and male relatives of BRCA2 carriers are at increased risk for pancreatic and prostate cancers.

The Exploration to the Historical Origin of Differences between Urban and Rural Areas in China

In order to understand the historical origins of encircling the cities from the rural areas implemented by the Communist Party of China and the current dual structures of urban and rural development, urban-rural differences are analyzed from the four aspects of production mode, management mode, culture and social division of labor. Industrial development in modern times has promoted the modernization of urban production in China. But the rural areas still maintain their traditional self-sufficient natural economy. After the Opium War, the process of modernization of city politics is promoted by more economic elements of capitalism and the formation of Chinese bourgeoisie. During the management of urban modernization, rural areas still adopt the traditional self-management mode. In the aspect of culture, city is the center of development, having large population, developed traffic, and prosperous culture. But the village is lack of information and its culture is relatively backward. In modern times, affected by the foreign capitalist, urban area has become the center of modern productivity. After separating from agriculture, handicraft industry has transferred into urban areas and the social division of labor in both urban and rural areas has shown great changes. Thus, a new pattern of "Urban Industry, Rural Agriculture" has formed.

General Derivation of Mass-Energy Relation without Electrodynamics or Einstein’s Postulates

The mass-energy equation ?is derived in general from Newton’s equation of motion without use of electrodynamics, or Einstein’s Postulates which were presented in his superb 1905 paper on Special Relativity (SR). This was previously not thought to be possible. This novel derivation of an accelerated body of rest mass m0 is compared with the traditional SR inertial derivation. A discussion is given of pre-1905, electrostatic and electrodynamic derivations of the mass-energy relation yielding , as well as more recent ones. A concise pre-relativity history of the mass-energy relation is traced back to Newton in 1717.

唐蕃交涉中的中书舍人行述研究

我国是一个多民族国家,中华民族发展史就是各民族以不同的方式相互联系、相互促进、相互融合的演进过程,中古时期唐蕃之间的交流与互动即是这一过程的生动体现。本文以两《唐书·吐蕃传》所载中书舍人为研究对象,聚焦唐蕃关系史上一直被忽略却又占据重要地位的中书舍人群体,探寻这一群体在唐代中书省中除了起草进画之外,还兼涉的参议政事、收集情报、分析战略、受命出使等社会功能。此外,吐蕃社会通过吸收整合唐代官制而设置的“知汉书舍人”,尽管与中书舍人的地位与职权天差地别,不可同日而语,但是这一群体在沟通唐蕃、修复旧好、密切关系方面却与中书舍人发挥了相似的作用,反映了吐蕃对汉文化的尊崇以及中华文化对吐蕃社会的浸润与融通。

国际关系史课程教学中实施课程思政的方法探析

在大学历史教学中,教师在教学课程中的价值引领在很大程度上影响大学生的历史观和价值观。国际关系史课程是历史学专业开设的一门重要专业基础课,蕴涵丰富的课程思政元素,具有强大的育人功能。在教学过程中,教师可以通过比较鉴别、榜样示范、专题嵌入等方法,将课程教学目标与思政目标有机结合,培养学生的集体主义精神、爱国主义精神和创新精神,自觉践行社会主义核心价值观。

新罗牛黄入华与唐罗关系——医学史视角下的外交

牛黄稀少且昂贵,比较汉魏观念,唐人心目中的牛黄道地产地逐步向东转移,指向山东半岛。恰在此时,唐丽战争使得唐朝与新罗的关系迅速升温,而双方贡赐关系中物品的选择都煞费苦心。与山东半岛纬度、气候、地理相似的新罗所产牛黄,作为国礼进入唐罗关系中,尤其是龙朔元年(661)开始的苏定方围攻平壤之役,唐罗矛盾初露端倪,由于援兵和军粮问题引发唐方不满,在外交折冲樽俎的同时,新罗牛黄也正式登场,成为双方关系的润滑剂,这种优质牛黄开始为中国所知,逐步压倒了西域等其他来源地的牛黄。宋代朝鲜半岛牛黄在中原的声誉出现了低谷,这可能与宋丽关系受到异族干扰时断时续有关。但明清朝鲜朝天使、燕行使以牛黄制品疏通关节,朝鲜半岛牛黄借着“牛黄清心丸”的令名重新登堂入室,成为中国医药观念中的上等佳品。千年以来,朝鲜半岛牛黄在中原的声誉变化,始终与外交活动紧密相关。

柬埔寨现行中学历史教科书的涉华叙事与中国形象建构

历史教科书是传承知识与文化的重要载体,它不仅在传递与构建国民历史记忆中发挥着重要作用,而且能体现一国对他国的整体性、官方性认知。对柬埔寨现行中学历史教科书中涉华内容进行归纳整理和分析,可发现柬埔寨构建出在古代历史悠久、经贸发达、文明先进的大国,在近代备受侵略、战争不断、不屈抗争的弱国,在现代日益崛起、迅猛发展、问题仍多的新兴国家。柬埔寨中学历史教科书建构的中国形象,不仅受到柬埔寨客观教育条件的影响,而且暗含着柬埔寨官方对中国的认知与战略考量,折射出其国家价值观和政策立场。探究柬埔寨中学历史教科书所塑造的中国形象及建构逻辑,有助于了解柬方对中国的认知程度及态度立场,为促进中柬两国合作提供现实依据,还能为中国在柬埔寨树立及维护良好的国家形象提供有益参考和新思路。

论中国国际关系学的三次历史转向

中国国际关系学创立于旧中国,但只有在中华人民共和国成立以后,才真正开始和国家发展的历史进程同频共振。中国国际关系学在新中国成立后,开始了第一次历史转向,其最大的特征是以“国际共运史”为主流;改革开放后开始了第二次历史转向,其最大特征是“回归”西方话语体系的国际关系学本体;世纪之交,国际格局急剧变化,全球治理理念和新型国际关系理念符合时代需求,成为中国国际关系学的第三次转向目标,也应该是世界国际关系学的方向。

重读中国国际关系理论的探索与发展:一种文明互鉴的视角

新中国成立以来的国际关系理论发展受到战后全球文明交流交锋和多元共存的国际政治现实的推动。其中,文明互鉴既是理论研究发生发展的历史背景,也是实现理论知识整合的主要动力,更是开展理论创新的国际化面向。新中国国际关系理论在文明互鉴下的探索与发展呈现出一种动态、多元、辩证的前进趋势,主要体现为三个阶段:一是在建国初期、冷战大国文明博弈背景下同苏联、美国等国际关系理论间的文明激荡与文化交锋;二是改革开放后,在多元文明共存与和平发展的时代判断下,主动开展对国外理论知识的批判性引介,在融会中外的基础上提升本国理论自觉与意识系统化;三是21世纪后,积极推进中国国际关系理论创新,在新一轮的全球文明交流交锋中,凝聚以“中国学派”为代表的共同体意识,产生了面向国际学术界传播的理论范式成果,进一步增强了文化自信与理论自信。中共十八大以来,习近平外交思想对国际关系理论“中国学派”建设发挥着总领性、全面性的指导作用,围绕国际关系的重大理论问题提出了许多新的概念和命题,而文明互鉴则将在新时期继续为中国国际关系理论的进步与成长提供新的动力。

院史文献研究在医院文化建设中的价值和作用

院史文献,尤其是老报纸老杂志中的资料在过去往往因为收集和翻译上的困难而被档案工作和院史研究忽略,但其具有相当的史料价值。本论文以上海市第一人民医院为例,通过对该院老报纸中院史材料的收集研究,探讨该类史料对医院文化建设的价值与作用,包括以下几个方面:对院史进行补充勘误,为院史馆建设提供内容与设计上的支持,为医院周边产品设计提供灵感与参考,为医院举办各类文化活动提供启发和补充,对医院档案工作提出新的挑战与要求。

尼泊尔汉学的传统与演进

本文通过对中尼两国有关尼泊尔汉学研究文献的深入分析,对中尼交流史以及尼泊尔汉学发展脉络展开详细论述,较为系统地介绍了尼泊尔汉学研究的历史传统与当代演进。得益于两国的历史渊源, 尼泊尔在早期双边关系以及佛教文化往来方面拥有独特优势,这使尼泊尔汉学在萌芽阶段就有了优秀的学 术成果,形成了以历史考察为中心的研究传统。步入 21 世纪后,尼泊尔汉学开始高速发展,关注领域从两 国关系史延伸至中国社会、经济、外交、文化等多个方面,研究方法与视角也更专业。