Since its origin in the first Middle East War in 1948, the Palestinian refugee problem has not been properly resolved. Over the years, the key stakeholder Israel has put forward a variety of plans and countermeasures ...Since its origin in the first Middle East War in 1948, the Palestinian refugee problem has not been properly resolved. Over the years, the key stakeholder Israel has put forward a variety of plans and countermeasures on refugee issues in multilateral and bilateral diplomatic stages. Researches on these policies of Israel on Palestinian refugees are crucial for solving this problem. The right wing and the left wing of political parties in Israel--lsrael＇s Likud and Labor Party had the longest and most influential rulings in the country. The refugee policies they have taken during their administrations have an impact on the development of the peace process in the Middle East, and also play a direct role in solving the problem of refugees. Through the analysis on refugee policies of the ruling party in various stages of the evolvement of the Arab-Israeli conflict, we can compare the Labor Party＇s and the Likud Party＇s policies for Palestinian refugees, and found that the policies of these two parties are consistent and similar on the issue of refugees, for example, neither of them recognize the responsibility of Israel on refugees, and they both denied the ＂right to return＂ of refugees, etc. In terms of the specific implementation of the policies, there are differences between them： the Likud Party was significantly tougher than the Labor Party. Both Labor and Likud is being affected by domestic and international factors, such as homeland security, the Jewish state property, political system, Jewish mentality and the support of the United States and other factors, so their policies are consistent; however, due to different historical factions, different voter groups, and national interests as well as the interests of the parties in different periods, the two parties have different refugee policies.展开更多
According to a recent report in Changjiang Daily, Chen Chuande, Deputy Director of Hubei Provincial Education Department,said at a conference on March 30 he "deeply regretted" college graduates’ mistaken id...According to a recent report in Changjiang Daily, Chen Chuande, Deputy Director of Hubei Provincial Education Department,said at a conference on March 30 he "deeply regretted" college graduates’ mistaken ideas about finding work.展开更多
Chapter III Employment Contracts and Collective Agreements Article 21 Labor contracts can stipulate a probationtionary periodwhich shall be not longer than six months. Article 22 The parties to a labor contract can st...Chapter III Employment Contracts and Collective Agreements Article 21 Labor contracts can stipulate a probationtionary periodwhich shall be not longer than six months. Article 22 The parties to a labor contract can stipulate in thecontract such matters as keeping commercial secrets. Article 23 Labor contracts shall be terminated on the展开更多
Chapter X Labor Disputes Article 77 According to law,labor disputes arising be-tween employers and employees may be resolved by meansof mediation.arbitration,litigation and also settlement throughconsultation. The pri...Chapter X Labor Disputes Article 77 According to law,labor disputes arising be-tween employers and employees may be resolved by meansof mediation.arbitration,litigation and also settlement throughconsultation. The principle of mediation shall be applied to arbitrationand litigation procedure. Article 78 In settling labor disputes the principles oflegitimacy,fairness and timeliness shall be followed in展开更多
Chapter Ⅵ Occupational Safety and Health Article 52 Employers shall establish and perfect the laborsafety and health care systems, strictly implement the laborsafety and health care health regulations and standards ...Chapter Ⅵ Occupational Safety and Health Article 52 Employers shall establish and perfect the laborsafety and health care systems, strictly implement the laborsafety and health care health regulations and standards ofthe State, carry out labor safety and health care educationamong their employees and do their best to prevent accidentsat work and reduce workplace hazards.展开更多
On the basis of an analysis of data collected through questionnaire surveys of migrant workers informally employed in Guangzhou or working in enterprises in the Pearl River Delta, the present paper suggests that： fir...On the basis of an analysis of data collected through questionnaire surveys of migrant workers informally employed in Guangzhou or working in enterprises in the Pearl River Delta, the present paper suggests that： firstly, migrant workers as a whole are found in a ~ow-level labor market that is segmented and relatively segregated; its internal balance between demand and supply is realized, however, by following a principle of laissez-faire. Secondly, that market has further evolved into formal employment inside formal enterprises and informal employment outside of it, with the latter coveting the two types of self-employment and employment. Thirdly, owing to the rather difficult state of existence of those formally employed in enterprises, as well as to the ongoing reproduction of that kind of state of existence, migrant workers tend to join the informal branch in the split between formal and informal employment. Fourthly, while the work of those migrant workers in informal employment can only serve to eke out a miserable survival, those who are self-employed have a chance for gradual accumulation and upward movement, and so the hope for a certain development.展开更多
Article 4 of the Labor Contract Law lays down the right of the Staff and Workers＇ Representative Congress （SWRC） to deliberate on the formulation of （intra-enterprise） work regulations, but this has become a ＂s...Article 4 of the Labor Contract Law lays down the right of the Staff and Workers＇ Representative Congress （SWRC） to deliberate on the formulation of （intra-enterprise） work regulations, but this has become a ＂soft＂ law in judicial practice. The judicial criteria for judging the validity of work regulations are in essence determined by the judge＇s judgment on their reasonableness. As an important embodiment of Chinese politics, economics and culture, the transformation of the SWRC that accompanied the market economy has not negated its value as an indigenous traditional resource. The SWRC does not just enjoy deliberative rights in the formation of regulations, as clearly specified in constitutional law, but also has rights under the law in local legislation and practice. Hence the system of work regulations is neither a unilateral decision on the part of management nor a contract, but rather an autonomous norm developed through the SWRC mechanism. Given the mandatory nature of Article 4 of the Labor Contract Law, regulations will only be valid after they havegone through a democratic process. The further development of the theory of normative system formation should endow the SWRC with greater rights and integrate it smoothly with the collective contract system to standardize collective labor relations.展开更多
文摘Since its origin in the first Middle East War in 1948, the Palestinian refugee problem has not been properly resolved. Over the years, the key stakeholder Israel has put forward a variety of plans and countermeasures on refugee issues in multilateral and bilateral diplomatic stages. Researches on these policies of Israel on Palestinian refugees are crucial for solving this problem. The right wing and the left wing of political parties in Israel--lsrael＇s Likud and Labor Party had the longest and most influential rulings in the country. The refugee policies they have taken during their administrations have an impact on the development of the peace process in the Middle East, and also play a direct role in solving the problem of refugees. Through the analysis on refugee policies of the ruling party in various stages of the evolvement of the Arab-Israeli conflict, we can compare the Labor Party＇s and the Likud Party＇s policies for Palestinian refugees, and found that the policies of these two parties are consistent and similar on the issue of refugees, for example, neither of them recognize the responsibility of Israel on refugees, and they both denied the ＂right to return＂ of refugees, etc. In terms of the specific implementation of the policies, there are differences between them： the Likud Party was significantly tougher than the Labor Party. Both Labor and Likud is being affected by domestic and international factors, such as homeland security, the Jewish state property, political system, Jewish mentality and the support of the United States and other factors, so their policies are consistent; however, due to different historical factions, different voter groups, and national interests as well as the interests of the parties in different periods, the two parties have different refugee policies.
文摘According to a recent report in Changjiang Daily, Chen Chuande, Deputy Director of Hubei Provincial Education Department,said at a conference on March 30 he "deeply regretted" college graduates’ mistaken ideas about finding work.
文摘Chapter III Employment Contracts and Collective Agreements Article 21 Labor contracts can stipulate a probationtionary periodwhich shall be not longer than six months. Article 22 The parties to a labor contract can stipulate in thecontract such matters as keeping commercial secrets. Article 23 Labor contracts shall be terminated on the
文摘Chapter X Labor Disputes Article 77 According to law,labor disputes arising be-tween employers and employees may be resolved by meansof mediation.arbitration,litigation and also settlement throughconsultation. The principle of mediation shall be applied to arbitrationand litigation procedure. Article 78 In settling labor disputes the principles oflegitimacy,fairness and timeliness shall be followed in
文摘Chapter Ⅵ Occupational Safety and Health Article 52 Employers shall establish and perfect the laborsafety and health care systems, strictly implement the laborsafety and health care health regulations and standards ofthe State, carry out labor safety and health care educationamong their employees and do their best to prevent accidentsat work and reduce workplace hazards.
文摘On the basis of an analysis of data collected through questionnaire surveys of migrant workers informally employed in Guangzhou or working in enterprises in the Pearl River Delta, the present paper suggests that： firstly, migrant workers as a whole are found in a ~ow-level labor market that is segmented and relatively segregated; its internal balance between demand and supply is realized, however, by following a principle of laissez-faire. Secondly, that market has further evolved into formal employment inside formal enterprises and informal employment outside of it, with the latter coveting the two types of self-employment and employment. Thirdly, owing to the rather difficult state of existence of those formally employed in enterprises, as well as to the ongoing reproduction of that kind of state of existence, migrant workers tend to join the informal branch in the split between formal and informal employment. Fourthly, while the work of those migrant workers in informal employment can only serve to eke out a miserable survival, those who are self-employed have a chance for gradual accumulation and upward movement, and so the hope for a certain development.
文摘Article 4 of the Labor Contract Law lays down the right of the Staff and Workers＇ Representative Congress （SWRC） to deliberate on the formulation of （intra-enterprise） work regulations, but this has become a ＂soft＂ law in judicial practice. The judicial criteria for judging the validity of work regulations are in essence determined by the judge＇s judgment on their reasonableness. As an important embodiment of Chinese politics, economics and culture, the transformation of the SWRC that accompanied the market economy has not negated its value as an indigenous traditional resource. The SWRC does not just enjoy deliberative rights in the formation of regulations, as clearly specified in constitutional law, but also has rights under the law in local legislation and practice. Hence the system of work regulations is neither a unilateral decision on the part of management nor a contract, but rather an autonomous norm developed through the SWRC mechanism. Given the mandatory nature of Article 4 of the Labor Contract Law, regulations will only be valid after they havegone through a democratic process. The further development of the theory of normative system formation should endow the SWRC with greater rights and integrate it smoothly with the collective contract system to standardize collective labor relations.
