Three-dimensional nonlinear H_2/H_∞ guidance law based upon approach of solving the state feedback Nash balance point

Based upon the theory of the nonlinear quadric two-person nonzero-sum differential game,the fact that the time-limited mixed H2/H∞ control problem can be turned into the problem of solving the state feedback Nash balance point is mentioned. Upon this,a theorem about the solution of the state feedback control is given,the Lyapunov stabilization of the nonlinear system under this control is proved,too. At the same time,this solution is used to design the nonlinear H2/H∞ guidance law of the relative motion between the missile and the target in three-dimensional(3D) space. By solving two coupled Hamilton-Jacobi partial differential inequalities(HJPDI),a control with more robust stabilities and more robust performances is obtained. With different H∞ performance indexes,the correlative weighting factors of the control are analytically designed. At last,simulations under different robust performance indexes and under different initial conditions and under the cases of intercepting different maneuvering targets are carried out. All results indicate that the designed law is valid.

The Comparative Discussion of State Owned Enterprise in Competition Law

Reflect on the benefits and costs of the current approaches in the European Union and the People’s Republic of China.To the conclusion that State Owned Enterprises(SOE)’s and more generally state conduct should be fully covered by competition law.

The Natural Law of Transition of a Charged Particle into a Compound State under the Action of an Electroscalar Field

This article is the continuation of article [1] where the experimental facts of observation of the electroscalar radiation in the spectrum of the Sun have been presented [2]. This radiation comes into the world having a long wavelength, being longitudinal and extraordinarily penetrating. In accordance with the principle of least action, the Lagrangian of the electroscalar field and the tensor of energy-moment are determined using the variation the potential and coordinates. The equation of motion the charged particle in electroscalar field is determined and the energy of particle has the negative sign with respect to the mechanical energy of particle and the energy of electromagnetic field. So, this is decreasing the electrical potential of particle during the propagation. The electroscalar energy of charged particle and field’s force acting on the particle during their motion change the particle’s electrical status which, in its turn, may trigger the transition of the particle into a compound state during interaction with any object. Due to the continuity this process can lead the particle to the state which enters into a compound state with a negative energy for a different particle’s velocity. This state is the physical vacuum’s state. Analysis of the solar spectrum demonstrates that scattering and absorption of electroscalar wave go on the cavities of solids. The spreading out of electroscalar field obeys to the law of plane wave and the transfer the energy and information can occur in vacuum and any medium.

United States Law on the Protection of Abused and Neglected Children

I. Introduction This paper discusses child protection in the United States. I will discuss four general topics. The first topic is United States laws on the protection of children from child abuse and neglect. The second topic is providing care for children who must be removed from their homes. The third is the role of courts in child protection in the United States.

Experimental study on the slip evolution of planar fractures subjected to cyclic normal stress

The frictional rupture mechanisms of rock discontinuities considering the dynamic load disturbance still remain unclear.This paper investigates the transitional behaviors of slip events happened on a planar granite fracture under cyclic normal stress with diferent oscillation amplitudes.The experimental results show that the activations of fast slips always correlate with unloading of normal stress.Besides,the intensive normal stress oscillation can weaken the shear strength which is recoverable when the normal stress return to constant.The rupture patterns are quantifed by stress drop,slip length and slip velocity.With the efect of small oscillation amplitudes,the slip events show chaotic shapes,compared to the regular and predictable style under constant normal stress.When the amplitude is large enough,the big and small slip events emerge alternately,showing a compound slip style.Large amplitude of the cyclic normal stress also widens the interval diferences of the slip events.This work provides experimental supports for a convincible link between the dynamic stress disturbance and the slip behavior of rock fractures.

On the Definition of State Variables for an Internal State Variable Constitutive Model Describing Metal Deformation

The quest for an internal state variable constitutive model describing metal deformation is reviewed. First, analogy is drawn between a deformation model and the Ideal Gas Law. The use of strain as a variable in deformation models is discussed, and whether strain serves as an internal state variable is considered. A simple experiment that demonstrated path dependence in copper is described. The importance of defining appropriate internal state variables for a constitutive law relates to the ability to accurately model temperature and strain-rate dependencies in deformation simulations.

State laws governing school physical education in relation to attendance and physical activity among students in the USA: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:This study systematically synthesized and quantified the relationship linking state laws governing school physical education(PE)to PE attendance and physical activity(PA)in class and throughout the day and week among students in the USA.Methods:A keyword search was performed in PubMed,Web of Science,Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature(CINAHL),Academic Search Complete,and EconLit.Meta-analyses were performed to estimate the effects of state PE laws.Results:A total of 17 studies were included in the review,and five contributed to the meta-analyses.A total of 8 studies used nationally representative school-or student-level data,three focused on multiple states,and the remaining six examined the PE laws of a single state.The presence and strength of state PE laws were positively associated with PE attendance and the frequency and duration of PA during PE classes and throughout the school day.Compared to those residing in states with weak or no PE laws,students in states with strong PE laws had an additional 0.2 days(95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.10.4)of PE attendance per week and spent an additional 33.9 min(95%CI:22.745.0)participating PE classes per week.State PE laws affected girls’PA more than boys’.Different aspects of state PE laws tended to affect students’PE attendance differently.Disparities in the implementation of state PE laws existed across schools.Conclusion:Future studies should adopt objective measures on PE and PA participation and examine the roles schools and districts play in mediating the effect of state PE laws on students’PE attendance and PA.

Timberland Investing and Private Property Rights in the United States of America

Investments in rural land for agriculture, timber, and other natural resource purposes occur frequently and globally. Fundamental principles of liberty and property found in the United States of America’s (“US”) legal system, from its origins to recent US Supreme Court decisions, continue to positively benefit holders of real estate in the Southern US, through a deep-rooted public policy of supporting private property rights and rural economic development. This stable rule of law enhances the long-term adaptability and sustainability of timberland as an asset class. This article is a commentary. It combines legal research methodology with the observations and conclusions of the authors. Its purpose is to demonstrate that the existence of alienable, documentable ownership, and related property rights create inherent stability and security. These principles form the basis of a culture that is defined by the rule of law and is “open for business.” This business mindset is particularly prevalent in the Southern US.

General Philosophy of Relationism and Its Application to the Political Theory of State and Society and Implications on Natural Sciences

In the examination and study of the general methodology of science and philosophy,we have discovered a common fundamental problem of the“paradox of the basic element”that creates inconsistencies in social and natural theory and general ontology and epistemology.Our study of the interactions of states as major international actors leads us to the conclusion that the unsolved“paradox of the basic element”of the general systems theory(GST)applied in the neorealist doctrine of international relations generates apparent fundamental theoretical weaknesses that have to be resolved.Therefore,herein we propose a solution to the paradox of the basic element on an ontological level by showing that not the element,but rather the relation is the basic“entity”of the system.Such an approach,where the relationship is the most fundamental category and plays a primary role in the system,transforms the GST into a relationist theory(systemic relationism)that includes the relevant systemic variables both in the system as a whole and in its subsystems(or elements).At the same time,due to the equivalence of the“paradox of the basic element”with the paradox of existence of anything or everything(usually formulated as“Why everything[that is]exists”[and not just nothing]),our relationist approach proves to be a good methodological tool for resolving this fundamental question of the general ontology.In addition,this new approach seems to resolve even the basic problem of natural philosophy formulated as the origin of natural force(F).The relationism formulated in our study provides an answer for the existence of anything(E)in relation to nothingness(N),and then through equivalence of basic relation and interaction explains natural force(s)(F)studied in physics.The basic relation in form of irreducible and inseparable{E,N}system or{E}<->{N},(where E—everything,N—nothingness),represents in the physical world a basic irreducible interaction,e.g.,a category of force defined in physics(as intensity of interaction).Thus,by applying the same relationist methodology for understanding the physics of force,we provide a fundamental answer related to the origin of force(in the universe).However,besides natural and social applications,in the present article,we discuss how relationism can be used to resolve controversies in the mainstream political theories of state and to provide new original explanation of the origin of state and causes of social development and change.One of our basic conclusions related to the genesis of state is that this supreme institution was historically(systemically)created as a result of struggle for the monopoly of force when the legal idea of titulus(a title of leader/ruler that could be subject of inheritance)emerged.Rulers(i.e.,first kings,as successor of primitive tribal chiefs)developed and established legitimacy and appropriate binding rules or laws related to that supreme title to justify their special status(titulus).

Features of Malus Law in the Region of X-Ray Radiation

The light propagation through system a polarizer-analyzer is investigated on the basis of quantum conceptions about the nature of light. It is shown, that Malus law based on principles of classical electrodynamics not completely takes into account all effects which can occur at the light propagation through system a polarizer-analyzer. The phenomenon of possible change of frequency of light in particular drops out, for example in the region of X-ray radiation. The deduction of Malus law based on quantum principles is given. For comparison the differential effective section of interaction of a photon and electron with take into account of rotation of a plane of polarization of a photon in Compton’s effect is found.

Representation of the Basic Laws of Thermodynamics in Quantum Mechanics

We propose a representation of the basic laws, namely the zeroth, first, second and third law, in quantum thermodynamics. The zeroth law is represented by some parameters () that specify respective quantum states. The parameters are the elements of thermodynamic state space. The introduction of such parameters is based on a probabilistic nature of quantum theory. A quantum analog of the first law can be established by utilizing these parameters. The notion of heat in quantum systems is clarified from the probabilistic point of view in quantum theory. The representation of the second law can be naturally described in terms of these parameters introduced for the respective quantum systems. In obtaining the representation of quantum thermodynamics, consistency between quantum theory and classical thermodynamics should have been preserved throughout our formulation of quantum thermodynamics. After establishing the representation of the second law, the third law is discussed briefly. The relationship between thermodynamic temperatures and the parameters in is also discussed.

On the Special Application of the Principle of Proportionality under Emergency State

As the two fundamental aspects of modern society,the emergency state and the routine state are not exceptions to the rule of law.They just abide by special legal rules and must adhere to the spirit of the rule of law,such as human rights protection and power restrictions and apply the principle of proportionality.In a state of emergency,public interests are faced with major and urgent threats.In this state,the positioning of the purpose,the examination of the consequences,or the measurement of the legal benefits of the purpose and the consequences all have a certain degree of particularity and complexity.In order to increase the rationality of the principle of proportionality in the state of emergency,and to perform its value function scientifically and effectively,it is necessary to adopt loose application standards based on the characteristics of the state of emergency,grasp the key application links,and limit the scope of application to the review of the rationality of the exercise of emergency powers.Judgment of the legitimacy of the purpose of the exercise of emergency powers and the derogation of civil rights such as human dignity are not within the scope of the principle of proportionality.

The occurrences and geochemical characteristics of thorium in iron ore in the Bayan Obo deposit, Northern China

The Bayan Obo deposit in northern China is an ultra-large Fe–REE–Nb deposit.The occurrences,and geochemical characteristics of thorium in iron ores from the Bayan Obo Main Ore Body were examined using chemical analysis,field emission scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectrometer,and automatic mineral analysis software.Results identified that 91.69%of ThO2 in the combined samples was mainly distributed in rare earth minerals(bastnaesite,huanghoite,monazite;56.43%abundance in the samples),iron minerals(magnetite,hematite,pyrite;20.97%),niobium minerals(aeschynite;14.29%),and gangue minerals(aegirine,riebeckite,mica,dolomite,apatite,fluorite;4.22%).An unidentified portion(4.09%)of ThO2 may occur in other niobium minerals(niobite,ilmenorutile,pyrochlore).Only a few independent minerals of thorium occur in the iron ore samples.Thorium mainly occurs in rare earth minerals in the form of isomorphic substitution.Analyses of the geochemical characteristics of the major elements indicate that thorium mineralization in the Main Ore Body was related to alkali metasomatism,which provided source material and favorable porosity for hydrothermal mineralization.Trace elements such as Sc,Nb,Zr,and Ta have higher correlation coefficients with thorium,which resulted from being related to the relevant minerals formed during thorium mineralization.In addition,correlation analysis of ThO2 and TFe,and REO and TFe in the six types of iron ore samples showed that ThO2 did not always account for the highest distribution rate in rare earth minerals,and the main occurrence minerals of ThO2 were closely related to iron ore types.

A numerical study of comparison of two one-state-variable,rate-and state-dependent friction evolution laws

The two one-state-variable, rate- and state-dependent friction laws, i.e., the slip and slowness laws, are com- pared on the basis of dynamical behavior of a one-degree-of-freedom spring-slider model through numerical simulations. Results show that two （normalized） model parameters, i.e., A （the normalized characteristic slip distance） and β-α （the difference in two normalized parameters of friction laws）, control the solutions. From given values of △, β, and α, for the slowness laws, the solution exists and the unique non-zero fixed point is stable when △〉（β-α）, yet not when △ 〈（β-α）. For the slip law, the solution exists for large ranges of model parameters and the number and stability of the non-zero fixed points change from one case to another. Results suggest that the slip law is more appropriate for controlling earthquake dynamics than the slowness law.

A reliability study of springback on the sheet metal forming process under probabilistic variation of prestrain and blank holder force

This work deals with a reliability assessment of springback problem during the sheet metal forming process. The effects of operative parameters and material properties, blank holder force and plastic prestrain, on springback are in- vestigated. A generic reliability approach was developed to control springback. Subsequently, the Monte Carlo simula- tion technique in conjunction with the Latin hypercube sam- pling method was adopted to study the probabilistic spring- back. Finite element method based on implicit/explicit al- gorithms was used to model the springback problem. The proposed constitutive law for sheet metal takes into account the adaptation of plastic parameters of the hardening law for each prestrain level considered. Rackwitz-Fiessler al- gorithm is used to find reliability properties from response surfaces of chosen springback geometrical parameters. The obtained results were analyzed using a multi-state limit reli- ability functions based on geometry compensations.