The Effects of Land Use and Landscape Position on Labile Organic Carbon and Carbon Management Index in Red Soil Hilly Region,Southern China

Labile organic carbon （LOC） and carbon management index （CMI）, which are sensitive factors to the changes of environment, can improve evaluating the effect of land management practices changes on soil quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of land use types and landscape positions on soil quality as a function of L0C and CMI. A field study in a small watershed in the red soil hilly region of southern China was conducted, and soil samples were collected from four typical lands （pine forest （PF） on slope land, barren hill （BH） on slope land, citrus orchard （C0） on terrace land and Cinnarnornum Camphora （CC） on terrace land） at a sampling depth of 20 cm. Soil nutrients, soil organic carbon （SOC）, L0C and CMI were measured. Results showed that the L0C and CMI correlated to not only soil carbon but also soil nutrients, and the values of LOC and CMI in different land use types followed the order CC 〉 PF 〉 CO 〉 BH at the upper- slope, while CO 〉 CC 〉 BH 〉 PF at mid-slope and down-slope. With respect to slope positions, the values of LOC and CMI in all the lands were followed the order： upper-slope 〉 down-slope 〉 mid- slope. As whole, the mean values of LOC and CMI in different lands followed the order CC 〉 CO 〉 PF 〉 BH. High CMI and LOC content were found in the terrace lands with broadleaf vegetations. These results indicated that the terracing and appropriate vegetations can increase the carbon input and lability and decrease soil erosion. However, the carbon pools and CMI in these lands were significantly lower than that in reference site. This suggested that it may require a long time for the soil to return to a high~ quality. Consequently, it is an efficient way to adopt the measures of terracing and appropriate vegetations planting in improving the content of LOC and CMI and controlling water and soil loss in fragile ecosystems.

Effects of Different Land Use Types on Soil Organic Carbon and Carbon Management Index in Karst Area

[Objective] The aim was to reveal changes of soil organic matter fraction and their corresponding carbon management indexes as affected by different land use types.[Method]Soil organic carbon,active soil organic carbon and soil carbon management index（CMI）of different land use types in Guilin Maocun karst area were studied.Sampling with field investigation and laboratory testing was carried out.Heavy potassium chromate method was adopted to determine soil organic matter.333 mmol/L KMnO4 oxidation method was used to determine active organic carbon.[Result]With active soil organic matter increasing,the differences of CMI between different land use types were bigger.The CMI value of different land uses was shrubforest paddy fielddry farmland.The statistical analysis showed that labile organic matter was related with major soil properties at a significant level.[Conclusion]Labile organic matter could be used to reveal the influence of different land use types on soil organic matter and carbon management index in karst area.

Effects of astronomical orbital cycle and volcanic activity on organic carbon accumulation during Late Ordovician–Early Silurian in the Upper Yangtze area, South China

Based on field outcrop data,the effects of cyclic change of astronomical orbit and volcanic activity on organic carbon accumulation during the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian in the Upper Yangtze area were studied using cyclostratigraphic and geochemical methods.d13 C and chemical index of alteration(CIA)were used to filter the astronomical orbit parameters recorded in sediments.It is found that the climate change driven by orbital cycle controls the fluctuations of sea level at different scales,obliquity forcing climate changes drive thermohaline circulation(THC)of the ocean,and THC-induced bottom currents transport nutrient-laden water from high latitude regions to the surface water of low-latitude area.Hence,THC is the main dynamic mechanism of organic-carbon supply.The marine productivity indexes of Ba/Al and Ni/Al indicate that volcanic activities had limited effect on marine productivity but had great influences on organic carbon preservation efficiency in late Hirnantian(E4).Paleo-ocean redox environmental indicators Th/U,V/Cr and V/(V+Ni)show that there is a significant correlation between volcanism and oxygen content in Paleo-ocean,so it is inferred that volcanisms controlled the organic carbon preservation efficiency by regulating oxygen content in Paleo-ocean,and the difference in volcanism intensity in different areas is an important factor for the differential preservation efficiency of organic carbon.The organic carbon input driven by orbital cycle and the preservation efficiency affected by volcanisms worked together to control the enrichment of organic carbon in the Middle–Upper Yangtze region.

Distribution Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon in Degraded Forest Land in the Sandstorm Area of Jingbian County,Shaanxi Province

[Objectives]To explore the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon in degraded forest land in the sandstorm area of Jingbian County,Shaanxi Province.[Methods]The distribution characteristics and abundance of 0-20 cm shallow soil organic carbon in 5 towns in the sandstorm area in the north of Jingbian County were studied by field sampling and indoor detection.[Results]The average soil organic carbon contents in Hongdunjie Town,Haizetan Town,Huanghaojie Town,Ningtiaoliang Town and Dongkeng Town were 2.93,3.21,2.53,2.54 and 4.08 g/kg,respectively,which were all lower than the national background value(31.00 g/kg).The coefficients of variation of soil organic carbon content in Hongdunjie Town,Huanghaojie Town and Dongkeng Town were 59.04%,35.97%and 47.55%,respectively,with higher coefficients of variation and larger differences in spatial distribution.The organic carbon content of Haizetan Town and Dongkeng Town was above the abundance,accounting for 70%and 50%,which were relatively rich,while the soil organic carbon content of Hongdunjie was relatively scarce.The average content of soil organic carbon in the sandstorm area was 3.03 g/kg,which was also lower than the national background value.The coefficient of variation was 46.53%,showing high coefficient of variation and large difference in spatial distribution.In addition,20.41%of the average content of soil organic carbon in the sandstorm area was in the deficient level,and 79.59%were in the medium or above level.[Conclusions]The study of distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon in degraded forest land in the sandstorm area of Jingbian County will better serve the precise management of soil resources.

Impacts of Rice Field Winter Planting on Soil Organic Carbon and Carbon Management Index

To tackle with the problem of prevailing farmland abandonment in winter,5 treatments includes Chinese milk vetch-double cropping rice(CRR),rape-double cropping rice(RRR),garlic-double cropping rice(GRR),winter crop multiple cropping rotation(ROT),winter fallow control(WRR)were set up.By measuring soil total organic carbon,active organic carbon and its components and calculating the soil carbon pool management index in 0~15 cm and 15~30 cm soil layers in the early and late rice ripening stage.The effects of different winter planting patterns on the changes of soil organic carbon and carbon pool management index were discussed.In order to provide theoretical basis for the optimization and adjustment of winter planting pattern of double cropping rice field in the middle reaches of Yangtze River.The results showed that soil total organic carbon,active organic carbon and its components in different winter cropping patterns were increased,and ROT and CRR treatments were more beneficial to the accumulation of soil total organic carbon,active organic carbon and its components as well as the improvement of soil carbon pool management index,which should be preferred in the adjustment of cropping patterns.

Fertilization Affects Biomass Production of Suaeda salsa and Soil Organic Carbon Pool in East Coastal Region of China

Land use practice significantly affects soil properties. Soil is a major sink for atmospheric carbon, and soil organic carbon （SOC） is considered as an essential indicator of soil quality. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of N and P applied to Suaeda salsa on biomass production, SOC concentration, labile organic carbon （LOC） concentration, SOC pool and carbon management index （CMI） as well as the effect of the land use practice on soil quality of coastal tidal lands in east coastal region of China. The study provided relevant references for coastal exploitation, tidal land management and related study in other countries and regions. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design, consisting of four N-fertilization rates （0 （NO）, 60 （N1）, 120 （N2） and 180 kg ha-1 （N3））, three P-fertilization rates （0 （P0）, 70 （P1） and 105 kg ha-~ （P2）） and bare land without vegetation. N and P applied to S. salsa on coastal tidal lands significantly affected biomass production （above-ground biomass and roots）, bulk density （Pb）, available N and P, SOC, LOC, SOC pool and CMI. Using statistical analysis, significantly interactions in N and P were observed for biomass production and the dominant factor for S. salsa production was N in continuous 2-yr experiments. There were no significant interactions between N and P for SOC concentration, LOC concentration and SOC pool. However, significant interaction was obtained for CMI at the 0-20 cm depth and N played a dominant role in the variation of CMI. There were significant improvements for soil measured attributes and parameters, which suggested that increasing the rates of N and P significantly decreased Pb at the 0-20 cm depth and increased available N and P, SOC, LOC, SOC pool as well as CMI at both the 0-20 and 20-40 cm depth, respectively. By correlation analysis, there were significantly positive correlations between biomass （above- ground biomass and roots） and SOC as well as LOC in 2010 and 2011 across all soil depth, respectively. The treatment with N at 180 kg ha-~ and P at 105 kg ha-1 was superior to the other treatments. The results from the 2-yr continuous experiments indicated that, in short-term, there were a few accumulation of SOC and LOC concentrations by means of N and P application to S. salsa, whereas in the long run, S. salsa with N and P application was recommended for coastal tidal lands because of its great potential of carbon sequestration, improvements of soil nutrition status and promotion of soil quality.

Reduced turnover rate of topsoil organic carbon in old-growth forests:a case study in subtropical China

Background:Old-growth forests are irreplaceable with respect to climate change mitigation and have considerable carbon(C)sink potential in soils.However,the relationship between the soil organic carbon(SOC)turnover rate and forest development is poorly understood,which hinders our ability to assess the C sequestration capacity of soil in old-growth forests.Methods:In this study,we evaluated the SOC turnover rate by calculating the isotopic enrichment factor β(defined as the slope of the regression between ^(13)C natural abundance and log-transformed C concentrations)along 0-30 cm soil profiles in three successional forests in subtropical China.A lower β(steeper slope)is associated with a higher turnover rate.The three forests were a 60-year-old P.massoniana forest(PF),a 100-year-old coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest(MF),and a 400-year-old monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest(BF).We also analyzed the soil physicochemical properties in these forests to examine the dynamics of SOC turnover during forest succession and the main regulators.Results:The β value for the upper 30-cm soils in the BF was significantly(p<0.05)higher than that in the PF,in addition to the SOC stock,although there were nonsignificant differences between the BF and MF.The β value was significantly(p<0.05)positively correlated with the soil recalcitrance index,total nitrogen,and available nitrogen contents but was significantly(p<0.01)negatively correlated with soil pH.Conclusions:Our results demonstrate that SOC has lower turnover rates in old-growth forests,accompanied by higher soil chemical recalcitrance,nitrogen status,and lower soil pH.This finding helps to elucidate the mechanism underlying C sequestration in old-growth forest soils,and emphasizes the important value of old-growth forests among global C sinks.

RELATIVE BRIGHTNESS INDEX AND IT'S CLIMATIC SIGNIFICANCE FROM LACUSTRINE SEDIM ENT OF NAPAHAI LAKE,NORTHWESTERN YUNNAN PLATEAU,CHINA

Information on the palaeoenvironm ent from Late Pleistocene to Holocen e in northwestern Yannan Plateau has been deduced from a study of a 28.81m-long core taken from Napahai Lake.The results from Relative Brightness In-dex(RBI )as well as those from the lithological analyses of bulk sediments,total organic carbon and granulometric analy-ses have been used to reconstruct the environmental and climatic evoluti on of the area.The ages were provided by three 14 C datings.The record suggested a climate fluctuation between warm-dry a nd cool-wet from ca.57to 32ka B.P.,which led a shallowing and swamping of the l ake.The water level again increased quickly at ca.32ka B.P.,reached it’ s peak during LGM(Last Glacial Maximum,ca.18-20ka B.P.)and remained relative high until ca.15ka B.P.The high wa-ter level at LGM is attributed to cold-wet conditions.The area experienced an abrupt and unstable climatic ch anges dur-ing the transition period from15to 10ka B.P.with a dominated littoral en vironment.Awarm-dry climate led to the contrac-tion of the lake during the Holocene a nd reed-swamps became dominant.After a minor wet-cool pulse during the L ate Holocene,the modern climate became to be established.

RELATIVE BRIGHTNESS INDEX AND IT’S CLIMATIC SIGNIFICANCE FROM LACUSTRINE SEDIM ENT OF NAPAHAI LAKE,NORTHWESTERN YUNNAN PLATEAU,CHINA

Information on the palaeoenvironm ent from Late Pleistocene to Holocen e in northwestern Yannan Plateau has been deduced from a study of a 28.81m-long core taken from Napahai Lake.The results from Relative Brightness In-dex(RBI )as well as those from the lithological analyses of bulk sediments,total organic carbon and granulometric analy-ses have been used to reconstruct the environmental and climatic evoluti on of the area.The ages were provided by three 14 C datings.The record suggested a climate fluctuation between warm-dry a nd cool-wet from ca.57to 32ka B.P.,which led a shallowing and swamping of the l ake.The water level again increased quickly at ca.32ka B.P.,reached it’ s peak during LGM(Last Glacial Maximum,ca.18-20ka B.P.)and remained relative high until ca.15ka B.P.The high wa-ter level at LGM is attributed to cold-wet conditions.The area experienced an abrupt and unstable climatic ch anges dur-ing the transition period from15to 10ka B.P.with a dominated littoral en vironment.Awarm-dry climate led to the contrac-tion of the lake during the Holocene a nd reed-swamps became dominant.After a minor wet-cool pulse during the L ate Holocene,the modern climate became to be established.

INFLUENCES OF MARINE FLOOR HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY ON ORGANIC MATTER ABUNDANCE IN MARINE CARBONATE ROCKS——A CASE STUDY OF MIDDLE-UPPER PROTEROZOIC IN THE NORTHERN PART OF NORTH CHINA

Study indicates that the elements rich in marine floor hydrothermal fluids have a positive in- fluence, not only on total organic carbon (TOC), but also on the abundance of SiO2 in some Middle-Upper Proterozoic strata. The TOC bears a better positive correlation with abundance of SiO2. By the correlation analysis between organic matter and sea-floor hot fluid characterized trace elements such as P, Cu, Zn, Ni, Ba, etc in marine carbonate rocks, we conclude that organic matter enrichment of carbonate rocks were related to marine floor hydrothermal activity in a part of layers. Some thin-layered cherts, which were thought to be the indicators of hydrothermal activity, frequently occurring in Gaoyuzhuang, Wumishan, Tieling and Xiamaling formation support our conclu- sion. With the increasing of trace elements in marine carbonate rocks, the TOC and Fe/Ti ratio is creasing. In contrast, the Al/(Al+Fe+Mn) ratio is usually de- creasing.

Discrepant responses of soil organic carbon dynamics to nitrogen addition in different layers: a case study in an agroecosystem

Empirical research indicates that heightened soil nitrogen availability can potentially diminish microbial decomposition of soil organic carbon(SOC).Nevertheless, the relationship between SOC turnover response to N addition and soil depth remains unclear. In this study, soils under varying N fertilizer application rates were sampled up to 100 cm deep to examine the contribution of both new and old carbon to SOC across different soil depths,using a coupled carbon and nitrogen isotopic approach. The SOC turnover time for the plot receiving low N addition(250 kg·ha^(-1)·yr^(-1) N) was about 20-40 years. Conversely, the plot receiving high N(450 kg·ha^(-1)·yr^(-1) N) had a longer SOC turnover time than the low N plot, reaching about 100 years in the upper 10-20 cm layer. The rise in SOC over the entire profile with low N addition primarily resulted from an increase in the upper soil(0-40 cm)whereas with high N addition, the increase was mainly from greater SOC in the deeper soil(40-100 cm). Throughout the entire soil layer, the proportion of new organic carbon derived from maize C_4 plant sources was higher in plots treated with a low N rate than those treated with a high N rate. This implies that, in contrast to low N addition agricultural practices, high N addition predominantly enhances the soil potential for fixing SOC by transporting organic matter from surface soils to deeper layers characterized by more stable properties. This research offers a unique insight into the dynamics of deep carbon under increased N deposition, thereby aiding in the formulation of policies for soil carbon management.

Responses of Soil Microbial Community Structure and Activity to Incorporation of Straws and Straw Biochars and Their Effects on Soil Respiration and Soil Organic Carbon Turnover

Like straw, biochar incorporation can influence soil microorganisms and enzyme activities and soil carbon(C) responses;however,few studies have compared the various effects of straw and biochar and the underlying mechanisms. An experiment was performed to study the changes in soil respiration(SR) and soil organic C(SOC) fluxes in response to the incorporation of three kinds of straw(reed, smooth cordgrass, and rice) and their pyrolyzed products(biochars) at Chongming Island, China. In addition, the microbial activity and community structure of some amended soils were also analyzed to clarify the mechanisms of these responses. The results showed that all biochar incorporation(BC) induced lower SR than the corresponding unpyrolyzed straw incorporation(ST), and the average SR in the soils following BC and ST during the experimental periods was 21.69 and 65.32 μmol CO2 m^-2s^-1, respectively.Furthermore, the average SOC content was 16.97 g kg-1 following BC, which was higher than that(13.71 g kg-1) following ST,indicating that compared to ST, BC was a low-C strategy, even after accounting for the C loss during biochar production. Among the BC treatments, reed-BC induced the lowest SR(17.04 μmol CO2 m^-2s^-1), whereas smooth cordgrass-BC induced the highest SR(27.02 μmol CO2 m^-2s^-1). Furthermore, in contrast with ST, BC significantly increased the abundance of some bacteria with poorer mineralization or better humification ability, which led to lower SR. The lower easily oxidizable C(EOC) and higher total C contents of biochars induced lower SR and higher SOC in the soil following BC compared to that following ST. Among the BC treatments,the higher total nitrogen content of rice biochar led to significantly higher soil microbial biomass, and the lower EOC content of reed biochar led to lower soil microbial activity and SR.

δ^(13)C values and hydrogen index records in sediment organic matter of RH core of Zoige Basin,eastern Qing-Zang(Tibet)Plateau and their environmental significance

Total organic carbon (TOC) content correlates very well with hydrogen index (HI) in the sedi- ments of RH core in the Zoig Basin.And the δ^(13)C values of TOC become more positive while both TOC content and HI decline,indicating the subaerial exposure or the lake sedimonts approaching to the water lev- el.On the basis of the above,RH core sediments are divided into 23 climatic fluctuation stages, including 12 warm-humid stages and 11 dry-cold stages,which can he compared with oceanic oxygen isotope stages,loess profile and polar ice-core records.

Assessment of Soil C and N Stocks and Fractions across 11 European Soils under Varying Land Uses

In this study, we measured the stocks and pool sizes of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total soil nitrogen (TN), and their natural 13C and 15N abundance across a wide range of temperate European ecosystems. The objectives were to examine any distinct isotope patterns with land use or climate, and how C and N in these different ecosystems are distributed among soil organic matter (SOM) fractions to better predict soil C and N dynamics and longer term persistence. Soils were sampled to 30 cm depth at 11 sites of the Nitro Europe (NEU) network and included four forests, three grasslands and four croplands. Surface soil samples were fractionated using a combined size-density fractionation protocol separating light (LF) from heavy particulate organic matter (hPOM) by density and silt-from-clay-associated SOM by size. Down-profile natural abundance 15N patterns pointed towards a closed N cycle in the forest sites, while 13C patterns suggested differences in plant water use efficiency across the C3 grassland sites. The forests and grassland sites stored the majority of surface SOC and TN in the LF and hPOM pools. Sustained sequestration of C and N in these rather labile pools will rely on management practices that minimize soil disturbance and increase C input. We also found that the mineral fraction (silt and clay) in the cropland soils stored less C and N per unit of fraction mass compared to the forests and grasslands, which points towards a lower mineral-OM stabilization efficiency of cropland soils. Finally, our study revealed total POM (LF plus hPOM) as a strong predictor of SOC and TN differences, particularly among the non-cropped sites. This study shows that these sites, independent of soil type and climate, store a large fraction of C and N in POM pools that are particularly vulnerable to soil disturbance such as caused by land use change.

Assessment of Sediment and Benthic Macrofauna Distribution at Dar es Salaam Harbour Channel

Sediment and macrobenthic fauna distribution at Dar es Salaam harbour channel were investigated to attest the influence of sediment grain size distribution and total organic carbon contents on benthic macrofauna dominance and diversity. Sampling campaign was conducted from January to April, 2019 in 25 sampling stations along the channel. Sediment grain sizes ranged between 0.7405 and 0.00273 mm with an average of 0.0804 mm classified as medium silt. Sediment distribution showed an onshore-offshore pattern consisting of fine dark clay-silt sediments in the southern part of the harbour close to Mwalimu Nyerere Bridge, medium (sandy) at the harbour and coarse sandy offshore. Five classes of macrofauna were identified with sedentary Polychaetes (Diopatra cuprea) found in tubes and free forms being dominant in most of the sediment types, however more abundant in clay-silt. High species diversity index values were encountered in sediments with medium total organic carbon (TOC) and sediment grain sizes (sand-silt). Apparently, low species similarity indices were observed in all sediment type indicating significant dissimilarities in species composition among sediment grain sizes. Thus, the distribution of benthic macrofauna species along Dar es Salaam harbour channel is strongly influenced by the sediment grain sizes and organic carbon contents in sediments.

Effects of Land Uses on Soil Organic Carbon and Carbon Pool Management Index

Carbon management index（ICM） is used to evaluate the scientificity of soil management.Soil organic carbon（SOC） and readily oxidized carbon （ROC） contents under Leucaena leucocephala stand, Acacia glauca stand,Acacia auriculiformis stand, Azadirachta indica stand,wasteland and dry cropland were determined and their ICM were calculated.The results showed that the SOC and ROC contents under the 6 land use types were 4.22-5.92 g·kg-1 and 1.34-2.33 g·kg-1,respectively.No significant differences in SOC contents among these land uses were observed.The ROC contents under the 4 types of woodland,however,were significantly higher than these under dry cropland or wasteland（P【0.05）. The ROC were high significantly（P【0.001） correlated（R2 is 66.3%） with SOC.Compared with wasteland,the ICM ranged from 1.77 to 2.36 under these woodlands,and 0.99 under dry cropland.It is revealed that the litter quantity and land management under these land uses may be the key factors resulting in the variation of ROC.At ecological fragile region of Dry-hot Valley,closure management is useful to sequestrate C in woodland soils.However,the management systems for soil carbon pool under dry cropland are not in a sound way.

浅埋滴灌下玉米秸秆不同还田年限土壤有机碳固存特征及其影响因素

外源有机物(秸秆)添加直接影响耕层土壤有机碳的周转,研究浅埋滴灌条件下玉米秸秆持续还田土壤有机碳固存及其影响因素对西辽河平原灌区玉米可持续生产与耕地地力提升具有重要意义。本文基于连续7年的田间定位试验,设置玉米连作秸秆连年全量还田0年(0a)、3年(3a)、5年(5a)和7年(7a)4个处理,探讨玉米秸秆不同还田年限对土壤结构、胞外酶活性、有机碳组分含量、碳储量、固碳量和碳库管理指数的影响。与0a处理相比,0~30 cm土层3a、5a和7a广义土壤结构指数分别增加1.65%、1.99%和3.33%,土壤三相结构距离分别降低5.55%、6.65%和12.7%;0~30 cm土层3a、5a和7a土壤β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶和土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶活性分别提高4.34%、13.0%、15.9%和12.1%、16.3%、20.9%,土壤纤维素酶和土壤蔗糖酶活性分别提高5.86%、13.4%、19.2%和12.6%、21.3%、34.1%;不同处理间几何平均酶活性和总体酶活性差异显著,0~30 cm土层3a、5a和7a几何平均酶活性和总体酶活性较0a分别提高8.63%、15.90%、22.25%和9.12%、17.19%、25.09%。土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、水溶性有机碳和微生物量碳含量及其储量均表现为3a、5a和7a显著高于0a,0~30 cm土层3a、5a和7a土壤有机碳和土壤易氧化有机碳含量较0a分别提高13.4%、32.7%、42.7%和17.5%、27.5%、42.5%,土壤水溶性有机碳和土壤微生物量碳含量较0a分别提高13.2%、18.5%、28.5%和33.9%、45.3%、56.1%;同时0~30 cm土层3a、5a和7a土壤有机碳和易氧化有机碳储量分别提高11.6%、29.5%、36.2%和14.9%、23.8%、35.5%,土壤水溶性有机碳和微生物量碳储量分别提高10.7%、15.2%、22.3%和31.0%、41.0%、48.5%。0~30 cm土层5a和7a土壤固碳量均显著高于3a;0~30 cm土层各处理碳库指数和碳库管理指数差异显著,5a和7a较3a分别提高17.0%、26.1%和7.00%、19.9%。土壤结构稳定性、胞外酶活性与土壤固碳量和碳库管理指数的相关分析和冗余分析结果表明,土壤β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性、液相体积分数、三相结构距离、纤维素酶活性和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性是影响玉米秸秆不同还田年限土壤有机碳固存的主要因素,其解释率分别为76.0%、4.10%、3.30%、1.70%和3.40%。浅埋滴灌下玉米秸秆连续还田7年改善了土壤结构的稳定性,提高了与土壤碳素相关的土壤胞外酶活性,进而提升了土壤有机碳固存和碳库指数。

不同秸秆还田模式对冬小麦土壤活性有机碳库的影响

为探寻最适宜小麦种植的秸秆还田模式,优化土壤结构、提升土壤质量,采用根箱培养,以不施肥(CK)为对照,设置不同秸秆还田方式配施化肥共6个处理,即秸秆还田(SF)、秸秆生物炭还田(BF)、秸秆配施腐熟剂还田(SDF)、秸秆配施纳米载体腐熟剂还田(SNDF)以及单施化肥(F).结果表明:所有处理在不同时期的土壤活性有机碳库组分质量分数基本表现为随土层的加深而降低,SNDF处理在小麦成熟期的表层土壤总有机碳(SOC)、土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)质量分数分别为36.40 g/kg、491.56 mg/kg、273.10 mg/kg,土壤碳库管理指数为225.7%,SDF在小麦成熟期的土壤活性有机碳(LOC)质量分数为7.79 g/kg,SOC、土壤DOC、土壤MBC、土壤LOC和碳库管理指数之间均存在极显著的正相关性(P<0.01).研究发现SNDF处理对冬小麦土壤有机碳组分及土壤碳库管理指数的改善效果最好,该结果为秸秆还田与化肥配施在农业生产上的应用提供了理论依据和研究基础.

沿海滩涂不同青贮种植模式下土壤盐分、养分及碳库变化特征

2021年10月,在江苏沿海滩涂围垦区布置油菜—玉米轮作(R—M)、苜蓿套种玉米种植(A—M)和纯苜蓿种植周年模式(A—A)等不同种植试验,旨在研究沿海滩涂围垦区不同青贮种植模式下土壤盐分、养分及碳库变化特征。结果表明:(1)不同种植模式下0~40 cm土壤盐分8月前均表现出相似的动态变化规律,8月后的R—M下土壤盐分显著高于A-M和A-A;(2)0~20 cm土壤总氮、碱解氮、有机碳和易氧化碳含量均表现为A—A模式最高,且有效养分总库容量在A—M和A—A模式下相比R—M模式分别增加了6.05%和11.64%;同时,不同种植模式下土壤pH、容重和有效磷均没有明显的差异;(3)与种植前田块相比,种植1年后A—M和A—A下碳库指数(CPI)分别提高了3.70%和8.90%,碳库活度指数(AI)分别提高了36.40%和50.50%,碳库管理指数(CPMI)分别提高了41.45%和63.94%;R—M下的AI和CMI分别提高了30.50%和26.37%。可见,沿海滩涂围垦区苜蓿种植或套种苜蓿青贮模式短期内有利于土壤盐分降低和有效养分积累,提高土壤碳库管理指数,改善滩涂土壤质量和肥力,研究结果将为今后发展青贮作物生产研发和大范围推广提供数据支撑。

生物炭对毛竹林土壤有机碳组分及碳库管理指数的影响

为探究不同生物炭施用量对毛竹林土壤有机碳组分及碳库管理指数的影响,本研究以广西桂林漓江上游毛竹林土壤为研究对象,以毛竹废弃物高温热解制备的生物炭为供试材料,通过一年野外施用试验,探究不同生物炭施用量下(0(CK)、10 t·hm^(-2)(BC1)、20 t·hm^(-2)(BC2)、40 t·hm^(-2)(BC4))毛竹林土壤有机碳活性组分和土壤碳库管理指数变化特征,分析环境因素对其影响。结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,高添加量生物炭(BC4)后土壤pH值、速效磷、速效钾、铵态氮、可溶性有机氮、微生物量氮等含量显著提高,但土壤全磷含量显著降低(P<0.05)。生物炭对总有机碳、易氧化有机碳、颗粒有机碳及碳库管理指数等有显著的促进作用,均在生物炭施用量为40 t·hm^(-2)时达到最大值。相关分析表明,土壤碳库管理指数与pH、NH_(4)^(+)-N、EOC、POC均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。路径分析模型表明在生物炭添加下,土壤性质和可利用性养分直接影响活性碳组分,进而影响土壤碳库管理指数。综上所述,毛竹林中施用生物炭是提高土壤质量、促进土壤碳固存及合理利用竹林废弃物的有效手段,其中生物炭添加量为40 t·hm^(-2)的处理效果最优。