Contribution and Modern Public Debt:On the Nature of Patriotic Public Debt in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency between form and content,institutional provisions and actual implementation.The modern nature of public debt must have both the form and content of modern public debt.Based on the analysis of the issuing background,system design,collection and repayment of patriotic bonds in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,it is considered that the part of patriotic bonds subscribed by the Qing royal family is still the nature of donation and return,while the part subscribed by ordinary businessmen and people in the early Republic of China has a modern nature.The dual nature of patriotic bonds is closely related to the social background when the bonds are issued.

Functional Features and Layouts of Yangzhou Residential Gardens in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: A Case Study of Residential Gardens of Officials, Merchants and Literati

On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces.

Social Classes and Cultural Connotations of Yangzhou Home Gardens during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.

The Rise and Fall of Overseas Chinese Problem in the Early Republic of China

In the late Qing Dynasty and the early R epublic of China,foreign invasion made China suffer from an unprecedented humiliation,and the W estern powers initiated a commercial intrusion by forcing China to sign unequal treaties and open treaty ports. From this perspective,a deep exploration is made to study the corresponding influence and its function. The rule shows that the developing route of national politics,economy and culture can determine the trend of the development of overseas Chinese problem; in addition,it objectively reflects that the social nature is vital to overseas Chinese problem.

“Macrohistory” and “Microhistory” in the writing of library history: From the perspective of library archives in the periods of late Qing Dynasty and Republican of China

Research paradigms determine the ways the history is written and the consequent research products.By analyzing the present historiography paradigms in library history,their characteristics and limitations,this study proposes new paradigms based on library archives in the periods of Late Qing Dynasty and Republican China.

Institutional Reform and Social Changes in Northeast China during the Late Qing:A Case Study of Appeal Trials

Institutional reform and social changes in northeast China during the late Qing period are usually attributed to the Qing dynasty changing its policy on immigration to northeast China.However,institutional reform because of debt appeals between civilian creditors and the Mongolian princes is often overlooked.Using administrative cases from Fengtian Governor Archives and Kirin Prefecture Archives,this study identifies how the governor officers of northeast China changed Mongolian land rights and official finance institutions through appeal judgments in the late Qing dynasty.Appeals were related to Mongolian land rights reform and promoted the financial institutional reform in northeast China.This study concludes by arguing that the judgments affected the profits of the litigants and changed the local society.

晚清民国常武地区针灸医家挖掘和整理

晚清至民国时期,在常武地区,以费、马、巢、丁为代表的孟河医派,在中医的发展史上留下过浓墨重彩的一笔,这四大医家均是以内外科而闻名于世。在同时期,常武地区同样走出了很多著名的针灸医家。文章通过整理和发掘,回溯常武地区走出的针灸医家的故事,研究其对针灸发展的主要贡献,丰富常武地区针灸学术史。

清末民初江苏地区家谱特点探析

清末民初,在动荡的社会环境下,家谱修撰成为部分家族承继血缘关系和家族文化的重要方式。江苏地区是修纂家谱最为密集的地区之一,对家谱的诸多方面进行了有益的补充。扬州吴氏、宜兴吕氏和无锡锡山秦氏三个家族的家谱具有完备的体例,重视家规族约的制定,并充实了对家族女子成员的记载内容。这些特点与当时的政治环境、经济基础和区域文化紧密相关,是传统文化和近代思想相结合的产物。

近代变局与庆宽的仕宦人生

庆宽是晚清民初的“奇人”,以民籍混入内务府旗籍,借助绘画的特长和办皇差的机会,在晚清拥堵的官场上,逐级升迁至候选内务府三院卿,积累了大量财富,也引发了官场侧目,遭到光绪帝下旨抄家的惩罚。戊戌之后,庆宽利用往日的关系网成为访日特使,又因为辛丑议约的劳绩,获得保举,恢复了原有旗籍和职衔。晚清最后十年,庆宽在仕途上做最后一搏,但最终止步于四品道台,遂决心离开官场。在民初的十年,庆宽以平民视角观察政局,时而以旗人身份筹划旗人生计,时而作为普通市民关注城市自治,逐渐淡出了时代舞台。

清末民初讽喻联的“言文合一”趋向及意义

清末民初的讽喻性楹联在中国古代讽喻传统的基础上,与白话运动相结合,在音韵、句式、技巧等方面出现不同程度的新变。平仄规则的自由化、句式词汇的白话化、修辞技巧的谐趣化,使得清末民初讽喻联在“形”与“神”双重层面契合了“言文合一”理念,成为“我手写我口”的实践性文体。清末民初讽喻联最直接且最真实地反应了民众的心声,作为强有力的“战斗武器”,于嬉笑怒骂之中,剖析黑暗惨痛之现实。

舆论下的规制:清末民初法学教育的“跃进”式发展(1905—1927)

在近代“西学东渐”的历史潮流下,清末民初,社会舆论推动了西式法学教育的出现与发展,但受传统谋官心态以及逐利目的的影响,法学教育呈现“跃进”式的发展状况,致使民国初期各类法律学校数量一度激增至67所。面对此种乱象,社会舆论再度发挥监督作用,以谴责批评的方式助推政府通过教育管控、学校裁撤以及自我整改来规制此种乱象,并取得了明显效果。回顾清末民初法学教育“跃进”式发展的历史脉络,在看到其发展乱象的同时,也要认识到其在传播法律知识、培养法治理念和培育政法人才方面对近代中国的贡献。

清末民初《西游记》英译研究

《西游记》是中国古典小说域外传播最为成功的作品之一,影响力甚至超过国内推崇的《红楼梦》。从英译动机、译介策略和译文特征方面入手,清末民初《西游记》英译的历史演进轨迹可划分为滥觞期(1884—1895)、开拓期(1896—1911)和发展期(1912—1930)三个阶段。译介队伍由初始的传教士拓展为作家、记者和汉学家等多元化译者;英译作品的传播经历了从报刊连载、文学史、作品集到独立发行的过程;取经前的故事内容译介频次高,反映了西方译者的翻译立场和审美价值。

清末民初本土科学教科书中“文化自信”的特征研究

新时代教育改革背景下,在课程与教材体系中贯穿文化自信成为教科书编写的现实需求。清末民初是中国教育新旧交替、中西文化碰撞交融的大变革时代,教科书中的文化内容也具备典型的时代特征。以清末民初商务印书馆出版的两套本土科学教科书为研究对象,从内容特征、融入方式两个维度对教科书中“文化自信”的内容进行分析,发现该时期科学教科书具有文化融入类别丰富、实用性特征突出、充分发挥文化的教育功能等特征。这一时期的科学教科书能够为当代教科书编写提供参考。

近代外交转型视域下的南海海疆交涉

近代以来,海疆危机频发,海疆交涉频繁。先后有清末中日东沙主权交涉、民国中日东沙海产纠纷交涉、中法西沙群岛主权交涉以及南海九小岛交涉等。南海海疆交涉仰赖外交部门主持大局,更离不开广东地方政府的参与和支持。随着地方外交权限的削弱,海疆交涉一度呈现出中央、地方分别主导或互相合作的复杂局面。

晚清长江中上游民船运输状况——以《长江三峡及重庆游记》为中心的考察

1883年英国商人立德乐通过实勘实测的方法记录了其在长江中上游流域乘坐民船的航行情况,并留下数万字的旅行记录——《长江三峡及重庆游记》,生动再现了晚清我国长江中上游流域传统民船的运输状况。通过对行记的考察可以厘清我国民船的运输情形,自从清代前期长江流域全面贯通以来,逐渐积累了成熟的造船技术、完善的民船运营结构、丰富的行船经验等,都促进了长江民船运输专业化,高效率水运系统的形成。与近代轮船运输相比,传统民船在运输价格、航行范围、运营的灵活性上都具有优势,即使在晚清长江中上游开通轮船运输后,民船运输仍在持续发展。

清末民国中央盐税管理机构演变及其近代化

清末中央政府开始启动盐税管理机构改革,北洋政府改盐务稽核造报总所为盐务稽核总所,后者与盐务总署构成了盐务机构二元制体系。稽核所的设立标志着盐务管理体系的形成,是传统盐税管理体制向近代转型的初始期。南京国民政府前期对盐务稽核所改组,盐税管理机构逐渐走向统一,但是未完全改变盐务机构二元制结构。南京国民政府中后期,盐务总局的设立开启了盐税管理机构一元制时代。以引岸专商制度逐步取消、盐税主权逐步收复为两条支线,展示了中国盐务近代化的发展演变。

清末民国时期铁路花车研究

花车,本意是举行喜庆典礼或迎接贵宾时特别装饰的车子,铁路是文明发达之利器,铁路花车却成为特权的象征。铁路花车起源于晚清慈禧,之后始流行;民国时期,铁路花车更为盛行,使用者多是权贵及外宾等;铁道部加强铁路花车使用的规范管理,然收效甚微。铁路花车是人们的特权思想及等级观念在火车上的呈现,反映了社会奢靡之风,理应反对特权现象、取消铁路花车、倡导人人平等,让铁路更好地服务人民与社会。

清末民初报刊剧话的文体承变与理论革新

报刊剧话与聚焦传奇杂剧、文学批评本位的古代曲话之间并非简单的线性承继关系,而是直接滥觞于清中后期文人的梨园花谱写作。经由报刊媒介的形塑、戏剧改良思潮的推动与中外剧论的滋养,剧话于民国元年前后定型为一种以京剧、新剧等舞台流行剧种为主要批评对象,以即时化、公开化、品牌化的跨平台专栏创作为特色生产模式,文本与舞台兼重、史论研究与实践批评并举的综合性艺术批评文体。舞台本位意识在清末民初报刊剧话中的建构发展反映了古典戏剧理论“剧学”体系内部重心由“剧本作法”向“表演艺术”的迁移,曲话的独立发展、京剧与新剧剧话的日趋分离亦可视作传统剧论对近代传奇杂剧、花部戏曲、外来新剧“三足鼎立”之全新剧体格局的直接回应。

清遗老书史形象演变论析

20世纪的中国书法,同样面临着从传统到现代的转型,然而西方没有对应的参照物,使之并没有像绘画艺术一样成为争论的焦点,但“古今”“中西”的交汇碰撞促成了清遗老书史形象的生成及转变。因此,在百年来书法史的写作中,清遗老书家的形象不尽相同,存在由高尚到耻辱、由凸显到遮蔽、由进步到保守的变化,直至今日,学术界对清遗老书史形象的阐述仍有分歧。清遗老书史形象的生成及演变是政治、文化、经济多重领域互动下的产物,也是近代史观变革和发展的结果。

晚清至民国中英留学政策变迁及其影响

晚清至民国中英留学政策在英国推行殖民主义、中国社会“救亡图存”背景下,以洋务运动中的“海军留英”、民国时期的“庚款留英”和抗日战争期间的英国对华援助三大事件为中心,整体呈现发展曲折、政策体系不健全和受美、法两国影响大等特点。海军留学阶段,清政府大力派遣海军留英生,英方基本接收;庚款留英阶段,英国跟随美国脚步,推行“庚款兴学”;抗日战争阶段,英国积极推动中英教育交流,以此作为援华政策的一部分。留英教育帮助中国培养了多领域人才,推动了我国近现代教育、科技、军事、思想文化等方面的进步。