The mass communication model and interactive ritual chain theory,which serve as communication paradigms in the new media era,facilitate and enhance the synergy between the fields of social history of medicine and heal...The mass communication model and interactive ritual chain theory,which serve as communication paradigms in the new media era,facilitate and enhance the synergy between the fields of social history of medicine and health communication.This study employs a comprehensive framework based on the five elements of the mass communication model:information source,communication subject,communication object,message content,and post-communication feedback.Additionally,it incorporates the interactive ritual chain theory to examine the evolving dynamics and developmental trajectory of research in the social history of medicine during the new media era.Conclusively,this paper acknowledges the existing interaction gaps in the interaction between health communication and the social history of medicine research while outlining the challenges for fostering collaboration and proposing strategic optimizations for effective integration.展开更多
In an era of unprecedented urbanization, population and industrial growth pressure is serious threat for the water management in Pakistan in present days. Water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricu...In an era of unprecedented urbanization, population and industrial growth pressure is serious threat for the water management in Pakistan in present days. Water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff limited natural fresh water resources in the country. Human health is facing serious problems due to deteriorating drinking water quality. Current review paper provides an insight to the water quality problems in Pakistan with an attempt to emphasize the challenges of water laws enforcement. Although Pakistan has developed many water laws the state of implementation is dominant, intermediate pollution crises are still remaining. We could come to the conclusion that strictly enforcement is compulsory for water environment regulations in Pakistan. Moreover, it is necessary to establish a reliable risk assessment system for water quality, human health and ecological safety.展开更多
Using an oral history approach, this study analyzed the narratives obtained from semi-structured interviews administered to three Japanese women who worked as nurses for the Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (...Using an oral history approach, this study analyzed the narratives obtained from semi-structured interviews administered to three Japanese women who worked as nurses for the Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC). The analysis of the data in the narratives showed details of the health surveys and health checkups conducted during the early period of operation of ABCC. During the early period of operation of ABCC some survivors showed negative behaviors toward the health surveys and health checkups at the ABCC. However, it can be inferred that dedicated nursing played an important role in alleviating the stress and emotional issues of survivors at the health surveys and health checkups. The findings of the study could be beneficial to research into nursing activities for patients exposed to radiation at the present day.展开更多
The aim of this study was to analyze the contents of Reg.(EU)No.429/2016,and to assess its role in guaranteeing the efficient application of the disease prevention and control rules into member state.Furthermore,the a...The aim of this study was to analyze the contents of Reg.(EU)No.429/2016,and to assess its role in guaranteeing the efficient application of the disease prevention and control rules into member state.Furthermore,the authors evaluated the impact of the abovementioned Regulation on the legislation on public health and food safety already in force in Europe(Regulations EC No.178/2002,No.882/2004,No.853/2004)and considered the global impact of the new rules on the effective functioning of the internal market.The study pays attention also to the TFEU(treaty of lisbon on the functioning of the European union)procedure to delegate to the commission the power to adopt non-legislative acts of general application that supplement or amend certain non-essential elements of a legislative act.展开更多
A public health system generally refers to public utilities oriented toward protecting and improving health. It is intended to protect the health of the general public. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of ...A public health system generally refers to public utilities oriented toward protecting and improving health. It is intended to protect the health of the general public. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, China has constructed the largest healthcare system in the world. The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC), stressed that China will improve its public health system. Looking back at the history of China’s public health system from its inception to the reform and development and then improvement, it can be found that its development has always revolved around the theoretical logic of unifying rights and obligations and the practical logic of balancing the protection of the right to health and the regulation of state power. The fundamental goal is to protect the right to health of the people. The increasing health risks in modern society have changed require that efforts be made to construct a crisscrossing legal framework for public health, improve early-warning and emergency response mechanisms for public health emergencies,and integrate the health concept into all policies to further improve the public health system.展开更多
Background: Acquisition of family medical history (FMH) is emphasized as a part of obtaining a complete medical history, but whether FMH is consistently documented and utilized in primary care, as well as how it can a...Background: Acquisition of family medical history (FMH) is emphasized as a part of obtaining a complete medical history, but whether FMH is consistently documented and utilized in primary care, as well as how it can affect patient care in this context, remains unclear. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine: 1) if FMH is regularly acquired in a representative primary care practice (the Queen’s Family Health Team, QFHT);2) what is included in the FMH obtained;3) what the utility of FMH is with regards to patient management in primary care;and 4) to utilize healthcare practitioners’ perspectives in order to elucidate any findings regarding the acquisition and utility of FMH at the QFHT. Methods: Patients were interviewed in order to obtain their FMH. For each patient, the FMH obtained was compared to the FMH documented in the patient’s record to determine the record’s completeness. Each patient’s FMH was analyzed for significant history of coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes mellitus type II (DMII), substance abuse (SA) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Participants were patients scheduled for appointments at the QFHT between May and July 2011. Any patient of the QFHT older than 25 years was eligible to participate. Clinical staff of the QFHT completed an online questionnaire to determine healthcare practitioners’ perspectives regarding the acquisition and utility of FMH. Results: 83 patients participated in the study. Participants ranged in age from 25 - 86 years (median: 63 years);69% were female. FMH present in patients’ records was often either incomplete (42% of charts reviewed) or not documented at all (51% of charts reviewed). Knowledge of FMH can affect patient management in primary care for the diseases assessed (CAD, DMII, SA and CRC). HCP do consider FMH to be important in clinical practice and 86% of respondents stated that they regularly inquired about patients’ FMH. Interpretation: Despite the belief by HCP that FMH is important, there is a disparity between this belief and their practices regarding its documentation and utilization. Finally, analysis of the FMH of the representative population studied shows that information commonly missing in patients’ FMH can affect patient management at a primary care level.展开更多
A healthy workforce is fundamental for China to pursue its Healthy China 2030 strategy and the UN Sustainable Development Goals.The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Occupational ...A healthy workforce is fundamental for China to pursue its Healthy China 2030 strategy and the UN Sustainable Development Goals.The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases(the Chinese OD Law),which has been amended four times since its adoption in 2002,is the core and cornerstone of the entire regulatory system for occupational health.In addition to discussing the new institutional reforms,which are relevant to China’s regulatory system for occupational diseases(ODs)because of their marked impact on healthcare system reform,we present further evidence,mainly drawn from desk and field research.Our study focuses on the barriers that employers face in complying with the Chinese OD Law and explores the optimized employer-initiated management system,which requires further amendments to the Chinese OD Law,as the State Council of China has prioritized this issue as a top challenge.We first summarize the key characteristics of the Chinese OD Law and illustrate employers’essential obligations,and then analyze the critical challenges that employers face regarding OD prevention and control.We demonstrate good practices and experiences in China,and,finally,propose recommendations for further amendments to the Chinese OD Law in the near future.These recommendations can be achieved only through integrating the healthcare system reform with mechanism innovation.展开更多
In Chinese language studies, both “The Textual Research on Historical Documents” and “The Comparative Study of Historical Data” are traditional in methodology and they both deserve being treasured, passed on, and ...In Chinese language studies, both “The Textual Research on Historical Documents” and “The Comparative Study of Historical Data” are traditional in methodology and they both deserve being treasured, passed on, and further developed. It will certainly do harm to the development of academic research if any of the two methods is given unreasonable priority. The author claims that the best or one of the best methodologies of the historical study of Chinese language is the combination of the two, hence a new interpretation of “The Double-proof Method”. Meanwhile, this essay is also an attempt to put forward “The Law of Quan-ma and Gui-mei” in Chinese language studies, in which the author believes that it is not advisable to either treat Gui-mei as Quan-ma or vice versa in linguistic research. It is crucial for us to respect always the language facts first, which is considered the very soul of linguistics.展开更多
Discussions on grasping the laws and trends of historical development take a fundamental theoretical position in the scientific system of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.Xi J...Discussions on grasping the laws and trends of historical development take a fundamental theoretical position in the scientific system of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.Xi Jinping’s important statements have systematically answered such questions as what type of laws and trends of historical development should be followed,how did the Party follow the laws and trends of historical development in its centennial history,and how should the laws and trends of historical development be followed in a new era.The birth of the Communist Party of China(CPC),the victory of China’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,the founding of the People’s Republic of China,and the unveiling of a new era for reform and opening up and socialism with Chinese characteristics are all the results of grasping the laws and trends of historical development.Over the past century,the Party has followed the laws and trends of historical development and continuously advanced the sinicization of Marxism on the basis of adhering to the unification between truth and values.In pursuit of“putting people first,”the Party has courageously been reforming itself and made relentless progress in the great endeavor of Party building.History shows that a keen appreciation of the laws and trends of historical development is an important sign of political maturity for a proletarian party.Only by applying Marxism according to current times and conditions will we keep abreast with the laws and trends of historical development.We should establish a broader concept of history and identify the laws and trends of historical development from the interactions and linkages between China and the rest of the world.We must recognize and promote the outstanding role of great leaders in steering the country in line with the laws and trends of historical development.展开更多
The history of science and medicine has long been steeped in the notion that they are objective(untainted by the philosophical and ideological ebbs and flows of society)and utilitarian(doing what is best for the great...The history of science and medicine has long been steeped in the notion that they are objective(untainted by the philosophical and ideological ebbs and flows of society)and utilitarian(doing what is best for the greater good).Because of this,scientific and medical epistemologies and praxis are often held to an esteem that is unquestioned,celebrated,and occasionally unchecked.A closer look at the history of science and medicine,however,readily reveal the extent to which the milieu of society has informed scientific and medical endeavors.As such,an understanding of how the subjectivities of scientific and medical endeavors situate within our contemporary disciplines and practices is significant to one’s ability to truly understand said disciplines.Likewise,such an evaluation will provide insight into our role in perpetuating the illusion of objectivity in these fields.With this in mind,this paper provides a philosophical and historical examination of the concept of objectivity(in contrast to subjectivity)in science and medicine.展开更多
Established within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) reviews periodically the trade policies of all WTO Members. The review includes many aspects of food...Established within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) reviews periodically the trade policies of all WTO Members. The review includes many aspects of food safety regulation. China's trade policy is reviewed every two years. This paper analyses in detail the reviews of China's trade policy in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014. It focuses in particular on food safety laws and types of standards, alignment of domestic standards with international standards, the role of different domestic institutions, transparency and notification of food safety measures under the WTO agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTAgreement), import and export, and geographical indications (GIs). It concludes that the WTO TPRM can contribute, within its mandate, to reform of Chinese food safety laws and improvement of food safety in China. it notes that China has already undertaken substantial reforms of its system for regulating food safety. It recommends that China should continue to participate actively in the TPRM, follow its own path with regard to alignment and learn selectively from other WTO Members.展开更多
Health law education,an important part of global health education,is beneficial for both medical and law schools.This field can help lawyers and policy makers to develop their careers and equip traditional health prof...Health law education,an important part of global health education,is beneficial for both medical and law schools.This field can help lawyers and policy makers to develop their careers and equip traditional health professionals,such as doctors and nurses,with a basic knowledge of health law.However,unlike in western universities,health law education in China is still at its infant stage and,as such,lacks a systematic pedagogical approach among institutions of higher education in China.Considering the advancements in the field of health law education,this study systematically reviews the status of health law education in institutions of higher learning in China and suggests ways to make the pedagogical approach more consistent.This systematic review revealed that,between 2012 and 2021,major law schools and medical schools that have developed the subject of health law education in China lack consensus on the aim,scope,mode,and methods of health law education.The first problem is that Chinese universities are unable to agree on how to classify the subject of health law.Another set of problems relate to institutions themselves.Not only do universities lack qualified health law faculty,but they also rely on relatively uninspiring teaching materials.This leads to ineffective,generic pedagogical approaches in both medical and law schools.These problems leave future lawyers,future doctors and nurses unclear about their choices for health law study at the graduate level and their ultimate career development.We therefore propose four preliminary solutions to continue to develop this new interdisciplinary subject—health law education—in Chinese universities:clearly classify the subject of health law,equip the health law field with more professional textbooks,enact joint degree programs between medical schools and law schools,and establish a health law research center in either law schools or medical schools.展开更多
Introduction The policy-making process in health reform is challenging due to the complexity of organizations,overlapping roles,and diversity of responsibilities.The present study aims to investigate and analyze the n...Introduction The policy-making process in health reform is challenging due to the complexity of organizations,overlapping roles,and diversity of responsibilities.The present study aims to investigate and analyze the network of actors in the Iran health insurance ecosystem regarding the laws before and after the adoption of the Universal Health Insurance(UHI).Methods The present study was done by sequential exploratory mixed method research,consisting of two distinct phases.During the qualitative phase,the actors and issues pertaining to the laws of the Iranian health insurance ecosystem from 1971 to 2021 were identified through a systematic search of the laws and regulations section of the Research Center of the Islamic Legislative Assembly website.Qualitative data was analyzed in three steps using directed content analysis.During the quantitative phase,in order to draw the communication network of the actors in Iran’s health insurance ecosystem,the data related to the nodes and links of the networks was collected.The communication networks were drawn using Gephi software and the micro-and macro-indicators of network were calculated and analyzed.Results There were 245 laws and 510 articles identified in the field of health insurance in Iran from 1971 to 2021.Most of the legal comments were on financial matters and credit allocation,and the payment of premiums.The number of actors before and after the enactment of the UHI Law was 33 and 137,respectively.The Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the Iran Health Insurance Organization were found the two main actors in the network before and after the approval of this law.Conclusions Adopting a UHI Law and delegating various legal missions and tasks,often with support to the health insurance organization,have facilitated the achievement of the law objectives.However,it has created a poor governance system and a network of actors with low coherence.Based on the results of the study,it is suggested to reduce actor roles and separate them for better governance and to prevent corruption in health insurance ecosystem.Introducing knowledge and technology brokers can be effective in strengthening governance and filling the structural gaps between actors.展开更多
2023 marks the 50th anniversary of legal regulation of acupuncture in the United States,as the first acupuncture law was enacted in Nevada.Acupuncture,like any other medical modality,is regulated at the state level,wi...2023 marks the 50th anniversary of legal regulation of acupuncture in the United States,as the first acupuncture law was enacted in Nevada.Acupuncture,like any other medical modality,is regulated at the state level,with each state formulating and enforcing its own laws and statutes over time.This article narrates the legislative process and major developments of the acupuncture profession in Minnesota,in the context of legislative developments across the country.It tells how this midsize,Midwest state’s acupuncture profession became regulated,and examines the challenges faced by the profession before and after state statutes were enacted.Minnesota stands as a representative example of the legislative process in other states.展开更多
Objective: The forensic mental health system in Japan changed dramatically with the enforcement of the “Act on Medical Care and Treatment for the Persons Who Had Caused Serious Cases under the Condition of Insanity”...Objective: The forensic mental health system in Japan changed dramatically with the enforcement of the “Act on Medical Care and Treatment for the Persons Who Had Caused Serious Cases under the Condition of Insanity” or MTS Act, in 2005. The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in attitude and behavior of general psychiatrists, towards forensic psychiatry. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire survey in 2010 on forensic psychiatry for Japanese psychiatrists, mirroring a previous study from 2007. Results: Comparing the results from both questionnaires, it is not evident that awareness of forensic mental health has improved among psychiatrists in the intervening three years. Conclusion: Further education about forensic mental health needs to be considered inJapan.展开更多
Investments in rural land for agriculture, timber, and other natural resource purposes occur frequently and globally. Fundamental principles of liberty and property found in the United States of America’s (“US”) le...Investments in rural land for agriculture, timber, and other natural resource purposes occur frequently and globally. Fundamental principles of liberty and property found in the United States of America’s (“US”) legal system, from its origins to recent US Supreme Court decisions, continue to positively benefit holders of real estate in the Southern US, through a deep-rooted public policy of supporting private property rights and rural economic development. This stable rule of law enhances the long-term adaptability and sustainability of timberland as an asset class. This article is a commentary. It combines legal research methodology with the observations and conclusions of the authors. Its purpose is to demonstrate that the existence of alienable, documentable ownership, and related property rights create inherent stability and security. These principles form the basis of a culture that is defined by the rule of law and is “open for business.” This business mindset is particularly prevalent in the Southern US.展开更多
Song China was a period in which China experienced a great increase in its population.Concurrently,the Song dynasty also experienced a rise in the frequency of epidemics and two major wars with the Western Xia and Lia...Song China was a period in which China experienced a great increase in its population.Concurrently,the Song dynasty also experienced a rise in the frequency of epidemics and two major wars with the Western Xia and Liao dynasties during the 1000s and 1040s.The consequences of these changes were exacerbated by the increased geographical mobility of certain social groups such as traders and examinees attending civil service examinations.Thus,casualties of wars,epidemics,or disease,especially of people whose families were far away and could not care for them were left without care and“their corpses often lay bare along the roads.”This new social environment created a need for general relief.The Northern Song government(960-1127 CE),especially during the reign of Emperor Huizong,established an innovative public health system to address this issue.The public health system included poorhouses,public hospitals,and pauper’s cemeteries.The first were more of charity organizations,whereas the latter two promoted public health by providing medical services for the poor and burial for those that nobody cared for.In terms of rationale behind these institutions,on the one hand,they constituted an attempt to get the poor and homeless off the streets while providing them relief or burial.On the other hand,it seems that Huizong’s deep concern with medicine propelled him to design and implement a comprehensive public health system oriented to prevent contagion and outbreak of epidemics.This article depicts the background,the organization,and the functions of the system.The article also discusses the conditions and reasons that gave rise to such a unique undertaking by the Northern Song government.展开更多
Because of the rapidly rhythm of modern society,fast food and take-out become the main dining methods for most of young people,while the outside foods always have few types of foods and nutrition is not complete.Nutri...Because of the rapidly rhythm of modern society,fast food and take-out become the main dining methods for most of young people,while the outside foods always have few types of foods and nutrition is not complete.Nutrient imbalances may cause many diseases such as gastrointestinal diseases,cardiovascular diseases,diabetes,obesity,and cancer.In this environment,health products have emerged.At present,there are a wide variety of health care products at home and abroad,which are broadly divided into three categories:traditional vitamins,emerging nutrient products,and extracts of natural plant active ingredients.In the early 1970 s,the sales of health products in the United States had reached 170 million dollars.At present,it has nearly 100 billion dollars,which is almost 1/3 of the total food sales,people's demand for health products is increasing rapidly.In recent years,Chinese medicine health products become more popular in western,in fact,Chinese medicine health products have a long history of application in China and have a good reputation in the folk.Obviously,Chinese medicine health products have great potential for development.So this article mainly compared the de.velopment and state of health products between China and west countries.Based on the development of health products in western countries,this article analyzes the development trend and prospects for the development of Chinese medicine health products.It is roughly divided into three parts.The first part introduces the development reasons and history of western health products development.The sec.ond part introduces the history of Chinese health products and the current situation of Chinese medi.cine health products.The third part guesses the development trend of Chinese medicine health prod.ucts and provides some development ideas.The purpose of this airticle is to provide reference and ideas for the future research and development of traditional Chinese medicine health products.展开更多
Turkey has always been one of the leading countries in the field of health and fundamental rights.Though Turkey is a member of many international organizations and a candidate state for the European Union,had some reg...Turkey has always been one of the leading countries in the field of health and fundamental rights.Though Turkey is a member of many international organizations and a candidate state for the European Union,had some regulations on fundamental rights,patients rights and right to health,even before the international papers,such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,did not come into force.Turkey always follows closely to the new developments in health care technologies,that is why Turkey continues to be one of the most chosen countries in international health tourism.These improvements in health care drive Turkey to adjust its regulations related to patients'fundamental rights and right to access to health.In the 2000s,health law postgraduate programs were founded in some universities in Turkey.With these programs,research in health law has been accelerated.Turkey will be one of the leading countries in health law too in the next few years.In this study,we started with the fundamental sources of the right to health in Turkey;then we continued with current objects at issue in Turkish health law;then we gave place to the current problems of Turkish health law such as reproductive rights,problems related to organ and tissue transplantations,increasing numbers of legal cases against health care professionals,their possible solutions and the future expectations.展开更多
基金University of Science and Technology of China Quality Project History of Medicine(2023YCZX02)Digital Museum Construction Project of Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention(BB2110240080)The National Key R&D project granted by the Ministry of Science and Technology(2018YFA0902400).
文摘The mass communication model and interactive ritual chain theory,which serve as communication paradigms in the new media era,facilitate and enhance the synergy between the fields of social history of medicine and health communication.This study employs a comprehensive framework based on the five elements of the mass communication model:information source,communication subject,communication object,message content,and post-communication feedback.Additionally,it incorporates the interactive ritual chain theory to examine the evolving dynamics and developmental trajectory of research in the social history of medicine during the new media era.Conclusively,this paper acknowledges the existing interaction gaps in the interaction between health communication and the social history of medicine research while outlining the challenges for fostering collaboration and proposing strategic optimizations for effective integration.
文摘In an era of unprecedented urbanization, population and industrial growth pressure is serious threat for the water management in Pakistan in present days. Water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff limited natural fresh water resources in the country. Human health is facing serious problems due to deteriorating drinking water quality. Current review paper provides an insight to the water quality problems in Pakistan with an attempt to emphasize the challenges of water laws enforcement. Although Pakistan has developed many water laws the state of implementation is dominant, intermediate pollution crises are still remaining. We could come to the conclusion that strictly enforcement is compulsory for water environment regulations in Pakistan. Moreover, it is necessary to establish a reliable risk assessment system for water quality, human health and ecological safety.
文摘Using an oral history approach, this study analyzed the narratives obtained from semi-structured interviews administered to three Japanese women who worked as nurses for the Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC). The analysis of the data in the narratives showed details of the health surveys and health checkups conducted during the early period of operation of ABCC. During the early period of operation of ABCC some survivors showed negative behaviors toward the health surveys and health checkups at the ABCC. However, it can be inferred that dedicated nursing played an important role in alleviating the stress and emotional issues of survivors at the health surveys and health checkups. The findings of the study could be beneficial to research into nursing activities for patients exposed to radiation at the present day.
文摘The aim of this study was to analyze the contents of Reg.(EU)No.429/2016,and to assess its role in guaranteeing the efficient application of the disease prevention and control rules into member state.Furthermore,the authors evaluated the impact of the abovementioned Regulation on the legislation on public health and food safety already in force in Europe(Regulations EC No.178/2002,No.882/2004,No.853/2004)and considered the global impact of the new rules on the effective functioning of the internal market.The study pays attention also to the TFEU(treaty of lisbon on the functioning of the European union)procedure to delegate to the commission the power to adopt non-legislative acts of general application that supplement or amend certain non-essential elements of a legislative act.
基金a phased result of the key project of the National Social Science Fund titled “Review and Analysis of the Research of Jurisprudence in China in the Past 70 Years”(project approval No. 19AFX002)the student research project of Southwest University of Political Science and Law titled “Law on the Promotion of Basic Medical and Health Care and New Progress in the Protection of the Right to Health”(project approval No. 2021XZXSZC)。
文摘A public health system generally refers to public utilities oriented toward protecting and improving health. It is intended to protect the health of the general public. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, China has constructed the largest healthcare system in the world. The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC), stressed that China will improve its public health system. Looking back at the history of China’s public health system from its inception to the reform and development and then improvement, it can be found that its development has always revolved around the theoretical logic of unifying rights and obligations and the practical logic of balancing the protection of the right to health and the regulation of state power. The fundamental goal is to protect the right to health of the people. The increasing health risks in modern society have changed require that efforts be made to construct a crisscrossing legal framework for public health, improve early-warning and emergency response mechanisms for public health emergencies,and integrate the health concept into all policies to further improve the public health system.
文摘Background: Acquisition of family medical history (FMH) is emphasized as a part of obtaining a complete medical history, but whether FMH is consistently documented and utilized in primary care, as well as how it can affect patient care in this context, remains unclear. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine: 1) if FMH is regularly acquired in a representative primary care practice (the Queen’s Family Health Team, QFHT);2) what is included in the FMH obtained;3) what the utility of FMH is with regards to patient management in primary care;and 4) to utilize healthcare practitioners’ perspectives in order to elucidate any findings regarding the acquisition and utility of FMH at the QFHT. Methods: Patients were interviewed in order to obtain their FMH. For each patient, the FMH obtained was compared to the FMH documented in the patient’s record to determine the record’s completeness. Each patient’s FMH was analyzed for significant history of coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes mellitus type II (DMII), substance abuse (SA) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Participants were patients scheduled for appointments at the QFHT between May and July 2011. Any patient of the QFHT older than 25 years was eligible to participate. Clinical staff of the QFHT completed an online questionnaire to determine healthcare practitioners’ perspectives regarding the acquisition and utility of FMH. Results: 83 patients participated in the study. Participants ranged in age from 25 - 86 years (median: 63 years);69% were female. FMH present in patients’ records was often either incomplete (42% of charts reviewed) or not documented at all (51% of charts reviewed). Knowledge of FMH can affect patient management in primary care for the diseases assessed (CAD, DMII, SA and CRC). HCP do consider FMH to be important in clinical practice and 86% of respondents stated that they regularly inquired about patients’ FMH. Interpretation: Despite the belief by HCP that FMH is important, there is a disparity between this belief and their practices regarding its documentation and utilization. Finally, analysis of the FMH of the representative population studied shows that information commonly missing in patients’ FMH can affect patient management at a primary care level.
基金supported by the Project of International Expert Consultation for the National Occupational Health System Innovation which is funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China in 2019(Grant No.G20190001627).
文摘A healthy workforce is fundamental for China to pursue its Healthy China 2030 strategy and the UN Sustainable Development Goals.The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases(the Chinese OD Law),which has been amended four times since its adoption in 2002,is the core and cornerstone of the entire regulatory system for occupational health.In addition to discussing the new institutional reforms,which are relevant to China’s regulatory system for occupational diseases(ODs)because of their marked impact on healthcare system reform,we present further evidence,mainly drawn from desk and field research.Our study focuses on the barriers that employers face in complying with the Chinese OD Law and explores the optimized employer-initiated management system,which requires further amendments to the Chinese OD Law,as the State Council of China has prioritized this issue as a top challenge.We first summarize the key characteristics of the Chinese OD Law and illustrate employers’essential obligations,and then analyze the critical challenges that employers face regarding OD prevention and control.We demonstrate good practices and experiences in China,and,finally,propose recommendations for further amendments to the Chinese OD Law in the near future.These recommendations can be achieved only through integrating the healthcare system reform with mechanism innovation.
文摘In Chinese language studies, both “The Textual Research on Historical Documents” and “The Comparative Study of Historical Data” are traditional in methodology and they both deserve being treasured, passed on, and further developed. It will certainly do harm to the development of academic research if any of the two methods is given unreasonable priority. The author claims that the best or one of the best methodologies of the historical study of Chinese language is the combination of the two, hence a new interpretation of “The Double-proof Method”. Meanwhile, this essay is also an attempt to put forward “The Law of Quan-ma and Gui-mei” in Chinese language studies, in which the author believes that it is not advisable to either treat Gui-mei as Quan-ma or vice versa in linguistic research. It is crucial for us to respect always the language facts first, which is considered the very soul of linguistics.
文摘Discussions on grasping the laws and trends of historical development take a fundamental theoretical position in the scientific system of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.Xi Jinping’s important statements have systematically answered such questions as what type of laws and trends of historical development should be followed,how did the Party follow the laws and trends of historical development in its centennial history,and how should the laws and trends of historical development be followed in a new era.The birth of the Communist Party of China(CPC),the victory of China’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,the founding of the People’s Republic of China,and the unveiling of a new era for reform and opening up and socialism with Chinese characteristics are all the results of grasping the laws and trends of historical development.Over the past century,the Party has followed the laws and trends of historical development and continuously advanced the sinicization of Marxism on the basis of adhering to the unification between truth and values.In pursuit of“putting people first,”the Party has courageously been reforming itself and made relentless progress in the great endeavor of Party building.History shows that a keen appreciation of the laws and trends of historical development is an important sign of political maturity for a proletarian party.Only by applying Marxism according to current times and conditions will we keep abreast with the laws and trends of historical development.We should establish a broader concept of history and identify the laws and trends of historical development from the interactions and linkages between China and the rest of the world.We must recognize and promote the outstanding role of great leaders in steering the country in line with the laws and trends of historical development.
文摘The history of science and medicine has long been steeped in the notion that they are objective(untainted by the philosophical and ideological ebbs and flows of society)and utilitarian(doing what is best for the greater good).Because of this,scientific and medical epistemologies and praxis are often held to an esteem that is unquestioned,celebrated,and occasionally unchecked.A closer look at the history of science and medicine,however,readily reveal the extent to which the milieu of society has informed scientific and medical endeavors.As such,an understanding of how the subjectivities of scientific and medical endeavors situate within our contemporary disciplines and practices is significant to one’s ability to truly understand said disciplines.Likewise,such an evaluation will provide insight into our role in perpetuating the illusion of objectivity in these fields.With this in mind,this paper provides a philosophical and historical examination of the concept of objectivity(in contrast to subjectivity)in science and medicine.
基金Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, ChinaPeking University School of Transnational Law, China
文摘Established within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) reviews periodically the trade policies of all WTO Members. The review includes many aspects of food safety regulation. China's trade policy is reviewed every two years. This paper analyses in detail the reviews of China's trade policy in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014. It focuses in particular on food safety laws and types of standards, alignment of domestic standards with international standards, the role of different domestic institutions, transparency and notification of food safety measures under the WTO agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTAgreement), import and export, and geographical indications (GIs). It concludes that the WTO TPRM can contribute, within its mandate, to reform of Chinese food safety laws and improvement of food safety in China. it notes that China has already undertaken substantial reforms of its system for regulating food safety. It recommends that China should continue to participate actively in the TPRM, follow its own path with regard to alignment and learn selectively from other WTO Members.
基金supported by the Research on the Development of Health Law Education in China(2020-2021)sponsored by National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China。
文摘Health law education,an important part of global health education,is beneficial for both medical and law schools.This field can help lawyers and policy makers to develop their careers and equip traditional health professionals,such as doctors and nurses,with a basic knowledge of health law.However,unlike in western universities,health law education in China is still at its infant stage and,as such,lacks a systematic pedagogical approach among institutions of higher education in China.Considering the advancements in the field of health law education,this study systematically reviews the status of health law education in institutions of higher learning in China and suggests ways to make the pedagogical approach more consistent.This systematic review revealed that,between 2012 and 2021,major law schools and medical schools that have developed the subject of health law education in China lack consensus on the aim,scope,mode,and methods of health law education.The first problem is that Chinese universities are unable to agree on how to classify the subject of health law.Another set of problems relate to institutions themselves.Not only do universities lack qualified health law faculty,but they also rely on relatively uninspiring teaching materials.This leads to ineffective,generic pedagogical approaches in both medical and law schools.These problems leave future lawyers,future doctors and nurses unclear about their choices for health law study at the graduate level and their ultimate career development.We therefore propose four preliminary solutions to continue to develop this new interdisciplinary subject—health law education—in Chinese universities:clearly classify the subject of health law,equip the health law field with more professional textbooks,enact joint degree programs between medical schools and law schools,and establish a health law research center in either law schools or medical schools.
文摘Introduction The policy-making process in health reform is challenging due to the complexity of organizations,overlapping roles,and diversity of responsibilities.The present study aims to investigate and analyze the network of actors in the Iran health insurance ecosystem regarding the laws before and after the adoption of the Universal Health Insurance(UHI).Methods The present study was done by sequential exploratory mixed method research,consisting of two distinct phases.During the qualitative phase,the actors and issues pertaining to the laws of the Iranian health insurance ecosystem from 1971 to 2021 were identified through a systematic search of the laws and regulations section of the Research Center of the Islamic Legislative Assembly website.Qualitative data was analyzed in three steps using directed content analysis.During the quantitative phase,in order to draw the communication network of the actors in Iran’s health insurance ecosystem,the data related to the nodes and links of the networks was collected.The communication networks were drawn using Gephi software and the micro-and macro-indicators of network were calculated and analyzed.Results There were 245 laws and 510 articles identified in the field of health insurance in Iran from 1971 to 2021.Most of the legal comments were on financial matters and credit allocation,and the payment of premiums.The number of actors before and after the enactment of the UHI Law was 33 and 137,respectively.The Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the Iran Health Insurance Organization were found the two main actors in the network before and after the approval of this law.Conclusions Adopting a UHI Law and delegating various legal missions and tasks,often with support to the health insurance organization,have facilitated the achievement of the law objectives.However,it has created a poor governance system and a network of actors with low coherence.Based on the results of the study,it is suggested to reduce actor roles and separate them for better governance and to prevent corruption in health insurance ecosystem.Introducing knowledge and technology brokers can be effective in strengthening governance and filling the structural gaps between actors.
文摘2023 marks the 50th anniversary of legal regulation of acupuncture in the United States,as the first acupuncture law was enacted in Nevada.Acupuncture,like any other medical modality,is regulated at the state level,with each state formulating and enforcing its own laws and statutes over time.This article narrates the legislative process and major developments of the acupuncture profession in Minnesota,in the context of legislative developments across the country.It tells how this midsize,Midwest state’s acupuncture profession became regulated,and examines the challenges faced by the profession before and after state statutes were enacted.Minnesota stands as a representative example of the legislative process in other states.
文摘Objective: The forensic mental health system in Japan changed dramatically with the enforcement of the “Act on Medical Care and Treatment for the Persons Who Had Caused Serious Cases under the Condition of Insanity” or MTS Act, in 2005. The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in attitude and behavior of general psychiatrists, towards forensic psychiatry. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire survey in 2010 on forensic psychiatry for Japanese psychiatrists, mirroring a previous study from 2007. Results: Comparing the results from both questionnaires, it is not evident that awareness of forensic mental health has improved among psychiatrists in the intervening three years. Conclusion: Further education about forensic mental health needs to be considered inJapan.
文摘Investments in rural land for agriculture, timber, and other natural resource purposes occur frequently and globally. Fundamental principles of liberty and property found in the United States of America’s (“US”) legal system, from its origins to recent US Supreme Court decisions, continue to positively benefit holders of real estate in the Southern US, through a deep-rooted public policy of supporting private property rights and rural economic development. This stable rule of law enhances the long-term adaptability and sustainability of timberland as an asset class. This article is a commentary. It combines legal research methodology with the observations and conclusions of the authors. Its purpose is to demonstrate that the existence of alienable, documentable ownership, and related property rights create inherent stability and security. These principles form the basis of a culture that is defined by the rule of law and is “open for business.” This business mindset is particularly prevalent in the Southern US.
文摘Song China was a period in which China experienced a great increase in its population.Concurrently,the Song dynasty also experienced a rise in the frequency of epidemics and two major wars with the Western Xia and Liao dynasties during the 1000s and 1040s.The consequences of these changes were exacerbated by the increased geographical mobility of certain social groups such as traders and examinees attending civil service examinations.Thus,casualties of wars,epidemics,or disease,especially of people whose families were far away and could not care for them were left without care and“their corpses often lay bare along the roads.”This new social environment created a need for general relief.The Northern Song government(960-1127 CE),especially during the reign of Emperor Huizong,established an innovative public health system to address this issue.The public health system included poorhouses,public hospitals,and pauper’s cemeteries.The first were more of charity organizations,whereas the latter two promoted public health by providing medical services for the poor and burial for those that nobody cared for.In terms of rationale behind these institutions,on the one hand,they constituted an attempt to get the poor and homeless off the streets while providing them relief or burial.On the other hand,it seems that Huizong’s deep concern with medicine propelled him to design and implement a comprehensive public health system oriented to prevent contagion and outbreak of epidemics.This article depicts the background,the organization,and the functions of the system.The article also discusses the conditions and reasons that gave rise to such a unique undertaking by the Northern Song government.
文摘Because of the rapidly rhythm of modern society,fast food and take-out become the main dining methods for most of young people,while the outside foods always have few types of foods and nutrition is not complete.Nutrient imbalances may cause many diseases such as gastrointestinal diseases,cardiovascular diseases,diabetes,obesity,and cancer.In this environment,health products have emerged.At present,there are a wide variety of health care products at home and abroad,which are broadly divided into three categories:traditional vitamins,emerging nutrient products,and extracts of natural plant active ingredients.In the early 1970 s,the sales of health products in the United States had reached 170 million dollars.At present,it has nearly 100 billion dollars,which is almost 1/3 of the total food sales,people's demand for health products is increasing rapidly.In recent years,Chinese medicine health products become more popular in western,in fact,Chinese medicine health products have a long history of application in China and have a good reputation in the folk.Obviously,Chinese medicine health products have great potential for development.So this article mainly compared the de.velopment and state of health products between China and west countries.Based on the development of health products in western countries,this article analyzes the development trend and prospects for the development of Chinese medicine health products.It is roughly divided into three parts.The first part introduces the development reasons and history of western health products development.The sec.ond part introduces the history of Chinese health products and the current situation of Chinese medi.cine health products.The third part guesses the development trend of Chinese medicine health prod.ucts and provides some development ideas.The purpose of this airticle is to provide reference and ideas for the future research and development of traditional Chinese medicine health products.
文摘Turkey has always been one of the leading countries in the field of health and fundamental rights.Though Turkey is a member of many international organizations and a candidate state for the European Union,had some regulations on fundamental rights,patients rights and right to health,even before the international papers,such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,did not come into force.Turkey always follows closely to the new developments in health care technologies,that is why Turkey continues to be one of the most chosen countries in international health tourism.These improvements in health care drive Turkey to adjust its regulations related to patients'fundamental rights and right to access to health.In the 2000s,health law postgraduate programs were founded in some universities in Turkey.With these programs,research in health law has been accelerated.Turkey will be one of the leading countries in health law too in the next few years.In this study,we started with the fundamental sources of the right to health in Turkey;then we continued with current objects at issue in Turkish health law;then we gave place to the current problems of Turkish health law such as reproductive rights,problems related to organ and tissue transplantations,increasing numbers of legal cases against health care professionals,their possible solutions and the future expectations.