Evolutionary game-based optimization of green certificate-carbon emission right-electricity joint market for thermal-wind-photovoltaic power system

With the increasing proportion of renewable energy in the power market,the demands on government financial subsidies are gradually increasing.Thus,a joint green certificate-carbon emission right-electricity multi-market trading process is proposed to study the market-based strategy for renewable energy.Considering the commodity characteristics of green certificates and carbon emission rights,the dynamic cost models of green certificates and carbon rights are constructed based on the Rubinstein game and ladder pricing models.Furthermore,considering the irrational bidding behavior of energy suppliers in the actual electricity market,an evolutionary game based multi-market bidding optimization model is presented.Subsequently,it is solved using a composite differential evolutionary algorithm.Finally,the case study results reveal that the proposed model can increase profits and the consumption rate of renewable energy and reduce carbon emission.

The Right to Carbon Emission: A New Right to Development

For the past few years, the international community has regarded the right to carbon emission as a new right to development. The legal basis of this mainly includes “the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change”, “the Kyoto Protocol” as well as the sustainable development principle, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and the principle of fairness and justice, etc. The distribution of the right to carbon emission of the post-Kyoto age should consider the need of development, population, historical responsibility, the principle of fairness and justice and other factors. As a dominant country of greenhouse gas emission, on the premise of sticking to “the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities”, China should achieve the transformation from the “difference principle” to “common responsibilities” progressively. Meanwhile, in strengthening coordination with developing countries, China should appropriately support the requests of the Alliance of Small Island States and the least developed countries and attach importance to the issue of the right to development in the distribution of the right to carbon emission.

Prospects for the transformation and development of carbon storage in abandoned mines of coal enterprises from the perspective ofcarbon neutrality

Under the carbon neutrality goal,coal enterprises must seek breakthroughs from abandoned mines,develop new resources in the new era,turn problems into countermeasures,and participate in the carbon emissions market,for contributing to the accomplishment of the national strategic goal of carbon neutrality.To this end,we investigated the relevant national policies and regulations to clarify the boundaries disclosed by the carbon information of enterprises,understood the development direction of carbon storage in abandoned mines,and clarified the transformation and development of carbon storage in aban-doned mines.We made a few suggestions:(1)China should learn from its past experience and other countries to develop the energy industry with Chinese characteristics and reform the economic system.(2)Coal enterprises must actively respond to the national carbon information disclosure policy,clarify their own responsibilities and carbon emission boundaries.(3)It is necessary to proactively obtain advanced knowledge and plan carbon storage pathways for abandoned mines.(4)Devel-opment problems of coal enterprises should be deduced using cases.The'dual carbon'goals should be achieved steadily step-by-step.(5)Three measures,i.e.improving the existing resource structure,coordinating the information of abandoned mines,and promoting the cultivation of scientific and technological talents.

Game analysis on constructing the model of an international carbon emissions trading model

Constructing a model for international carbon emissions trading is an effective method to curb global warming through a market mechanism.Although the international carbon emissions market generates substantial profits,the relevant trading mechanism has been far from perfect.The perfect mechanism for international carbon emissions trading should be a revealing preference game.In other words,only if all players in this game truly show their information and preferences can the Nash outcome be Pareto efficient and fair.China should actively participate in the international carbon emissions trading game;promote efficiency,justice,rationality,and the quality of being manipulation-free in the carbon emissions market;and play a more important role in perfecting the international carbon emissions trading mechanism.

International trade,carbon leakage,and CO_2 emissions of manufacturing industry

Foreign trade drives China's growth,but as the trade scale continues to expand,the carbon emissions also increase quickly.Based on the industry panel data from 1996 to 2010,this paper calculates carbon emissions of 27manufacturing industries.According to the intensity of carbon emissions,this paper divides the manufacturing sectors into low carbon and high carbon manufacturing industry and then analyzes the carbon emission trends.Next,the paper uses the feasible generalized least square regression to verify the existence of environmental Kuznets curve(EKC)of the manufacturing industry's carbon.In order to investigate the carbon leakage problem,the regression also includes the interaction term between trade and industrial value added.Our findings are as follows:the carbon emissions of the whole manufacturing industry and low carbon manufacturing industry accord with the EKC curve,but have a linear relationship with the high carbon manufacturing industry;trade reduces the carbon emissions of the whole manufacturing industry and low carbon manufacturing industry,but it increases those of the high carbon manufacturing industry;for the whole manufacturing industry and low carbon manufacturing industry,there is no carbon leakage,but it exists in the high carbon manufacturing industry.On the whole,pollution haven hypothesis does not hold up in China,and China does not need to limit industry foreign trade to reduce the emission of CO_2.But the manufacturing industry will still be the main engine of the economic growth,and therefore our country should make an effective low-carbon policy,introduce advanced technology,increase R&D investment into lowcarbon technologies,and upgrade and transform the original equipment to change the backward mode of production.

A study of legal attributes of carbon emission rights in carbon trading

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has given birth to an international carbon trading market prosperity, which provides developing countries with valuable opportunity to address climate change issues right along with economic development and environmental improvement to achieve sustainable development. However, most studies of CDM focus on economics, and few on its legal problems. CDM involves too many aspects. And the clear legal attribute of trading object is the basis of progress of the transaction and also the start point of legal protection. Therefore, this paper in accordance with the inherent principle of property rights economics, and environmental economics in CDM, only discusses CDM carbon emission right legal interpretation and its attribution. The paper recommends that in order to ensure and promote the carbon emission right trading, carbon emission right should be attributed into the system of real rights to be regulated by Real Right Law. In this way, carbon emission right can gain exclusive power of possession and use, which can achieve a clear right def inition of environmental goods in line with Coase's theory to protect Chinese prof it in carbon trading market and promote the development of the carbon trading market further.

Accounting and Responsibility Allocation on Carbon Emissions Embodied in International Trade

This paper calculated the scale of carbon emissions embodied in the import and export of the world＇s major countries based on input-output principles and international trade data, as well as data on various countries＇carbon emissions in 2005 from domestic consumption and emissions embodied in trade. The results illustrate that, because of international trade, consumers in developed countries should bear the responsibility for a large portion of CO2 emissions. The researchers separated the net transfer balance of embodied emissions in international trade according to four different effects： size effect, exchange rate effect, structural effect, and pure technical effect, all of which favor the sharing of responsibilities between producers and consumers.

Carbon Emissions in International Trade： Calculating Size and Causes

Due to ongoing growth in carbon emission, many governments＇ have taken measures to curb it. Thus, it is of great importance to measure carbon emissions in international trade and probe into the causes behind them. This paper first applies inputoutput model then it estimates the carbon emissions embodied in China＇s international trade in 2002, 2005 and 2007. Using structural decomposition analysis, this paper measures carbon emissions in international trade by their scale effect, composition effect and intensity effect. Our results illustrate： （1） a rapidly-rising net export of carbon emissions for China, and （2） scale effect and composition effect stimulates carbon emissions embodied in exports, while intensity effect discourages it.

Study on China's Carbon Emission Trading Market Development under the Globalization

This paper starts by describing China's carbon emissions trading market development history, reveals the existence of its development problems, then, analyzes the experience of successful establishment of the European and American national carbon emissions trading market. At last, this paper recommends for a call of unified effort to improve domestic carbon emissions trading market system.

Research on Carbon Reduction Strategy of China’s Industrial Chain with the Goal of Carbon Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality

In order to achieve the development goals of emission peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060,carbon reduction measures should be implemented in the whole industrial chain.Based on the existing research,the basic logic of carbon reduction in the industrial chain is analyzed,and then the specific strategies for carbon reduction in the industrial chain are proposed,including:reducing the use of fossil energy and vigorously developing the new energy industry;reducing carbon through energy conservation,industrial upgrading,development of circular economy,and application of carbon capture technology;reducing carbon through low-carbon transformation of logistics industry,innovation of trading methods,and promotion of low-carbon green consumption.The external guarantee system for carbon reduction includes the introduction of relevant policies,laws and regulations,and the use of carbon emission trading mechanism.

The Core Issue Facing the Green and Low Carbon Development of the Chinese Economy and the Countermeasures

Green development is an important concept based on China's needs and the international situation. Green development will greatly help China choose its path for economic growth. In the newly ratified Paris Agreement, the carbon emission reduction target willingly and determinedly proposed by China is very challenging. It will increase China's cost per unit of carbon dioxide emissions, slow China's economy growth, and set the upper limit for China's carbon emissions in the future. Facing these challenges, China needs to properly conduct carbon allocations under restrictions and promote green and low carbon development of the Chinese economy primarily by reinforcing structural adjustments and optimizing energy structures, upgrading industrial structures, being actively involved in international cooperation on carbon emission reduction and using other positive strategies.

Research on Link Mechanism of China's Regional Carbon Emission Trading System

The construction of China's carbon emission trading market has gone through a process from one-way participation in the international carbon market to voluntary emission reduction trading at home, and then to the total carbon emission right trading as the main and voluntary emission reduction trading as the auxiliary. The link of regional carbon emission trading system is conducive to reducing the cost of carbon emission reduction, promoting market liquidity, reducing operational risks of carbon market and reducing carbon leakage. The link of inter-provincial carbon market needs to break down administrative barriers and form a consensus on the link elements of carbon emission trading under the unified legal framework. The link of regional carbon emission trading system should be carried out from the aspects of legal mechanism construction, link mode selection and mutual recognition and assimilation of carbon emission trading system.

不同碳减排政策交互影响下发电企业交易策略

在双碳目标和电力系统转型背景下,发电企业的交易策略会发生重要转变。基于可再生能源配额制的实施,综合考虑碳排放权市场和绿证市场,探究了发电企业参与电力市场的最优决策。首先搭建了在多政策情形下市场主体参与交易的市场架构,理清各市场中的供求关系。随后建立发电企业利润函数,以发电企业利润最大化为目标,并分别在非合作博弈和合作博弈两种情况下,建立发电企业的最优生产交易模型。最后通过算例分析检验该交易模型,为发电企业在多种政策影响下参加电力市场交易提供依据。

用能权交易制度对城市碳排放绩效改善的影响研究

用能权交易制度作为我国实现绿色发展的一项重要制度创新,对改善城市碳排放绩效具有重要意义。本文基于2006~2022年我国281个地级市的面板数据,采用双重差分模型检验用能权交易制度对城市碳排放绩效的作用机制及其溢出效应。研究发现:(1)用能权交易制度显著降低城市碳强度和提升碳全要素生产率;(2)用能权交易制度有利于非老工业基地和资源型城市碳强度的降低,同时也有利于非老工业基地和非资源型城市碳全要素生产率的提高;(3)用能权交易制度主要通过结构效应、创新效应和监管效应等途径改善城市碳排放绩效;(4)用能权交易制度的碳排放改善作用存在显著的正向空间溢出,能够实现环境红利和社会福利相容发展。因此,稳步扩大试点政策范围,积极探索实现路径和推进区域协同是实现绿色低碳的重要保障。

用能权市场和碳市场协同下火电企业配额履约策略

火电企业在用能权市场和碳市场中面临着独立配额约束,为降低履约难度、提升减排效率,对两市场协同下火电企业配额履约策略进行了研究.分析两市场的相互影响,从交易主体、配额分配、互认抵消等方面梳理市场间协同机理;构建火电企业履行双市场配额责任的系统动力学模型,探讨双重配额约束对企业的影响;对比分析无协同机制、允许配额互认和限制抵消比例3种政策情景下企业的履约策略.结果表明,双重配额约束加大了企业履约成本,未能提升其自主减排意愿,进一步建立配额互认的协同机制后,企业能够在履行义务的同时优化自身经济效益,但会引起两市场发展不平衡问题,为解决这一困境,互认比率应处于2~3.5之间,且需进一步设计抵消限制机制,确保企业按时履约和市场均衡发展,实现资源配置最优化.

船舶碳减排国外政策制度管理经验研究

本文研究分析了欧盟、美国、挪威和日本在船舶碳减排方面的政策框架、技术创新、绿色能源应用、国际合作和环保港口建设等方面的举措。研究发现,国外国家在法规要求、技术创新和国际合作方面都取得了显著进展,电动船舶技术、氢燃料电池技术等清洁能源的应用也逐渐成为趋势。然而,各国仍面临技术成本、能源基础设施建设、国际标准协调等共同挑战。最后,研究提出了中国在船舶碳减排领域的启示和建议,强调了政策完善、技术创新、国际合作和港口环保设施建设的重要性,以推动中国航运业的绿色、低碳、可持续发展。

林业碳汇权的法律属性及规范完善

要促进林业碳汇高质量发展,不仅应对其开发经营加强行政监管,也需从私法角度厘定林业碳汇权的法律属性,明确权利主体、客体及内容,实现林业碳汇权的私法化配置。从法律属性上说,林业碳汇权为准物权,其客体既具有特定性、独立性等物权属性,又在排他性、支配性、有体性等方面具有与典型物权不同的特殊性。目前,《中华人民共和国民法典》《中华人民共和国森林法》等相关法律未对林业碳汇权作出具体规定,现实中常出现林业碳汇利益归属不明确、权利客体不清晰、权责分配不均衡等问题。要使林业碳汇权这一新型权利得到更好的保障和规制,法律规范应适时调适,明确林业碳汇的利益归属、厘清权利客体、明晰权责内容。首先,在利益归属上,项目业主、林权人、林农等均可根据其贡献依约参与利益分配。其次,在权利客体上,碳减排量是林业碳汇权利主体权利和义务所指向的对象,是适格的权利客体。由于林业碳汇权与林权、碳排放权等有着密切联系,现实中其客体常被混淆为林权客体或碳排放权客体,因此,未来《森林法》等相关法律法规在厘定林业碳汇权时,应注重明确碳减排量这一权利客体。再次,在权责分配上,林业碳汇权人应享有使用一定的林地林木进行林业碳汇生产、取得和销售林业碳汇产品等权利;同时,需承担在批准的期限内进行林业碳汇生产、有效保护林地林木及环境、按法定或约定的收益分成比例与林权人分享林业碳汇项目之收益、防范及承担各项风险等义务。林权人及林农在享有收益分配、获取报酬等权利的同时,也需承担提供符合要求的林地及劳务等义务。

中国煤炭价格与碳排放权交易价格的传导路径研究

碳市场作为新兴市场易受能源价格因素干扰,在“双碳”目标下研究煤炭价格与碳排放权交易价格(以下简称为碳价)的传导路径,有利于碳市场的健康运行并助力其发挥减排作用。在梳理煤炭价格与碳价传导机理的基础上,利用DCC-GARCH模型揭示煤炭指数与碳价的动态关系,并运用VAR模型实证检验煤炭价格与碳价的传导路径及能源消费结构、能源效率与动态相关系数的因果关系。实证结果表明:煤炭价格与碳价存在显著动态相关性,并呈现复杂性和多变性;碳市场尚未充分发挥其创新激励效应,相较于能源利用效率,煤炭价格与碳价通过能源消费结构路径实现的传导更加显著;能源消费结构调整是动态相关系数变化的格兰杰原因,而能源利用效率改变则不是。

国际贸易隐含碳转移溢出、转型风险与宏观金融稳定

在国际贸易、环境经济与气候金融相互影响的背景下,本文通过构建可以观察碳转移溢出效应的全球碳转移联通网络,实证分析了碳转移溢出对宏观金融稳定的影响及传导机制。结果表明:各经济体之间碳转移溢出明显降低了经济发展水平较低、气候损失较大以及气候表现绩效较差经济体的金融稳定水平,特别是增加了经济体的外债清偿风险、经常账户余额风险和国际储备流动性风险,资产价格重估视角下的转型风险是其中介机制。此外,本文还发现气候适应性措施能够有效减缓碳转移溢出对宏观金融稳定的影响,相比之下,现有的绿色宏观审慎监管框架需要进一步完善。本文探讨了气候金融框架下气候变化影响宏观金融稳定的一个可能传导链条,为从双循环视角推进我国经济绿色发展提供了新的证据。

钢铁行业烧结机烟气内循环节能环保技术应用

烧结烟气内循环是烧结机最有效、最简洁的污染物降排手段,同时将大烟道高温废气引回烧结料面进行烟气循环烧结也是最有效的余热回收方式,随着环保标准的提升,通过烧结自身烟气内循环实现污染物总量减排和降碳,将进行全面推广。