Britain's Role in the Early Days of Cold War and the Extentof Avoidability of "War

This article probes the role that Great Britain played in stabilizing European economy and politics and its role in curbing the influence of communism during the first period of the Cold War by providing accurate statistics and hard believable facts. Apart from this, this article also discusses the extent of possibility of keeping peace during the Cold War. Through Vietnam War and Korean War and some other conflicts between two ideological rival blocs, the author safely concludes that peace is conditioned, if the power of balance is broken, the Cold War can be a hot one.

The Pontecorvo Affaire Reappraised： Five Decades of Cold War Spy-Stories （1948-1998）

In August 1950, the nuclear physicist Bruno Pontecorvo suddenly left Rome for Stockholm and disappeared without leaving any trace. Pontecorvo had joined the British atomic bomb project. His abrupt disappearance quickly became an international affaire, causing much concern to the western intelligence services, who were worried about the escape of atomic secrets to the Soviet Union, especially after Fuchs＇ famous case. In the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics （USSR）, Pontecorvo was welcomed with honour, but also isolated from the rest of the world for many decades. He always denied any direct involvement in the Soviet nuclear programme. According to him, he moved to Russia because of his socialist beliefs, working only on particle physics and peaceful applications of atomic energy. Who was really Bruno Pontecorvo？ A pacifist like Robert Oppenheimer or a communist agent like Klaus Fuchs？ Did he have access to any information about the Manhattan Project during the war, thanks to his friendship with Enrico Fermi？ Did he spy on the Anglo-Canadian programme like Igor Gouzenko, before moving to Russia？ Did he join Soviet military projects across more than 30 years in Dubna？ The author will discuss how the perception of Pontecorvo＇s case changed in the public opinion from the 1950s until the 1990s, as a mirror of the tensions between the two blocks. The whole affaire was object of harsh political confrontation in Italy for almost 50 years. Therefore, the author will also focus on the role played by the Italian communists in Pontecorvo＇s defection to the USSR as well as on such a local debate, which reflects the history of the post-war Italian Communist Party （PCI） until the end of the Cold War.

The Origin of the Cold War

The origin of the Cold War is a quite important problem in the history of postwar world.Thewar was faught by "cold"means-political-economic means,propaganda,and limited violence.Duringthe Second World War,the United States and Russia,proceed from the need of the antifascit strug-gle together,formed an alliance.Shortly after the Second World War,however,relations between theUnited States and the Soviet Union worsened dramatically.They could no longer cooperate and be-came opponent.The United States emerged from the World War Ⅱ a relatively unified,powerfuland confident nation,Victory gave Americans an uncritical pride in the productivity of their econo-my,in the prowess of their armed forces,in the rectitude of their motives,and in the strength

A Thematic Analysis of Cold Mountain——On W.P. Inman's Spiritual Pilgrimage

Cold Mountain is a physical and spiritual healing place,at the same time is Inman’s home and a refuge for his soul where he himself can retreat from the sufferings of the war.A redemptive journey to Cold Mounain which is fraught with physical and psychological hardships helps Inman to reconstruct the broken soul but Inman’s real redemption:an escape from a world where he has become so hopeless and meaningless can only obtain through death in the end.

Transnational Mathematics and Movements: Shiingshen Chern, Hua Luogeng, and the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study from World War II to the Cold War

This paper reconstructs,based on American and Chinese primary sources,the visits of Chinese mathematicians Shiing-shen Chern陈省身(Chen Xingshen)and Hua Luogeng华罗庚(Loo-Keng Hua)4 to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in the United States in the 1940s,especially their interactions with Oswald Veblen and Hermann Weyl,two leading mathematicians at the IAS.It argues that Chern’s and Hua’s motivations and choices in regard to their transnational movements between China and the US were more nuanced and multifaceted than what is presented in existing accounts,and that socio-political factors combined with professional-personal ones to shape their decisions.The paper further uses their experiences to demonstrate the importance of transnational scientific interactions for the development of science in China,the US,and elsewhere in the twentieth century.

The Never Ending Cold War Over Energy and the Cyprus Issue

Within the context of a never ended Cold War in the energy field, the discoveries of natural gas resources in the Southern Eastern Mediterranean definitely create new impetus for the resolution of the longstanding Cyprus issues. After the failure of the last negotiations talks in July 2017, there is common strategic reason that calls for a mutually accepted resolution among all the parties involved. The situation calls to put aside national feelings and the burden of history and move forward. What is of crucial importance is not only the maintenance of international peace and regional stability but also the enhancement of the welfare of the people of this turbulent region. Whether the path of reason will be followed is remained to be seen.

Why the Cold War Will Never Return to World Politics

Every serious confrontation between the United States and Russia evokes new cold war debates.The Cold War found its true meaning because it had achieved to create its own momentum within time.This question is a great test in terms of measuring the level that today’s international relations has reached:Is cold war still relevant in a global politics?The answer to be given to this question depends on whether any cold war can be maintained against all the pluralistic tendencies of international relations.It will be a negative one because the dynamics unleashed by globalization are likely to marginalize new cold war regardless of the will to wage and sustain it.For,beyond the will to wage and sustain it,the concept of cold war is a technical issue that can only exist provided that it can achieve to subordinate all the dynamics of the global politics to itself.

Negotiating ＂Airy Curtains＂ Throughout the Cold War

This paper analyzes in a long-term perspective the evolution of the international system between the 1920s and the 1980s in the particular case of broadcasting frequency regulation. It addresses the constructing of ＂Airy Curtains＂--the immaterial equivalent to the Iron Curtain-along ideological frontiers by focusing on the International Telecommunication Union＇s frequency allocation conferences throughout the ＂Cold War＂. The question is raised： Which changes in the construction of ＂Airy Curtains＂ and the international system are observable in a long term perspective？ The paper answers this question by telling a story of specialization and differentiation of the international system. At the core of the paper the tensions between experts and diplomats in the negotiations on international regulations are discussed. The paper argues that in three periods the governance changed from an expert matter over a conflictual diplomatic period into a system where ＇Cold War engineers＇ and the ＇Engineering diplomats＇ took a pragmatic approach to the ideological conflicts and the political demand for Cold War broadcasting by a decoupling of politics and technology. In that context decision-making changed from ＂conference diplomacy＂ in the beginning to a complex process where many problems were solved outside the conferences themselves.

Memory Recently Retold： The Chinese Historical Writing of the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II

Memories regarding the history of the Second Sino-Japanese War （1931-1945） and World War il （1939-1945） have always been refreshed in the minds of contemporaries through the retelling of ＂historical war stories＂ in various forms including books, posters, films and other media presentations. However, these retellings are often criticised by some academics as distortion of historical facts. This is because many of the present generation of readers and audiences were not even born at the time the events happened. Thus, ＂historical facts＂ of this era are, in reality, very vague in people＇s minds and their ＂facts＂ are often simply a construction of frequently retold ＂historical war stories＂ mixed with imagination. This article will argue that even immediately after the end of both wars in 1945, fresh history memory was already distorted, with China being the main victim. Following the end of World War II, there was an extensive publication of books and periodicals about the war. However, through varied interpretations of primary sources and use of visual materials in different ways, various positions were created to suit specific needs for justification of China＇s desire to be part of the camp of world powers after 1945. Similar diverse positions were also used to make political arguments criticising both the Axis and Allied Powers for working toward different political ends.

Bilateral and Regional Strategic and Security Relationship Between China and the US after the Cold War

Sino-US relations are complex relations with multi-aspects between the two bigcountries in the world. It has three levels: the global level, the Asia-Pacificlevel and the bilateral level. The critical relationship between China and the US isembodied in the regional and bilateral levels that are more specific and essential.Beyond the field of economy and trade, their relationship is mainly embodied in thestrategic and security field.

Latin America After the Cold War

Post-Cold-War Latin America currently presents a scene of overall political sta-bility, continued economic growth, accelerated regional integration and omni-directional diplomatic activity. Nations here are deepening reforms to head off po-tential fresh crises threatening regional peace and development.

From the Cold War to the 21st Century Towards a New Era in the Asia-Pacific

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Changes in the population structure of Calanus sinicus during summer–autumn in the southern Yellow Sea

Calanus sinicus is a calanoid copepod widely distributed in coastal waters of China and Japan, and oversummering strategies may have major impacts on their population dynamics which in turn affect local marine food web structure. The abundance, stage composition, and sex composition of the planktonic copepod C. sinicus were studied from August to October 2002 in the southern Yellow Sea to understand how its population recovers from the over-summering state. Results showed that C. sinicus had low reproduction in August due to high temperature, except in waters near the Cheju Island with rich food and moderate bottom temperature, but the reproduction rates here decreased in September–October as food availability declined. When temperature dropped in September–October, C. sinicus actively propagated in coastal shallow waters. However, reproduction rates of C. sinicus individuals inhabiting the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) remained low during the three months of the study. The percentage of C. sinicus females was high during the reproductive period, which suggests that the sex composition of adult C. sinicus may reflect whether or not the population is in the reproductive mode.Numerous fifth copepodite stage(CV) C. sinicus aggregated in the YSCWM in a suspended developmental stage during the three months of this study, and they potentially served as the parental individuals for population development when conditions became optimal for reproduction later in the year.

Feng Jiasheng’s Diagrams of Iron Bombs(Huopao)and Beyond:On the Academic Significance of the Southern Song Iron Bombs(Huopao)Unearthed in Chongqing

The world’s earliest bomb with an iron casing,the iron huopao鐵火砲(cast-iron bomb,also referred to as zhentian lei震天雷,literally“thunder-crash bomb”),is one of the most important inventions of ancient China relating to gunpowder and firearms.Until recently,however,academics were not able to conduct substantial research on the topic,as no actual remains of a huopao had yet been found.Since 2013,in the excavation of two sites of Southern Song ancient cities(Diaoyu Fortress and Baidicheng)in Chongqing,archaeologists from the Chongqing Cultural Heritage Research Institute have discovered a number of iron huopao of the Southern Song dynasty.This finding not only provides first-hand material for research on the history of the invention of gunpowder and firearms,which has always been lacking,but also offers new physical evidence for an exploration of the history of war and the military history of the thirteenth century(in particular the Mongol-Song war),and is thus historically significant.

Religious Violence in the Middle East： Military Intervention, Salafi-Jihadism and the Dream of a Caliphate

From the beginnings of Wahabism in the 18th century to the so called Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant （ISIL, ISIS） violence has occasionally been justified in the name of Islam, which is problematic for secular and traditional scholars alike. This paper demonstrates that there are three complex, interrelated causes for this violence： foreign military intervention, Salafi-Jihadism and a utopian state founded upon faith and justice, i.e. a caliphate.

The Roses of Durham

This paper recalls the 1942 Rose Bowl game,which was relocated from its traditional site at Pasadena,California,to Duke University in Durham,North Carolina.The Tournament of Roses nearly cancelled the game after a government request to avoid large crowds on the West Coast,in light of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.Duke,originally selected as the visiting team to play Pacific Coast Conference champion Oregon State University,resolved the dilemma by offering to stage the game at its campus stadium.Duke Stadium had a capacity of only 35,000,much smaller than the Rose Bowl stadium,and 20,000 temporary seats from nearby University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University were added to accommodate fans.On the strength of a 13-point third quarter,Oregon State upset undefeated Duke,20-16,in the 28th Rose Bowl game.The game returned to Pasadena the following year.With Allied victory at the Battle of Midway and stabilization of the Pacific Theater of war,the West Coast was considered secure enough to host large events.The move of the 1942 Rose Bowl was the first of many impacts on sport generally and college football in particular caused by World War II.With male enrollment reduced drastically,many colleges and universities did not field a football team for one or more seasons during the war.Prominent players were killed in action,including some who competed in the 1942 Rose Bowl.Coaches likewise joined the war effort,notably Wallace Wade of Duke.Following the war,the readjustment of servicemen extended to the gridiron,as football rosters included many veterans.Yet the 1942 Rose Bowl has new relevance beyond its 75th anniversary.The 2008 Southeastern Conference men’s basketball tournament was moved when a tornado struck Atlanta.In 2015 terrorists attacked a soccer stadium in Paris,raising new consciousness of the global threat of terrorism.Sport managers strive to make events safe,not only at the venue,but within an expanding perimeter.

A Case for the Modifiability of the San Francisco Peace Treaty: Examining the Varying Positions of the U.S. and Britain Over South Korean Participation

Through a detailed analysis and documentation of relevant U.S.foreign relations and other official documents of the period around the Korean War,this paper aims to prove that in the early negotiation process of the 1951 San Francisco peace treaty,the United States maintained that South Korea should participate in signing the treaty and that the U.S.changed its position because of the resilient British opposition to South Korean participation,which in turn was motivated strongly by the British concern over its strategic interests in East Asia and its diplomatic relations with the newly communized China.In particular,the Chinese intervention in the Korean War and the communist recapture of Seoul provided the impetus for this shift in the U.S.position that led to the exclusion of South Korea from the treaty.Because the substance of the San Francisco peace treaty was dictated by the exigencies under the Korean War and the Cold War and lacks the“Grotian spirit of international law”underlying the founding of the League of Nations and the United Nations,the San Francisco peace treaty does not contain sufficient merit to be worthy of permanent compliance,which leaves open the possibility of modification in the future.

The Rise and Fall of Soviet-Egypt Special Relations, 1971-1974

This article is set to investigate the special relations between the Soviet Union and Egypt in early Sadat administration, 1971-1974. The Soviet-Egypt special relations were based on three factors-international system, states, and decision-makers. From the perspective of international system, since U.S. and Israel were the status quo powers, and the Soviet Union and Egypt were the revisionist countries that aimed to challenge such an unfavorable power structure, Moscow and Cairo were forced to form a coalition; from the national level, the pursuit of common security instead of economic interests became the important factor of promoting Soviet-Egypt special relations; from the decision-making level, the Soviet leaders viewed Egypt as the bridgehead to expand her interests in the Middle East. Likewise, Sadat acknowledged that the Soviet Union was the main source of obtaining advanced weapons on the one hand, but meanwhile was concerned that the Soviet Union could manipulate Egyptian leadership and may interfere in the internal affairs of Sadat administration. In fact, the two governments’ elites established asymmetrical special relations based on expediency and convenience, and hence such special relations were doom to fall apart with the shuttle diplomacy of Henry Kissinger, the US Secretary of State in late 1973.

1944-1949 in the North East of Latvia： Soviet Myths and Reality

The scientific work on collecting and studying life stories started in Latvia in late 1980s, and mainly was devoted to creation of a multi-voiced counteraction to Soviet-era history. In this article, a life story and associated discourse units illustrate not only a point about the speaker, but also about the facts and notions that are common to the post-war Latvia. Post-Soviet society still use to give different accounts of the same facts and of the reasons why they happened. Studying multiform social memories that are forming Latvian collective memory is a way to perceive the processes by which these common-sense notions are constructed. The article demonstrates how to use the life story as a source for local history research and at the same time for people self-awareness research. This article is devoted to the analysis of eye-witnesses＇ （materials gathered from 12 neighboring farmer families） narratives about the post-war reality, comparing the main presumptions of Soviet ideology, existing in Latvia and all other Baltic states, to real life. Provided those presumptions being myths--the term being understood in political science as deceit as a falsifying construct, the author analyses true life stories to show the real danger of intention to exist in some irrational, mythical sphere.