Formal Inferring the Law of Conservation of Energy from Assuming A-Priori-ness of Knowledge in a Formal Axiomatic Epistemology System Sigma

The research purpose is invention (construction) of a formal logical inference of the Law of Conservation of Energy within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma from a precisely defined assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. For realizing this aim, the following work has been done: 1) a two-valued algebraic system of formal axiology has been defined precisely and applied to proper-philosophy of physics, namely, to an almost unknown (not-recognized) formal-axiological aspect of the physical law of conservation of energy;2) the formal axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma has been defined precisely and applied to proper-physics for realizing the above-indicated purpose. Thus, a discrete mathematical model of relationship between philosophy of physics and universal epistemology united with formal axiology has been constructed. Results: 1) By accurate computing relevant compositions of evaluation-functions within the discrete mathematical model, it is demonstrated that a formal-axiological analog of the great conservation law of proper physics is a formal-axiological law of two-valued algebra of metaphysics. (A precise algorithmic definition of the unhabitual (not-well-known) notion “formal-axiological law of algebra of metaphysics” is given.) 2) The hitherto never published significantly new nontrivial scientific result of investigation presented in this article is a formal logical inference of the law of conservation of energy within the formal axiomatic theory Sigma from conjunction of the formal-axiological analog of the law of conservation of energy and the assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge.

Time Intervals of the Energy Emission in Quantum Systems Obtained from the Conservation Rule of the Electron Momentum

The paper presents a non-probabilistic approach to the time interval associated with the energy emission produced by the electron transition in a quantum system. The calculations were performed for the hydrogen atom and the electron particle in a one-dimensional potential box. In both cases, the rule of conservation of the electron momentum has been applied. The results, limited to the time intervals of transitions between two neighbouring quantum energy levels, occur to be much similar to those obtained earlier with the aid of the Joule-Lenz energy emission theory.

RENEWAL OF BASIC LAWS AND PRINCIPLES FOR POLAR CONTINUUM THEORIES (Ⅷ)—PRINCIPLE OF TOTAL WORK AND ENERGY

Theoretical incompleteness of the existing conservation laws of energy for polar continuum mechanics is further clarified. For completeness, the principles of total work and energy and of total work and energy of incremental rate type are postulated. Via total variations of the former and the latter of them, the principles of virtual displacement and microrotation & stress and couple stress as well as virtual velocity and angular velocity & stress rate and couple stress rate are immediately obtained, respectively. From these principles all balance equations and boundary conditions for micropolar mechanics are naturally and simultaneously deduced. The essential differences between the nontraditional results obtained in this paper and the existing conservation laws of energy are expounded.

NEW CONSERVATION LAWS OF ENERGY AND C-D INEQUALITIES IN CONTINUA WITHOUT MICROSTRUCTURE

Fundamental laws and balance equations as well as C-D inequalities in continuum mechanics are carefully restudied, incompleteness of existing balance laws of angular momentum and conservation laws of energy as well as C-D inequalities are pointed out, and finally new and more general conservation laws of energy and corresponding balance equations of energy as well as C-D inequalities in local and nonlocal asymmetric continua are presented.

NEW CONSERVATION LAWS OF ENERGY AND C-D INEQUALITIES IN CONTINUA WITH MICROSTRUCTURE

Existing fundamental laws, balance equations and Clausius-Duhem inequalities in continua with microstructure are systematically restudied, and the incomplete formulations of conservation laws of energy and related C-D inequalities are pointed out. Some remarks on existing results are made, and new conservation laws of energy and related C-D inequalities are presented.

Discovering exact,gauge-invariant,local energy–momentum conservation laws for the electromagnetic gyrokinetic system by high-order field theory on heterogeneous manifolds

Gyrokinetic theory is arguably the most important tool for numerical studies of transport physics in magnetized plasmas.However,exact local energy–momentum conservation laws for the electromagnetic gyrokinetic system have not been found despite continuous effort.Without such local conservation laws,energy and momentum can be instantaneously transported across spacetime,which is unphysical and casts doubt on the validity of numerical simulations based on the gyrokinetic theory.The standard Noether procedure for deriving conservation laws from corresponding symmetries does not apply to gyrokinetic systems because the gyrocenters and electromagnetic field reside on different manifolds.To overcome this difficulty,we develop a high-order field theory on heterogeneous manifolds for classical particle-field systems and apply it to derive exact,local conservation laws,in particular the energy–momentum conservation laws,for the electromagnetic gyrokinetic system.A weak Euler–Lagrange(EL)equation is established to replace the standard EL equation for the particles.It is discovered that an induced weak EL current enters the local conservation laws,and it is the new physics captured by the high-order field theory on heterogeneous manifolds.A recently developed gauge-symmetrization method for high-order electromagnetic field theories using the electromagnetic displacement-potential tensor is applied to render the derived energy–momentum conservation laws electromagnetic gauge-invariant.

Energy and momentum of general spherically symmetric frames on the regularizing teleparallelism

In the context of the covariant teleparallel framework, we use the 2-form translational momentum to compute the total energy of two general spherically symmetric frames. The first one is characterized by an arbitrary function H（r）, which preserves the spherical symmetry and reproduces all the previous solutions, while the other one is characterized by a parameter ξ which ensures the vanishing of the axial of trace of the torsion. We calculate the total energy by using two procedures, i.e., when the WeitzenbSck connection Гα^β is trivial, and show how H（r） and ξ play the role of an inertia that leads the total energy to be unphysical. Therefore, we take into account Гα^β and show that although the spacetimes we use contain an arbitrary function and one parameter, they have no effect on the form of the total energy and momentum as it should be.

Gravitational radiation of angular－momentum from general covariant conservation law

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RENEWAL OF BASIC LAWS AND PRINCIPLES FOR POLAR CONTINUUM THEORIES (X) -MASTER BALANCE LAW

Through a comparison between the expressions of master balance laws and the conservation laws derived by Noether＇s theorem, a unified master balance law and six physically possible balance equations for micropolar continuum mechanics are naturally deduced. Among them, by extending the well-known conventional concept of energymomentum tensor, the rather general conservation laws and balance equations named after energy-momentum, energy-angular momentum and energy-energy are obtained. It is clear that the forms of the physical field quantities in the master balance law for the last three cases could not be assumed directly by perceiving through the intuition. Finally, some existing results are reduced immediately as special cases.

RENEWAL OF BASIC LAWS AND PRINCIPLES FOR POLAR CONTINUUM THEORIES (Ⅳ)--SURFACE COUSERVATION LAWS

The purpose is to reestablish rather complete surface conservation laws for micropolar thermomechanical continua from the translation and the rotation invariances of the general balance law. The generalized energy-momentum and energy-moment of momentum tensors are presented. The concrete forms of surface conservation laws for micropolar thermomechanical continua are derived . The existing related results are naturally derived as special cases from the results proposed in this paper . The incomplete degrees of the existing surface conservation laws are clearly seen from the process of the deduction. The surface conservation laws for nonlocal micropolar thermomechanical continua may be easily obtained via localization .

The Development of a Physical Conservation Fidelity Global Spectral Model-From Dynamic Framework to a Full Model

The fidelity scheme of physical conservation laws has been applied in the dynamic framework of a global spectral model. In this study, a set of diabatic physical processes are also involved. Based on six 30-day numerical integrations of real-time data, we show that the full model is able to reproduce the primary features of global energy cycle and hydrological distribution. Additionally, the root-mean-square error is dramatically decreased when diabatic processes are considered. Another advantage is that the false structure of ＂double Intertropical Convergence Zone （ITCZ）＂ is not seen in the result, although the orecioitation rate becomes lower.

Draw of Infinite Energy from Space and Negations of Two Important Laws

This paper shows that energy of 105 ton of oil can be obtained from space by fs (fermtosecond) eletromagnetic pulse technique in one second and one cm3 without any loss. This paper shows that the energy conservation law and Fermi golden rule should be negatived in some cases. The negation of Fermi golden rule has important influences on many fields based on quantum mechanics. For example, the present knowledge on the charge distribution in atomic nucleus might be wrong completely. This paper emphasizes that the proposition on introducing the concept of the energy support ability in space will cause a series of unimaginable discoveries, and, therefore is of epoch-making significance. This paper gives indirect experimental verifications for the necessity of introducing the concept of energy support ability in space, and suggests a very simple experiment to show directly that the energy conservation law and Fermi golden rule should be negatived in some cases.

Use of Augmented Reality Methods to Support Legal Conflicts in the Planning Process for Wind Turbines Using the Example of the Landscape Conservation Area “Eulenkopf and Surroundings”

The world’s growing energy demand poses a serious problem. At the same time fossil fuels are finite, which we must work against. Therefore, the Federal Government of Germany has set itself the goal to push forward the use of renewable energy in order to completely do without the generation of nuclear energy by 2023. There are, however, no specific guidelines from the European Directive on the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources for the internal electricity market regarding how high each share of the different production method should be and, above all, which specific aim should be achieved by the share of wind energy. Nevertheless, it presents a crucial step toward a nuclear phaseout and a concomitant change of course of the Federal Government of Germany in the spring of 2011 regarding the expansion of renewable energy, taking the nuclear catastrophe in Fukushima into account. Using new legal planning approaches, also including the area of Rhineland-Palatinate, opportunities should be provided to make previously protected land available for setting up facilities for the generation of renewable energy. However, it is important to examine the legal situation regarding the installation of these kinds of constructions more detailed, as no general statements can be made. This will be illustrated using the example of the landscape conservation area “Eulenkopf and surrounding area” in the district of Kaiserslautern. The stated goal of the Social Democrat/Green coalition of the federal state government of Rhineland-Palatinate is to considerably expand the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources so that by 2030 at least the entire electricity demand can be covered by those. Due to the enormous potential of wind power, it is therefore necessary to quintuple its share of electricity generation by 2020, compared to 2011 numbers. In order to achieve the desired political objectives, by 2030 the number of turbines has to be increased to around 2650, representing a capacity of 7500 MW. This increase gives reason for boundary conditions to manage the generation of wind energy to be adjusted. This is intended to facilitate management and simultaneously minimise negative effects, such as the “sprawling” of wind turbines.

The Laws of the Chemical Psychology

As a result of the research, new knowledge about the chemical mechanisms of mental processes in the brain was obtained,which allowed us to identify new patterns in chemical psychology. We proposed the laws of conservation of the quantity and energy of emotions.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Evolution of the World

The main objective of this paper is to discuss the Evolution of a 3D Finite World (that is a Hypersphere of a 4D Nucleus of the World) from the Beginning up to the present Epoch in frames of World-Universe Model (WUM). WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. To be consistent with this Fundamental Law, WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.45 billion years) when only Dark Matter (DM) Macroobjects (MOs) existed, and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.77 billion years) when Luminous MOs emerged due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Superclusters’ Cores and self-annihilation of Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). WUM envisions that DM is created by the Universe in the 4D Nucleus of the World. Dark Matter Particles (DMPs) carry new DM into the 3D Hypersphere World. Luminous Matter is a byproduct of DMPs self-annihilation. By analogy with 3D ball, which has two-dimensional sphere surface (that has surface energy), we can imagine that the 3D Hypersphere World has a “Surface Energy” of the 4D Nucleus. WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems—how do they obtain it;Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center;Missing Baryon problem related to the fact that the observed amount of baryonic matter did not match theoretical predictions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements. In 2013, WUM predicted the values of the following Cosmological parameters: gravitational, concentration of intergalactic plasma, and the minimum energy of photons, which were experimentally confirmed in 2015-2018. “The Discovery of a Supermassive Compact Object at the Centre of Our Galaxy” (Nobel Prize in Physics 2020) made by Prof. R. Genzel and A. Ghez is a confirmation of one of the most important predictions of WUM in 2013: “Macroobjects of the World have cores made up of the discussed DM particles. Other particles, including DM and baryonic matter, form shells surrounding the cores”.

From the Beginning of the World to the Beginning of Life on Earth

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. In this paper, we provide seven Pillars of WUM: Medium of the World;Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters;Creation of Matter;Multicomponent Dark Matter;Macroobjects;Volcanic Rotational Fission;Dark Matter Reactors. We describe the evolution of the World from the Beginning up to the birth of the Solar System and discuss the condition of the Early Earth before the beginning of life on it.

Energy consumption for creep fracture of metallic materials

The energy conservation law is applied to formulate the ductile and brittle creep fracture criterion for metallic materials. The criterion contains a summary of heat and latent energies. Assuming that the heat energy is given out so it has no effect on the fracture process, the ductile creep fracture criterion is simplified. To take into account the evaluation of the damage state of materials the compressibility condition is introduced and the brittle creep fracture law is formulated.

Influence of the Delay and Dispersion in Mechanics

The aim of this work is to clarify the new mathematical model describing the mechanics of continuous media and rarefied gas. The present study is associated with the formulation of conservation laws as conditions of equilibrium of angular momentums, while usually formulated in terms of balance of force. The equations for gas are found from the modified Boltzmann equation and the phenomenological theory. For a rigid body, the equations used the phenomenological theory, but changed their interpretation. We elucidate the contribution of cross-effects in the conservation laws of continuum mechanics, including the self-diffusion, thermal diffusion, etc., which indicated S. Wallander. The paradox of Hilbert in the solution of the Boltzmann equation by the Chapman-Enskog method was resolved. Refined model of the boundary conditions for rarefied gas flows and transient flow were near the moving surfaces. We establish conditions for the existence of the A. N. Kolmogorov inertial range on the basis of the proposed theory. Based on the theory, derivation of the Prandtl formula for boundary layer was received. Delay in mechanics plays an important role on commensurability of relaxation times and lateness. New accounting delay option is proposed to consider the difference between the time derivative as a limit and end values of the mean free path in a rarefied gas. The role of individual time delay for each particle velocity and the average time is debated. The Boltzmann equation is written with an additional term. This situation is typical for discrete medium. The transition from discrete to continuous environment is a key issue mechanics. Summary records of all effects lead to a cumbersome system of equations and therefore require the selection of main effects in a particular situation. The role of the time has similar problems in quantum mechanics. Some examples are suggested.

Why the Speed of Light Is Not a Constant

A variable Speed of Light is supported by the fact that all direct measurements of that speed are basically flawed, because the “meter per second” is proportional to the Speed of Light. Since it is impossible to measure the Speed of Light directly, any variations of it can only be obtained in an indirect way. It will be shown that the recent Supernovae data are in very good agreement with a universe that is slowly expanding exponentially with a Speed of Light that falls over time, inversely proportionally to the expansion of the universe. It will be shown that the definition of the angular and standard impulse momentum has to be modified to get a consistent expansion of the universe. And that all clocks run inversely proportionally to the red-shift z + 1. General Relativity remains valid even with a varying Speed of Light and also Quantum Mechanics is unaffected.

A Locally Conservative Energy-Momentum Tensor in the General Relativity Based on a Cosmological Model without Singularity

According to the conventional theory it is difficult to define the energy-momentum tensor which is locally conservative. The energy-momentum tensor of the gravitational field is defined. Based on a cosmological model without singularity, the total energy-momentum tensor is defined which is locally conservative in the general relativity. The tensor of the gravitational mass is different from the energy-momentum tensor, and it satisfies the gravitational field equation and its covariant derivative is zero.