Improvement of Legislation System of Protecting Women’s Rights and Interests in China——Taking the Amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests as an Opportunity

The Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests has been amended twice since it was promulgated 1992,and it has formed a relatively complete legislation system together with relevant laws and regulations,accumulating experience of judicial application in practice.In the current proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests,the main issues that should be considered are:First,the legislative purpose of this law should be reviewed to clarify the three legislative positions of the Law on Women’s Rights and interests,in terms of protection,practice and foundation.Second,it is necessary to grasp whether the text content is appropriate and rectify any defects in the existing text.Third,it should explore how to reform and implement specific systems from the micro perspective to improve the specific systems of women’s personal,property,and social rights and interests.Fourth,it should strengthen the systematic interaction with other norms at different levels and implement the principle of gender equality stipulated in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.Fifth,attention should be paid to the necessity of invoking the Law in judicial practice,the possibility of operation and the effectiveness of enforcement.The proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests should also sum up the experience of local legislation and judicial decisions and improve the quality of judicial application of the law so that is truly responds to the practical needs and challenges of the protection of women’s rights and interests and the implementation of gender equality in the new era.

Legislative Protection for Women's Rights and Interests after the Founding of the People's Republic of China

The process of legislative protection for women’s rights and interests of the new China can be divided into two phases: The first phase is from the establishment of the People’s Republic of China to the adoption of the policy of reform and opening up to the outside

The Constitutional Analysis of Human Rights Legislative Protection

The paths for applying the international human rights conventions in China should be recognized as follows: On the premise of respecting the Constitution of China, systematic human rights which could coordinate the relationship between the Constitution of China and international human rights conventions. The source of the human rights legislation obligations of the legislative organs of China is the Constitution of China, not the international human rights conventions. The legislature should understand and grasp the main contents of the human rights legislation obligations of the legislature according to Paragraph 3 of Article 33 of the Constitution while the interpretation of this clause must be based on the relevant provisions of the international human rights conventions. Human rights legislative obligations of the legislature can be classified into two types: legislative protecting obligations and legislative relief obligations of human rights. The NPC and its Standing Committee should be structurally responsible for the human rights legislation obligation, and the State Council and other organs of the State not for the legislation protection of human rights. A special human rights law should be enacted by the NPC.

Protection of Minority Linguistic Rights from the Perspective of Human Rights

The protection of minority rights and the construction of a multi-ethnic country are two aspects of the same historical process. Language is one of the most prominent characteristics and symbols of an ethnic group. The diversity of languages is also the common wealth of the entire human race. Linguistic rights are an important part of the cultural rights of ethnic minorities. Recognizing and guaranteeing the rights of ethnic minorities to live, study, and work and to enjoy and develop their own culture and language is the significant contents of their rights. The Chinese government has always attached importance to the protection of cultural rights and other rights of ethnic minorities, including language rights. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, the National Regional Autonomy Law, and other laws and regulations as well as the National Human Rights Action Plan of China and other policy documents all have relevant provisions, which help to form a harmonious and diverse multi-ethnic development pattern.

On China's Protection of Delinquent Minors'Rights

At the end of June 2011, China had 29 reformatories for delinquent minors, where 17,149 convicts aged 18 oryounger were serving their terms. These facilities have persistently followed the policy of ＂combining punishment with redemption, with redemption taken as the main objective＂ as well as a policy that calls for the integration of ＂educa- tion, persuasion and redemption＂ Good results have been achieved thanks to implementation of these policies, es- pecially since the People＇s Republic of China Law on the Protection of Minors was promulgated in September 1991.

Protection of the Human Rights of Those Under Guardianship in the General Provisions of the Civil Law

Based on the guardianship system in the General Principles of the Civil Law, the General Provisions of the Civil Law establish the three concepts of respecting the true will of the ward, benefiting the ward to the greatest extent, and moderate intervention of public power in guardianship. The three concepts are embodied in the specific provisions of the guardianship system, highlighting respect for and protection of human rights under the spirit of the Constitution as well as the human rights concept of protecting the interests of this vulnerable group, improving the scope of protecting the human rights of minors, the disabled and the elderly in the Chinese guardianship system. The General Provisions of the Civil Law expand the functions and types of the guardianship system, enrich and perfect the guardianship system for minors, and clearly stipulate the conditions and means for disqualifying guardians, and arranging temporary custody and state custody. They expand the scope of guardianship for minors, respond to the reality of increasing guardianship needs and the aging of Chinese society, dovetail with the international community’s concept of respecting and safeguarding the rights of the elderly and adults with disabilities, and reflect the law moving with the times. The Specific Provisions on Marriage and Family under the General Provisions of the Civil Law now being compiled should refine and enrich the guardianship system under the framework of the guardianship system in the General Provisions, so that they become the rules of conduct that is practically feasible and enforceable in judgments.

The Criminal Governance Model of Domestic Violence and Its Legislative Improvement

Domestic violence is a serious threat to the basic human rights of family members,especially victimized women.In order to effectively prevent domestic violence,the criminal law needs to respond in an appropriate and timely manner.However,the traditional criminal governance model suffers from the problem of the lagging involvement of public power.At the same time,the public-private partnership governance model,based on the personal safety protection order system stipulated in the Anti-domestic Violence Law of the People's Republic of China,is also flawed in its institutional design and specific implementation.The criminal governance model for domestic violence should be guided by the view of positive criminal law,and the governance path should be furtheroptimized from two aspects:strengthening the foundation of the public-private cooperation governance model and deepeningthe criminal-civil interface.This will help to fully protect the legitimate rights and interests of victims of domestic violence.

《教师法》修订:基本理念、教师身份与立法技术

权益保障是我国教师立法的基本理念,此次《教师法》修订仍需贯彻和继承。科学定位教师的法律身份是保障教师合法权益的前提。基于义务教育与高等教育的不同特征以及我国教师队伍建设实践诉求,中小学教师宜定位为专业技术类公务员,高校教师的事业单位工作人员身份宜通过法律予以规定。教师权利义务是教师法律身份的外在表现,相关内容的修订须依据教师的不同法律身份。教师教育惩戒是中小学教师基于专业身份实施的事实行为,本质上属于教师专业自主权,《教师法》应予以确认和规范。围绕教师权益保障,还需从法律规范协调统一、增加程序性规范以及纠正硬法规范软法化等技术层面提高修订的科学性,增强《教师法》的可操作性。

未成年男性性权益的刑法保护——对我国《刑法》第236条之一的立法论思考

我国刑事立法对未成年男性的性权益保护存在不均衡、不完整情况。并且学界对于性侵未成年人犯罪的法益尚未达成共识,致使对未成年男性性权益的保护并不完整。基于未成年人的特殊身份以及以性别不同为基础的心理差异,家长主义应当介入未成年男性性权益的保护。根据平等原则以及儿童利益最大化原则的要求,加强未成年男性性权益的保护具有必要性。为实现对未成年男性性权益的周延保护,首先,应将身心健康作为被性侵未成年男性的首要法益;其次,应扩充负有照护职责人员性侵罪的犯罪对象,将男性也纳入本罪保护范围,并将年龄保护区间扩大至14周岁到18周岁;再次,还需增设负有照护职责人员猥亵罪,以完善对未成年男性的保护;最后,应强化未成年男性保护行政、刑事衔接,凝聚法治保护合力。

未成年人信息权利保障研究:内容、维度与实现路径

文章围绕未成年人信息权利保障,探究未成年人信息权利的内容、维度、制约因素、责任主体及实现路径等问题。基于文献检索及两轮筛选获得211篇中英文文献,采用系统性文献综述方法,对文献内容进行编码与文本分析。研究发现:未成年人被视为整体和细分群体,其信息权利包含信息获取、信息利用、信息安全、信息环境等7项;制约因素体现在政治经济、社会文化、个体生理心理3个方面;保障体系的构建需要政府、公共文化部门、企业、立法司法机关、家庭、学校等多责任主体的参与和协作。

平台视角下未成年人发展权与网络受保护权的平衡进路

信息时代,在兼顾未成年人网络受保护权的同时,保障未成年人的发展权是普及数字红利、推动未成年人社会化的重要举措。《未成年人网络保护条例》充分体现了未成年人发展权与网络受保护权平衡保护的理念,但未成年人“产品化”、未成年人网络产品和服务的单一化和低质化、未成年人网络环境的高风险化、未成年人社会形象的污名化与人格矮化等问题依然突出,平衡保护目标的实现存在诸多阻碍。为实现未成年人网络使用和保护的平衡,关键要牵住平台的“牛鼻子”。平台应秉持最有利于未成年人原则,坚持“内严外宽”的平衡进路,为未成年人营造出宽而不松的网络环境,并遵循普遍保护与特殊保护相结合、限制超量冗余和分级分龄保护的保护思路,构建起未成年人发展权与网络受保护权平衡保护的整体机制。

未成年人个人信息保护的现实困境与路径优化

大数据时代,个人信息保护越来越为人们所关注。未成年人作为特殊主体,对其个人信息及隐私的保护具有重要现实价值。虽然我国已有了初步的立法规则构建,但是在实践中仍然存在对未成年人敏感信息的年龄划分界定不清、监护人同意规则不足、未成年人被遗忘权本土化的现实困境。结合域外国家最新立法及我国相关司法实践,以坚持最有利于未成年人原则为基础,需要对未成年人年龄标准进行三阶段界分、提出监护人同意规则的未来出路、完善我国未成年人被遗忘权保护制度,以此优化我国未成年人个人信息的法律保护。

论老年人的安宁疗护权及其法律保障原则

在人口老龄化的冲击下,越来越多的终末期老年患者承受着身体、精神的痛苦及尊严的减损,这也在客观上增加了老年人对安宁疗护服务的需求。近年来,安宁疗护权已逐渐获得国际认可。目前我国虽然尚未制定关于安宁疗护的国家层面立法,但是我国的宪法、法律以及政策都能够为安宁疗护权提供充分的法理基础。在我国安宁疗护地方试点先行的基础上,未来我国安宁疗护立法应当遵循多层次服务体系、患者知情选择、谨慎审查、全人照顾、多学科服务模式的法律保障原则。

体育赛事转播权法律保护问题研究

体育赛事转播权是一种涉及多方利益且复杂的权利,其法律保护问题一直是学界关注的焦点。从国内外学者的观点出发,探讨了体育赛事转播权的性质界定,并分析了我国法律对体育赛事转播权的相关规定。然而,现实中存在一些问题,包括立法和司法方面以及版权意识等,都严重影响了体育赛事转播权的保护。为完善法律保护措施,需要从立法、司法和其他方面进行改进。

犯罪附随后果准用制度的构建

在轻罪时代,犯罪附随后果的适用受到来自犯罪分子人身危险性普遍降低和附随后果内容缺乏合理性两方面的挑战。犯罪附随后果的预防功能和人权保障的价值归正,要求对犯罪附随后果的适用作进一步调整。犯罪附随后果准用制度的本质是严格控制犯罪附随后果的适用,其构建要以犯罪附随后果的内容优化为前提,以较大人身危险性的判断为核心,以合理的适用原则为准绳,以科学的程序设计与救济机制为保障。与前科消灭、犯罪记录封存和复权制度相比,犯罪附随后果准用制度有明确、保护和彻底三方面的优越性。

抚养权直接执行的理论阐释与实现路径

抚养权执行难是长期困扰司法实践的难题。《中华人民共和国民事强制执行法(草案)》所创设的抚养权直接执行制度是纾解该难题的关键举措。为保障预期立法目的的实现,应从正当性及可行性上补强理论阐释。在正当性方面,明确抚养权判决系具备执行内容的形成判决。在可行性方面,执行标的为交出子女的行为而非子女人身,直接执行并不侵害被执行人的意志自由。针对抚养权直接执行适用中如何正确考量子女意愿的困境,需要以子女对执行行为本身的认识作为判断是否继续采取直接执行的标准。据此,提出抚养权直接执行的实现路径,即赋予执行机关考量未成年子女意愿的义务;建立有效收集未成年子女真实意愿的机制;明确未成年子女“拒绝意思”的认定标准。

平台处理未成年人个人信息的合规审计分析

个人信息合规审计制度是信息时代运用审计法治推进人权保障事业的重要制度设计,未成年人个人信息保护合规审计是保护未成年人个人信息权益的重要举措。目前实践中尚未形成体系化的互联网平台治理规范,落实平台履行个人信息合规审计义务的针对性、完整性和有效性规定均存在明显瑕疵,且平台自身开展个人信息合规审计的内生动力不足,外部监管也施力有限。为发挥审计法律规制效力,切实保护未成年人个人信息权益,未成年人个人信息合规审计需坚持最有利于未成年人原则。平台开展个人信息合规审计须凸显未成年人保护的特殊性,强化平台内部治理,建立健全平台个人信息保护合规激励机制,以合作监管模式赋能政企协同监管,形成全社会共同参与的未成年人个人信息保护机制。

从保护到流通:我国数据治理范式反思

“以保护促进流通”的策略仍然是当前数据治理的首要逻辑,在此策略基础上,形成了以数据权益保护为基础的数据治理范式。然而,以数据权益保护为核心的治理范式影响了数据库赋权、竞争法保护的司法实践,阻碍了数据流通利用,进而影响数据要素价值的实现,需重新进行数据治理范式选择。通过考察我国顶层设计与社会实践、欧盟的数据治理立法进程、美国数据治理制度的发展趋势发现,数据的价值实现有赖于数据流通。但是,目前尚未形成相应治理范式对数据流通予以支撑。证成数据流通治理范式,并以此为基础指导建构我国数据基础法律制度,已成为当务之急。我国数据治理范式应以数据分类分级为工具,以有利于数据流通为前提,以数据权益保护为保障,结合不同应用场景赋予数据主体相应的数据权益,才能呼应数据“三权分置”的顶层设计。

中小投资者知情权保护与资产误定价

本文以2010—2023年沪深A股上市公司为样本,通过上市公司差异性互动测度中小投资者知情权保护水平,探究其对资产误定价的影响。研究发现,投资者差异性互动显著提升了资产误定价程度,且主要表现为股价高估,信息不对称与投资者非理性情绪是作用机制,这表明缺乏中小投资者知情权保护会增加资产误定价。进一步研究发现,意见交流能力、关注度和互动规模等中小投资者特征显著影响投资者差异性互动与资产误定价的关系。投资者差异性互动引发的资产误定价会损害正常融资活动与市场经营效率。研究结论对规范互动式信息披露和维护资本市场健康发展具有重要启示。