Assessment of water quality suitability for agriculture in a potentially leachate-contaminated region

Dump sites pose a significant threat to groundwater resources due to the possibility of leachate leakage into the aquifer.This study investigated the impact of leachate on groundwater quality in the southwest region of Zanjan City,Iran,where groundwater is utilized for drinking,agricultural,and industrial purposes.We analyzed 18 parameters of dump site leachate,including physicochemical,heavy metals,and bacterial properties,alongside 13 groundwater samples.Sampling was conducted twice,in November 2020 and June 2021,within a five-kilometer radius of the Zanjan dump site.We utilized the Leachate Pollution Index(LPI)to evaluate potential groundwater contamination by leachate leakage from nearby dumpsite.Additionally,due to the predominant agricultural activities in the study area,various indices were employed to assess groundwater quality for agricultural purposes,such as Sodium Adsorption Ratio(SAR),Soluble Sodium Index(SSI),Kelly Ratio(KR),and Permeability Index(PI).Our analysis revealed no observed contamination related to leachate in the study area according to the LPI results.However,with the persistent pollution threat,implementing sanitary measures at the dump site is crucial to prevent potential impacts on groundwater quality.Moreover,the assessment of groundwater quality adequacy for irrigation yielded satisfactory results for SAR,KR,and PI indices.However,during both the dry(November 2020)and wet seasons(June 2021),the SSP index indicated that 80%of the samples were not classified as excellent,suggesting groundwater may not be suitable for agriculture.Overal,our qualitative study highlights the significant impact of the dry season on groundwater quality in the study area,attributed to elevated concentration levels of the investigated parameters within groundwater sources during the dry season.

Irrigation and nitrogen fertiliser optimisation in protected vegetable fields of northern China:Achieving environmental and agronomic sustainability

Globally,sub-optimal use of nitrogen (N) fertiliser and elevated N irrigation groundwater have led to high leached nitrate (NO_(3)^(–)) losses from protected vegetable field systems.Optimising fertiliser and irrigation management in different soil types is crucial to reduce future N loads from such systems.The present 4-year study examined leached N loads from lysimeter monitoring arrays set up across 18 protected vegetable system sites encompassing the dominant soil types of northern China.The treatments applied at each field site were:1) a high N and high irrigation input treatment (HNHI);2) a low N but high irrigation input treatment (LNHI) and 3) a low N with low irrigation input treatment (LNLI).Results showed that the mean annual leached total nitrogen loads from the HNHI,LNHI and LNLI treatments were 325,294 and 257 kg N ha^(–1) in the fluvo-aquic soil,114,100 and 78 kg N ha^(–1) in the cinnamon soil and 79,68 and 57 kg N ha^(–1) in the black soil,respectively.The N dissolved in irrigation water in the fluvo-aquic soil areas was 8.26-fold higher than in the cinnamon areas.A structural equation model showed that N fertiliser inputs and leaching water amounts explained 14.7 and 81.8%of the variation of leached N loads,respectively.Correspondingly,reducing irrigation water by 21.5%decreased leached N loads by 20.9%,while reducing manure N and chemical N inputs by 22 and 25%decreased leached N loads by only 9.5%. This study highlights that protected vegetable fields dominated by fluvo-aquic soil need management to curtail leached N losses in northern China.

Ecological Wastewater Treatment System in a School Environment Using a Horizontal Flow Biological Reactor: The Case of Typha

The overarching goal of this study is to offer an effective and sustainable solution to the challenges of sanitation in rural and school settings in the northern region of Senegal. The study explores a wastewater treatment approach based on phytoremediation, with a particular focus on the use of horizontally-flowing reed bed filters. Furthermore, it aims to adapt and optimize these systems for the specific needs of Senegal, focusing on wastewater in school environments. Thus, we constructed a horizontally-flowing reed bed filter, planted with Typha, at the Ndiébène Gandiol school in Senegal. We will investigate the efficiency of wastewater treatment by this horizontally-flowing reed bed filter, emphasizing the role of the plant used: Typha. The filter is described in detail, specifying its dimensions, its composition of flint gravel, and the choice of plants, namely Typha. The experimental protocol is detailed, describing the sampling at the entrance and exit of the filter to evaluate water quality. The parameters analyzed include Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand over 5 days (BOD5), suspended solids, ammonium, nitrates, phosphates, pH, conductivity, and fecal coliforms. The results indicate a significant improvement in water quality after treatment. COD, BOD5, suspended solids, and fecal coliforms are greatly reduced, thus demonstrating the efficacy of the Typha filter. However, nitrate concentrations remain relatively stable, suggesting room for improvement in their elimination. A perspective of reuse of the treated water is considered, showing that the effluents from the planted filter meet Senegalese and international standards for irrigation. The findings suggest that these waters could be used for a variety of crops, thereby reducing the pressure on freshwater resources. In conclusion, the Typha-based filtration system shows promising results for improving water quality in this region of Senegal. However, adjustments are necessary for more effective nitrate removal. This study paves the way for sustainable use of treated wastewater for irrigation, thus contributing to food security and the preservation of water resources.

Ecological Wastewater Treatment System Using a Horizontal Flow Biological Reactor: The Case of Vetiver

Confronted with the challenge of wastewater management, particularly in the school environment of Senegal, our study set out to achieve multiple objectives. Following field surveys, laboratory analyses of wastewater samples were carried out, revealing a significant pollutant load. In the community of Gandiol, near Saint-Louis (Senegal), the school of Ndiebene Gandiol 1 faces significant sanitation challenges. Our study aimed to address this issue by using a constructed filter composed of two filtering bed cells measuring 12 × 8.5 m, preceded by a septic tank. We particularly focused on the influence of Vetiver;a plant chosen for its purification potential. Our analyses showed remarkable efficiency of the filter. Elimination rates reached 95% for 5-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), 91% for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and 92% for SS, far exceeding the Senegalese standards set at 50 mg/L, 200 mg/L, and 40 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the concentration of fecal coliforms was reduced to 176 FCU/100mL, well below the Senegalese threshold of 2000 FCU/100mL and close to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommendation of 1000 FCU/100mL. However, despite these promising results, some parameters, particularly the concentration of certain pollutants, approached the thresholds defined by European legislation. For example, for Suspended Solids (SS), the post-treatment level of 3 mg/L was well below the Senegalese standard but edged close to the European minimum of 10 mg/L. In conclusion, the Vetiver filter demonstrated a remarkable ability to treat school wastewater, offering high pollutant elimination percentages. These results suggest significant opportunities for the reuse of treated water, potentially in areas such as irrigation, though some adjustments may be necessary to meet the strictest standards such as those of the European union (EU).

Performance of a Horizontal Flow Constructed Reed Bed Filter for Municipal Wastewater Treatment: The Case Study of the Prototype Installed at Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal

In Saint-Louis, Senegal, a constructed wetland with horizontal flow reed beds (FHa and FHb) has demonstrated significant efficacy in treating municipal wastewater. Analyzing various treatment stages, the system showed only a slight temperature variation, from an influent average of 26.3°C to an effluent of 24.7°C. Electrical conductivity decreased from 1331 mS/cm to 974.5 mS/cm post-primary treatment, with suspended solids (SS) dramatically reduced from 718.9 mg/L to 5.7 mg/L in the final effluent. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) saw a notable decrease, from initial levels of 655.6 mg/L and 1240 mg/L to 2.3 mg/L and 71.3 mg/L, respectively. Nitrogenous compounds (N-TN) and phosphates () also decreased significantly, indicating the system’s nutrient removal capacity. Microbiological analysis revealed a reduction in fecal coliforms from 7.5 Ulog/100ml to 1.8 Ulog/100ml and a complete elimination of helminth eggs. The presence of Phragmites and Typha was instrumental in enhancing these reductions. The system’s compliance with the Senegalese standards for disposal into natural environments, WHO recommendations for unrestricted water reuse in irrigation, and the European legislation for water reuse was established. The effluent quality met the stringent criteria for various classes of agricultural reuse, illustrating the system’s potential for sustainable water management. This wetland model presents a robust solution for water-stressed regions, ensuring environmental protection while supporting agricultural needs. The study calls for ongoing research to further refine the system for optimal, reliable wastewater treatment and water resource sustainability.

Construction and Quality Assurance of Outstanding Applied Horticultural Talent Training Curriculum System under the Background of New Agricultural Science:A Case Study of Huaiyin Institute of Technology

Huaiyin Institute of Technology is taken as the research object.The content of horticulture curriculum system under the background of new agricultural science is constructed and elaborated,including theoretical curriculum system of"three platforms and seven curriculum groups"and practice system of"two platforms,three levels and four modules".Moreover,the quality assurance strategy of the curriculum system is discussed from three angles of enhancing professional emotion,enhancing professional practice and strengthening innovation ability,to reach the training objective of outstanding applied horticultural talents under the background of new agricultural science.

Thoughts on Establishment of the Agricultural Products Quality and Safety(Standards) Cooperation Center in Asia-Pacific Region

The establishment of agricultural products quality and safety cooperation mechanism and the research demonstration center in the Asia-Pacific reg coordinating each other, is not only of great ening cooperation with countries in Asia-Pacific region and for agricultural production safety of those countries in Asia- Pacific region, but also very necessary for our country to build a responsible image in the quality and safety of agricultural products, protection of the benefit of agriculture-related enterprises, increasing exports, ensuring imported food safety and China＇s national food security, as Well as nice exploration of establishing the global agricultural＇ products quality and safety cooperation center.

Evaluating the Effects of Sustainable Chemical and Organic Fertilizers with Water Saving Practice on Corn Production and Soil Characteristics

The rapidly growing world population,water shortage,and food security are promising problems for sustainable agriculture.Farmers adopt higher irrigation and fertilizer applications to increase crop production resulting in environmental pollution.This study aimed to identify the long-term effects of intelligent water and fertilizers used in corn yield and soil nutrient status.A series of field experiments were conducted for six years with treatments as:farmer accustomed to fertilization used as control(CON),fertilizer decrement(KF),fertilizer decrement+watersaving irrigation(BMP1);combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer+water-saving irrigation(BMP2),and combined application of controlled-release fertilizer(BMP3).A significant improvement was observed in soil organic matter(14.9%),nitrate nitrogen(106.7%),total phosphorus(23.9%),available phosphorus(26.2%),straw yield(44.8%),and grain yield(54.7%)with BMP2 treatment as compared to CON.The study concludes that integrating chemical and organic fertilizers with water-saving irrigation(BMP2)is a good approach to increasing corn productivity,ensuring water safety and improving soil health.The limitations of the current study include the identification of fertilizer type and its optimum dose,irrigation water type,and geographical position.

Water quality, agriculture and food safety in China:Current situation, trends, interdependencies, and management

Water quality in China is becoming a severe challenge for agriculture and food safety, and it might also impact health of population via agriculture and food. Thus, it is causing widespread concern. Based on extensive literatures review and data mining, current situation of water pollution in China and its effects on food safety were analyzed. The 2nd National Water Resource Survey in China show that the surface water all over the country was under slight pollution and about 60% of groundwater is polluted. Drinking water quality is basically guaranteed in urban area but it is worrisome in rural areas. In addition, China is the largest consumer of fertilizer and pesticide in the world and the amounts of application still show increasing trends. Fertilizers and pesticides are the most important sources of pollution, which affect human health as persistent organic pollutants and environmental endocrine disruptors. Eutrophication of surface water and nitrate pollution of groundwater are serious threats to drinking water safety. Sewage irrigation is becoming a pollution source to China＇s water and land because of lacking of effective regulations. Although, with the advance in technology and management level, control of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions and reducing water pollution is still a major challenge for China.

The renewability and quality of shallow groundwater in Sanjiang and Songnen Plain, Northeast China

Groundwater is a key component for water resources in Sanjiang and Songnen Plain, an important agriculture basement in China. The quality and the renewability of irrigation groundwater are essential for the stock raising and agricultural production. Shallow groundwater was sampled and analyzed for various variables. The salinity sodium concentration and bicarbonate hazard, were examined with regard to the United States Department of Agriculture （USDA） irrigation water standards. The concentration of chlorofluorocarbons （CFCs） was determined to analyze the age of groundwater. Most groundwater samples labeled as excellent to good for irrigation with low salinity hazard or medium salinity hazard. Four groundwater samples were good and suspected for irrigation with high salinity hazard. Generally groundwater in Sanjiang Plain was younger than the groundwater in Songnen Plain. Meanwhile, groundwater nearby river is younger than the groundwater further away inside the watershed. The mean age of groundwater in Sanjiang Plain is in average of 44.1,47.9 and 32.8 years by CFC-11 （CCI3F）, CFC-12 （CCI2F2） and CFC-113 （C2CI3F3）, respectively. The mean ages of groundwater in Songnen Plain is in average of 46.1, 53.4, and 40.7 years by CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113, respectively. Thus, groundwater nearby rivers could be directly exploited as irrigation water. Partial groundwater has to be processed to lower the salt concentration rather than directly utilized as irrigation water in Songnen Plain. Both water quality and renewability should be put in mind for sustainable agricultural development and water resources management.

Advantages,Difficulties and Countermeasures of Farmers’ Professional Cooperatives Guaranteeing the Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products

Food safety concerns the health of consumers,while quality and safety of agricultural products are the source of food safety,and it is of great significance to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products.The decentralized production mode of Chinese farmers is the main threat to the source of food production safety in China.In this paper,the advantages of Chinese farmers'professional cooperatives in controlling quality of agricultural products and difficulties in the quality and safety assurance of agricultural products are analyzed.Finally,the guaranteeing measures of the quality and safety of agricultural products by Chinese farmers'professional cooperatives are proposed.

Role of Agricultural Product Quality and Safety in High Quality Development of China's Agriculture

The quality and safety of agricultural products are closely related to human health.They also play an important role in enhancing the competitiveness of China’s agricultural products market,shaping the brand value of agricultural products,and promoting the high-quality development of agriculture.At present,there are still a series of problems in the quality and safety of agricultural products.Relevant departments of the state should strengthen guidance and supervision,improve the quality and safety awareness and management level of agricultural product producers,and encourage producers to participate in the product certification and process certification of agricultural products.In addition,it is necessary to take effective control measures in accordance with the certification requirements,to evaluate their effectiveness,so as to improve the quality and safety of agricultural products and promote the high-quality development of China’s agriculture.

Research on the Key Factors of Agricultural Climate in Cultivation Division of High-quality Tobacco in Qianxinan

[Objective] This research was to provide technical guidance for the cultivation of high-quality tobacco in Qianxinan area.[Method] Through analyzing the conditions of main tobacco cultivation areas in Qianxinan including temperature,precipitation and sunshine,the influence factors of tobacco yield and quality in Qianxinan were investigated.[Result] The altitude of Division I was 450-1 650 m,its days with temperature equal to or higher than 20℃ were about 80 d,its active accumulated temperature was 1 200-2 100℃ and its annual average temperature was 13.5-14.6℃.The altitude of Division II was 1 300-1 450 m,its days with temperature equal to or higher than 20℃ were about 110 d,its active accumulated temperature was 2 100-2 700℃ and its annual average temperature was 14.6-16.3℃.The altitude of Division III was 1 050-1 300 m,its days with temperature equal to or higher than 20℃ were about 150 d,its active accumulated temperature was 2 700-3 600℃ and its annual average temperature was 16.3-17.0℃.Division IV was divided into 2 areas,the altitude of Area 1 was lower than 1 000 m,its days with temperature equal to or higher than 20℃ were more than 160 d,its active accumulated temperature was higher than 3 600℃ and its annual average temperature was higher than 17.5℃;the altitude of Area 2 was higher than 1 700 m,its days with temperature equal to or higher than 20℃ were basically none and its annual average temperature was lower than 1.30℃.[Conclusion] In this research,the agricultural climate index conditions for cultivation of high-quality tobacco in areas at different altitudes were suggested and some references were provided for developing tobacco production in Guizhou.

Construction of the All-region Linkage System for Emergency Management of Agricultural Product Quality and Safety in West China

Quality and safety of agricultural products are significant for national socioeconomic development,sustainable development,and vital interests of people.To safeguard quality and safety of agricultural products in west China is to safeguard economic safety and ecological safety of the country,public health and social stability,of which an important task is to properly handle emergencies concerning quality and safety of agricultural products.Considering actual conditions of west China,suggestions are given to construct the all-region linkage system for emergency management of agricultural product quality and safety in the local area,enhance the all-region linkage,and improve the linkage efficiency.

Analysis on the Influencing Factors of the Quality Traceable System Established by Edible Agricultural Products Enterprises-Taking Sichuan as an Example

According to the investigation data from 81 edible agricultural products enterprises in Sichuan Province,the influence factors of establishing quality tracing system are empirically analyzed from four aspects,including the enterprise features,the attitudes of operators,management and market competition by using the Logistic model.The results show that the enterprise can establish the quality tracing system after the comprehensive function of a series of internal and external factors.The four factors include peer pressure;age of enterprise;export and the expectation on improving economic interests have the biggest impact on enterprise to establish the quality tracing system.The factors,including the quality safety certificate obtained by the enterprises,export of products,sampling frequency,peer pressure,the pressure from consumers and media,the expectation on improving the competition of products,the expectation on improving economic interests,play a promotion role in helping enterprises to establish quality tracing system.The countermeasures and suggestion are put forward from strengthening the social responsibility of enterprises;intensifying the law enforcement of government and expanding the experimental enterprises with the quality tracing system.

Temporal Dynamics of Land Use and Water Quality in Three Sub-Catchments of the Rur River, Germany

The Rur catchment has over time undergone land use change which could have affected the biogeochemical processes of the river. Three sub-catchments in the Rur, Upper Rur, Inde and Wurm have different kinds of land use. Upper Rur is more natural catchment;Inde is mixed type and Wurm is highly modified by anthropogenic activities. This study investigated how land use changes from 2000 to 2018 have influenced SO4 and Cl dynamics in the Rur catchment. Land use maps were developed in QGIS environment for land use change calculation. Historical water quality data were collected from the online public source by Ministry of Environment and Nature Conservation in Germany. R-software was used for statistical analysis and graphical presentation. Less land use change was observed in the Upper Rur between 2000 to 2018. But in the Inde and Wurm decrease in agricultural land and associated increase in industrial, commercial and urban land were observed. Increase in mining area inside the catchment has enhanced the level of SO4 and EC in the Inde river. Conversion rates of natural to human dominated land use could be quantified in this study through land use change mapping, which will further help in making water management plan for these and comparable German and European catchments. However, high quality historical data set is a key requirement to maximize the output in process of relating impact of land use change in water quality.

Total Quality Management and Environmental Management Applications in the Agricultural Production Process

The purpose of the work that is a teaching plan is the study and teaching of some aspects of TQM(Total Quality Management)in the agricultural production process.In our case we select an agricultural company that has waste biomass by-products.Then,an analysis is made on the necessity of adopting the principle of continuous improvement by the company,its implementation steps,requirements and general principles of application of the TQM.It also examines the quality cost elements of a business,the defective product diagram,the typical operating curve of our sampling plan,and how these changes affect the business financially.Finally,hypothetical experts compile the multi-criteria decision table for the optimal utilization of the discarded biomass.Students come into contact with the basic tools of TQM and environmental management.

The Effect of Human Activities on the Quality of Water at UMhlathuze River （Northern Coast of Kwa-Zulu Natal, RSA）： The Case of Agricultural and Industrial Developments

UMhlathuze River is the main recipient of domestic sewage, industrial as well as agricultural waste from local industrial and agricultural practices. It is the effluent ＂dumping sites＂ for most human activity practices. Contamination of UMhlathuze River by agricultural and industrial developments makes communities around UMhlathuze area susceptible to potential outbreaks of water-borne illnesses as well as the risk of ingesting carcinogenic substances. In establishment of the effect of human developments on the UMhlathuze River, four different sites representing different human activities were used for sampling along the river. Temperature and pH were monitored in siitu and were found to vary between 19-21℃and 6.2-7.8, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand （COD） was found to be higher in areas affected by both industrial and agricultural activities. Spectroquadrant Pharo 300 （Merck） was used for chemical analysis of water. Agricultural waste recipient area had high concentration of phosphate, ammonia and nitrate. Parts of the river receiving effluent from treated wastewater had high sulphide, nitrate and ammonia concentrations. Industrial areas had high concentration of heavy metals （e.g., aluminium）. Microorganisms found in all sites included Escherichia coli and species of Salmonella, Shigella, Citrobacter, Serratia and Enterobacter, although their quantities differed from agricultural to industrial sites. There was a positive correlation between contamination levels and human activities which ascribe river pollution to activities around the area. Agricultural and industrial development activities practiced around UMhlathuze River have a huge contribution to the continued deterioration of the quality of water at UMhlathuze River.

Agriculture and Water Sources Protection Zones in the Czech Republic

The area of interest is located in the South Moravia Region at the confluence of the Jihlava, Oslava and Rokytn^i rivers. Ivan^ice spring area comprises a series of hydrologic boreholes, it is the main water source for water supply of Ivan^ice and Rosice towns and provides water for 30,000 inhabitants. The risk analysis was created on the basis of water quality monitoring, hydrogeological assessment and terrain exploration and a revision of protection zones was proposed. The spring area is situated in nitrate vulnerable zones and recently nitrate concentrations have been decreasing. Water quality evaluation results： high concentration of manganese and iron, sometimes higher concentration of ammonium and COD. This area is intensively used for agriculture and it is necessary to make a compromise solution during protection zones proposal, The regime in protection zones can not affect manganese and iron concentration （their origin is in the natural geological environment）. Therefore, water treatment plant is in operation and its modernization is proposed. Furthermore, the paper deals with spring area intensification construction of a new hydrologic borehole, and managed and unmanaged infiltration of surface water. The proposal of protection zones revision consists of reduction to a 2nd level protection zone.

An Empirical Study on Improving the Quality of Agricultural Undergraduate Thesis from the Perspective of Professional Certification

Professional certification is an important way to promote professional construction and the quality of personnel training.Undergraduate thesis is an important part of comprehensive training for agricultural students,and it is also one of the"prescribed actions"of professional certification examination.Based on the perspective of professional certification,taking the graduation thesis of Agronomy Major of Southwest University in recent five years as an example,this paper analyzes the reasons for the gap between the quality of graduation thesis and professional certification standards,and puts forward six paths to improve the quality of graduation thesis of agricultural undergraduates,such as more independent topic selection,more diversified forms,multilink submission materials online,relaxed time,and adding graduation thesis index We should guide the project,link up the construction of professional core courses,build a"learning community between teachers and students".