The Turkish Economy in the Period between 1990 and 2000 in the Light of the Open Economy Policies of the 1980s Developments

The structure of the economy seems to have been reshaped for the post-1980 period with the decisions of January 24,1980 and the structural changes that followed.In the 1980s,which can be called the transition process to a Free-Market Economy and an open economy,on the one hand,the privatization of state institutions and the determination of the prices of goods and services in free market conditions were tried to be ensured in order to withdraw the state from economic life,on the other hand,it was tried to grant freedom to foreign trade and capital movements.While these two main issues were being realized,the import substitution industrialization strategy was abandoned and the export-led growth model was started to be implemented.The last step of this process of opening up and liberalization was realized with the decision numbered 32 in 1989.While the change in the economic structure was achieved through domestic borrowing in the 1980s,with the liberalization of capital movements in the 1990s,it was seen that economic growth and development were tried to be achieved with hot money inflows rather than foreign direct investments.This orientation made the economy more open to crises,and for the first time there was a crisis in the form of the 1994 economic crisis,which was understood to be caused by hot money.The 1994 economic crisis could only be overcome by giving government guarantees to bank deposits and issuing high-interest Treasury Bills.Even the new banking regulations could not prevent the emergence of similar new economic crises in the following years.Because,we can say that the economic crisis experienced in the 2000s brought about a political transformation along with creating great economic problems.

Rare earth listed in the Catalogue of Energy and Resources Products Subject to Export Reporting

China’s Ministry of Commerce(MOFCOM)on 7 November announced revisions to a list of bulk commodities whose imports and exports should be reported for keeping statistical record.Fourteen commodities including Soybeans,rapeseed,soybean oil,palm oil and so on will continue to be regulated by current import reporting system.Five new items are included.Crude oil,iron ore.

The Impact of Trade Deficits and the Burden of Crisis Oriented Economy on the Livelihoods of Nepali People

29,164,578 people are living in Nepal.Out of them,48.96%are men and 51.04%are women.The growth rate of the population is 0.93%annually.However,216,957 individuals had been abroad for employment,education or other reasons.It has developed an addiction to imported products using remittances.The government delays spending the money allotted for capital improvements.The debt incurred by loans received from donors exceeds between 20 trillion and 80 billion of Nepal’s entire yearly budget.Based on statistics from Nepal Rastra Bank fiscal years 2021/2022,export and import contributions to overall Nepal’s foreign commerce were 8.40%and 91.60%,respectively.Due to the burden of debt and increasing trade deficit in the Nepalese economy,it has greatly affected the livelihood of the people.The increase in the prices of goods has made the lives of ordinary and low-income citizens very difficult.To reduce it,it is necessary to increase the production of indigenous products and promote their trade.Nepal needs to improve its ability to balance imports and exports.Economic dependency will reduce and the nation’s focus on self-sufficiency will increase if the market is extended by raising the output of locally produced items.There will be an increase in hazards as the state’s ability to function weakens.No nation can be entirely self-sufficient in the open global market of today by producing all the commodities and services it requires.Economic dependency will reduce and the nation’s focus on self-sufficiency will increase if the market is extended by raising the output of locally produced items.There will be an increase in hazards as the state’s ability to function weakens.

Economic Influencing Factors of Trade Volume Between China and RCEP Member States

This paper examines the impact of key economic factors on trade volumes between China and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership(RCEP)member states.Studies have shown that gross domestic products(GDP),exchange rate,and inflation have an impact on China’s import and export trade volume with RCEP member states.China’s export trade volume to RCEP member states is deeply affected by China’s GDP,but the import trade volume depends on China’s domestic demand and market.The impact of exchange rates on import and export trade volumes varies from country to country.China’s export volume to RCEP member states is generally more affected by the consumption level of its residents than the consumption level of Chinese residents.

An analysis of agarwood trade patterns,historical perspectives,and species identification challenges:repercussions for importing nations

Background:Agarwood,primarily derived from the Aquilaria and Gyrinops genera,holds significant economic importance.However,there is a lack of comprehensive investigations providing guidance to importing nations regarding cultivation quantities and expected yields of Agarwood from distinct species.This study aims to address this gap by exploring the historical context and trade evolution of Agarwood,highlighting its global importance,and the challenges associated with securing accurate species information.Method:On-site visits to Agarwood cultivation sites were conducted to gain a nuanced understanding of Aquilaria species and their cultivation requirements.Additionally,a thorough analysis of global export and import data for Agarwood products over the last decade was undertaken.Results:China Mainland emerged as the leading exporter of Agarwood,averaging an annual export value of USD 1 million.India’s substantial exports challenge the prevailing notion of limited Agarwood production within its borders.Hong Kong and Singapore are pivotal distribution hubs,while Hong Kong and Taipei feature prominently as import destinations.Our analysis uncovers anomalies in the representation of Agarwood producers from 2001 to 2008,suggesting potential misclassification of Aquilaria Agarwood as Gyrinops in global export information.These findings underscore the urgency of investigating classification and reporting practices in the Agarwood trade.Furthermore,A.filaria emerges as a notable source,while A.malaccensis is decline in prominence.Conclusion:This study provides crucial insights for policymakers,stakeholders,and industry players seeking to make informed decisions in the Agarwood trade landscape.The results highlight the need for accurate species identification,classification,and reporting practices to ensure sustainable cultivation and trade of Agarwood.

China’s alfalfa market and imports: Development, trends, and potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations

This study examines the development and trends of China’s alfalfa market and imports, identifies key factors for the rapid increase in China’s alfalfa imports, and discusses potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations on the alfalfa markets and trade in both nations. China’s rapid transition toward larger-scale commercial dairy production, with enhanced feed and cost management as well as quality and safety control, and its limited resources for high-quality alfalfa production are key factors for the dramatic increase in its alfalfa imports, from 19 601 metric tons in 2008 to 1.38 million metric tons(mmt) in 2018. While the United States dominated China’s alfalfa imports with an average share of 97.01% from 2007 to 2017, the share dropped to 83.76% in 2018 and 63.28% in January 2019 due to the trade dispute and retaliations started in 2018. China will likely remain a large importer of alfalfa because of both its growing demand and the comparative advantages of imported alfalfa in quality and price, but the imports from the United States will be highly affected by the ongoing trade dispute and negotiations. China is also expected to make more efforts to reduce its dependence on U.S. alfalfa through increased investment in domestic alfalfa production and identification of alternative sources of alfalfa and other hay imports.

An Inexpensive and Simple Experimental Approach for the Estimation of Solute Import into Groundwater and Subsequent Export Using Inflow/Outflow Data

In agricultural catchments where groundwater (GW) base flow discharge contributes substantially towards stream flow, the information linking GW inflow/outflow with contaminant import/export is scarce. However, this information is essential to address aquatic ecosystem health hazard/risk associated with nitrate export and subsequent loading in sensitive surface water bodies (SWB). The objectives of this study were to assess the temporal dynamics of (i) rain water inflow/outflow behaviour in three agricultural catchments in the humid tropics of far-northeast Queensland of Australia, (ii) solute import via inflow and subsequent export in outflow, and (iii) the association between GW inflow/outflow and solute import/export. Approximately 71% of the average seasonal rainfall percolated (inflow) into the porous basaltic regolith of the Johnstone River Catchment (JRC) compared with 44% into the alluvial regolith in the Mulgrave River Catchment (MRC) and 29% into the metamorphic regolith in the Tully River Catchment (TRC), respectively. The outflows from the basaltic, alluvial, and metamorphic regoliths were 56%, 36%, and 55% of the inflows, respectively. The cumulative nitrate import per season was 25 k/ha in the JRC compared with 11 kg/ha in MRC and 34 kg/ha in TRC. The corresponding exports were 24 kg/ha, 8 kg/ha 26 kg/ha in JRC, MRC, and TRC, respectively. The total dissolved solute (TDS) exports were 82%, 77%, 75%, of the corresponding imports in JRC, MRC, and TRC, respectively. Simple correlations indicated that nitrate export was positively correlated with the outflow in each one of the regolith and similar trends were observed between inflow and import. The import/export mass balance for nitrate shows that 73% to 96% of the imports were exported during the same rainy season, suggesting the potential for nitrate associated ecosystem health hazard/risk in sensitive SWB receiving the outflows.

The Overview and Prospects for Production and Marketing of Cashew Nut in the World

In this article,we analyze the cultivation and production of cashew in the world during the period 2005-2010,and make a concrete analysis of the import and export trade of cashew nut in the world in recent years.In particular,we give an overview of the production and trade in major producing countries of cashew such as Vietnam and India.Finally,we analyze the nutritional value,pharmaceutical and industry role of cashew nut,and look into the future of development of the cashew nut industry in the world.

Analyzing the Relation between Greek Paper and Paperboard Imports and Exports with Macroeconomic Variables

This paper describes the relation between Greek imports and exports of paper and paperboard and a number of major macroeconomic variables, such as population, gross domestic product, the industrial production index and domestic round wood production. The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were employed in the analysis of the data. The study shows that there is no significant relation between paper and paperboard imports as a dependent variable and population, gross domestic product and domestic round wood production as independent variables. Despite this, an acceptable model is constructed using only gross domestic product as an independent variable. The study also shows that there is a significant relation between the export of paper and paperboard and gross domestic product, the industrial production index and round wood production. The results indicate that gross domestic product as an independent variable has the greatest effect on wood imports and exports in Greece during the period studied. Using these models is confirmed that the use of socioeconomic variables and the construction of future scenarios for the Greek forest sector is very efficient considering the special characteristics of the Greek economy. These models could help the establishment of economic growth, the reduction of the financial and ecological deficit, the implementation of economic reforms and to increase new investments.

Impact of International Trade, Remittances and Industrialization on the Economic Growth of Bangladesh

There are several important factors of growth and many endeavors have been made to apply these factors to explain the growth of different economies at different times. In this context, the objective of this paper is to examine the impact of international trade, remittances and industrialization on the economic growth of Bangladesh using annual data from the period of 1976 to 2010. This study uses the time series econometrics methodology, which covers tests for stationary, cointegration, and specification of the model. This study also focuses on finding causal relationship among export, import, remittances, and industrialization on the economic growth of Bangladesh by using Granger causality test. The result shows that the variables are cointegrated, implying a long-run causal relationship among export, import, remittances, and industrialization on the economic growth of Bangladesh.

Data Watch:China’s Foreign Trade and Investment in the First Four Months of 2012

China’s foreign trade in the first four months of 2012 According to statistics of the Customs,China’s exports and imports in the first four months of 2012 reached $1.16718 trillion, up by 6.0% over the same period of last year.

Data Watch on China’s Foreign Trade and Investment in the First Five Months of 2012

China’s foreign trade in the firstfivemonths of 2012 According to statistics of the Customs, China’s exports and imports in the first

Both the Export and Import Grew Negatively in April

China’s foreign trade in April According to Customs figures,China’s total import and export in April reached 1.96 trillion yuan,down 6%year on year(the same below).Export was 1.08 trillion yuan,down 6.2%,and import 0.87 trillion yuan,down16.1%.Trade surplus was 210.2

The Concrete Analysis of the Change of Import and Export Trade of Chinese Enterprises Is Based on the Perspective of RMB Exchange Rate

The change of import and export trade of Chinese enterprises actually reflects the appreciation and depreciation of RMB,which are closely related to the total volume of import and export trade of Chinese enterprises and the formulation of corresponding foreign exchange measures.Generally speaking,the rise of the RMB exchange rate means the appreciation of the RMB is conducive to imports,while the decline of the RMB exchange rate means the depreciation of the RMB and the decline of the price of export commodities,so it has a greater price advantage and is conducive to exports.Chinese enterprises should correctly grasp the rise and fall of RMB exchange rate and carry out import and export trade reasonably when developing abroad.

An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between China's Maize Price and Maize Import and Export Trade

Based on the time series of China’s maize trade and domestic maize price,the article analyzes the relationship between domestic maize price and China’s maize international trade by using empirical methods.The results show that there is a connection between domestic maize prices and China's maize international trade,but the link is not very close.Domestic maize price is the cause of China’s maize international trade change,but its impact is very limited;China's maize international trade also can make some difference on the domestic maize price.Based on the results of research,the article brings three suggestion and expectation to adjust China’s maize international trade and the cost control reasonably in order to stabilize domestic maize price and maize yield,and to protect domestic grain security.

The Development and Coping Strategies of China's Textile and Garment Export in the Post-epidemic Era

On January 15,2020,China and the United States signed the first stage of the Economic and Trade Agreement.The United States pledged to abolish part of tariffs on China,and would reinforce the exemption&om customs duly on Chinese products which import to US.In this excellent situation,the outbreak of COVID-19 created a new dilemma to the whole nation.China's textile and gannent production and trade suffered serious losses.In response to the COVID-19,China has issued relevant supporting and reduced policies.Based on the background of the post-epidemic,this paper analyzes the development of China's textile and garment export,and puts forward the coping strategies.

Import and Export Quality Guaranteed for the Steady Development of Foreign Trade

Under the good situation of the reform and opening to the outside world, the rapid development of foreign economic and trade has resulted in enhancing the inspection work of import and export commodities in China. The commodity inspection organs at all level adhere to the work policy of guaranteeing quality and offering better service, making import and export commodity quality as their central task. They strictly implement national laws and regulations to serve commodity inspection and management, thus achieving great success.