The effects of social security expenditure on reducing income inequality and rural poverty in China

Social security has,as one of its primary aims,the provision of financial support to those deemed to be poor or facing the threat of poverty.Based on China's national statistical data covering social insurance,social assistance,and social welfare between the period 1978–2018,this paper evaluates the effect of social security expenditure in reducing income inequality and rural poverty with cointegration analysis.It was found that there is a positive correlation between social security expenditure and the income gap of urban and rural residents in the long run,but the effect is very limited;nearly 99%of the changes of the urban–rural income gap come from its own contributions.Further research also shows that the elasticity of rural poverty incidence to social security expenditure is–0.2255,which indicates social security expenditure helps reduce rural absolute poverty.Based on these findings,the policy implications can be that much social security expenditure and a more equitable social security system should be encouraged.It will become one of the major anti-poverty strategies after 2020 in China when we win the battle against absolute poverty.

The Approaches to Narrowing Urban-Rural Income Gap——From the Perspective of Rural Social Security

From the situations about the incomes and life quality of the urban and rural residents,the thesis briefly introduces the status quo of the urban-rural income gap and explores the impact of the income gap on social economy:firstly,it hampers economic development;secondly,it is detrimental to the social development.Then the thesis analyzes the role of a sound social security in narrowing urban-rural income gap:at first,it broadens the institutional environment of improving the agricultural efficiency;secondly,it eliminates the uncertainties influencing the farmers' income;thirdly,it improves the farmers' capacity to increase income;at last,it enhances the farmers' consciousness of wealth.Next the thesis inquires into the problems existing in the system of rural social security:the first problem is more obviously fragmented system;the second is inadequate security projects and narrower coverage;the third is an obvious lack of equality in urban and rural security;the fourth is even less sound management system;the last is the lagging of legislation.Afterwards the thesis proposes the countermeasures and suggestions to improve the system of rural social security and narrow urban-rural income gap:firstly,to integrate the social security system in rural areas;secondly,to perfect security projects and enhance the security system;thirdly,to integrate the administrative management of social security;at last,to enforce the legal system.

Improvement Of Rural Social Security System and the Service Government Construction

The establishment and improvement of the social system is an important indicator of a nation political cultures and social development, and is the basic guarantee of social harmony. In recent years, our urban social security system is maturing, but rural social security system is almost a blank, affecting the economic and political development, and the progress of the farmers, and restricting the process of service government construction.Service government is a new model of government, which orients the purpose of fundamental interests for the whole people. The rural and the farmers are the focus of our country, and the improvement of rural social security system is the key point for solving the problems. Therefore, it is really important to deal with the relationship between the improvement of rural social security system and the service government construction.In my essay, based on the analysis of the theory of rural social security system and the service government, I will put forward the ideas of the improvement of rural social security system and the service government construction.

Human Security, Poverty Pattern and Social Order in Igbo Rural Communities of Contemporary Nigeria

The Igbo have their homeland in seven states of Nigeria mainly Imo, Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Delta and Rivers. They are receptible to new ideas and adapt easily to change. The ramifications of human insecurity, poverty, social disorder, poor coherence and poor integration appear to haunt them and the gravity is felt more in the rural communities. The factors are traceable to many pathetic issues. The pathological consequences do affect Igbo stability and navigation in the Nigerian socio-economic environment. The causality constitutes the physical, human, natural, financial and social assets. It is recommended, among others, that the people should return to core values and norms, stick to their own noble identities, have a framework for tackling insecurity and hunger, target the youth in poverty reduction measures and tackle the herdsmen menace. Equally, the abused philosophies used to support dangerous and strange behavior should be tackled.

Human Capital of Family and Social Mobility in Rural Areas-Evidence from China

This research focuses on the impact of family＇s human capital on social mobility in China＇s rural community.Empirical research is conducted based on data from surveying a typical rural community in the past 20 yr.The study indicates that social mobility in rural area is active in the past 20 yr,and the human capital of family,represented by primary labor＇s education level,has played an essential role in mobility of low social class.Meanwhile,socio-economic development and the change of supply and demand in labor market dims the signaling role of degree education,but the impact of occupational training is increasingly remarkable.Therefore,the change from sole degree education to multi-leveled education including occupational education and training is a main way for China＇s rural families in low class to realize social mobility.

Rural Residents＇ Life Insurance for the Disabled

At present, the social security problems of the disabled in most rural areas are more prominent. There is a big gap between their social security needs and the system and policies. It is an important task for the rural disabled to help the disabled to get rid of poverty and to solve their food and clothing. It is an important task to build a new socialist countryside and build a well-offsociety in an all-round way. It needs to be more effectively solved in the system construction of social security and social services. This paper, taking the rural of Shuyang County of Jiangsu Province as the research object, analyzes the situation and demand of the social security of the disabled in China, points out its existing problems and outs forward some countermeasures and suggestions.

乡村振兴助力农村养老:现实驱动、作用机理与实现路径

党的二十大提出要全面推进乡村振兴。助力农村养老既是乡村振兴的重要任务,也是农村养老的压力使然。当前,农村面临着人口快速老龄化、家庭养老功能弱化、留守与空巢老人现象严重、养老保障体系不完善等现实问题,在乡村振兴的过程中,需要大力推进农村养老保障体系建设。乡村振兴的举措、目标、原理与农村养老保障体系建设的举措、目标、原理具有内在一致性,推进乡村振兴的过程,也是加强农村养老保障体系建设的过程。应该大力推进乡村产业振兴,为农村养老奠定坚实的经济基础;推进乡村人才振兴,为农村养老提供人才支撑;推进乡村文化振兴,营造良好的农村养老氛围;推进乡村生态振兴,为农村老年人创造舒适的生活环境;推进乡村组织振兴,为农村养老提供坚强的组织保障。

社会安全治理现代化视域下基层矛盾化解机制的类型学考察与路径探赜

优化基层矛盾化解机制是防范社会安全风险的现实所需、降低社会安全治理成本的必行之举,也是维护社会公平正义和平安稳定的基本保障。借鉴韦伯的“理想类型法”,以党政力量和社会多元主体的参与度作为基本维度,将基层矛盾化解机制划分为共建共治型、党政主导型、自治型和治理失序四种类型,在增进研究直观性、清晰化基层矛盾化解机制构建与优化整体图景的同时,也有效规避了以往单案例研究在代表性方面存在的先天不足。循此理路,从实践内容、基本特征和发展趋向三个方面具体考察2017—2021年的23个典型创新案例,归纳出优化基层矛盾化解机制的实践路径:坚持“以人民为中心”作为根本价值底色,从深化党建引领、推动情法结合、强化技术嵌入等方面,持续优化基层矛盾化解机制,深入推进社会安全治理现代化。

社会保障参与有助于农村土地流转吗?——基于劳动力转移的中介效应

随着我国城乡社会保障制度逐步完善,农民对土地的依赖得到缓解,农村劳动力非农就业比例提高,农村土地流转供给不断增加。基于中国家庭追踪调查2012—2018年数据,构建了双重固定效应模型,旨在考察社会保障参与对农村土地流转的影响,同时分析了劳动力转移的中介效应。研究结果表明:参与新型农村养老保险对农村土地转出具有显著影响;参与新型农村合作医疗保险对于农村土地转出的影响并不显著,但是显著抑制农村土地转入;劳动力转移在新型农村养老保险对农村土地转出的影响中发挥着中介作用,在新型农村合作医疗对农村土地流转影响中发挥的中介效应不明显。

社会保障水平提升如何影响共同富裕?——基于省级面板数据的实证分析

基于2011—2020年中国31个省级行政区的面板数据,利用熵权TOPSIS法分别对社会保障水平和共同富裕水平进行测度,然后通过静态和动态面板回归计量模型实证检验了社会保障和共同富裕之间的关系。研究发现:中国社会保障水平和共同富裕水平在2011—2020年整体呈现增长趋势,其中社会保障水平在空间上呈现东部地区高于西部地区、西部地区高于中部地区的特征,共同富裕水平在空间上则呈现“东-中-西”逐级递减趋势。经检验,社会保障水平的提高能够显著促进共同富裕的实现,且这种促进作用具有边际效应递减的非线性特点。机制分析表明,社会保障可以通过提高居民消费水平和促进人力资本积累两条路径促进共同富裕的实现。进一步研究发现,社会保障水平对共同富裕水平的影响还存在区域异质性,中部地区社会保障水平的提升对共同富裕水平的影响程度大于东部和西部地区。

数字乡村对农业强国的影响机制与政策启示

聚焦农业问题、如何成为农业强国已经成为时代问题,数字乡村建设是助力实现农业强国的有效途径。基于2011-2020年26个省的面板数据,分析了数字乡村建设对农业强国的影响,研究发现:数字乡村建设有利于推进农业强国建设,农村社会保障水平的完善和农村生活水平的提升能够强化数字乡村建设对农业强国的促进作用。因此建议应当多路径提升数字乡村建设水平,建立横向和纵向的协调机制,使得社会保障资源更加有针对性地支持数字化农业发展,加速中国从农业大国向农业强国的转变。

数字经济助推乡村振兴——兼论民生与技术视角的门槛效应

数字经济作为推动经济高质量发展的重要引擎,为中国乡村振兴建设注入强大的驱动力。文章基于2011—2022年中国30个省市区面板数据,利用熵权法对中国省域乡村振兴发展水平进行测量与对比分析,实证检验数字经济对乡村振兴发展的影响。结果表明:近年来中国整体及不同区域的乡村振兴发展水平呈现上升趋势,但东、中、西部之间的差距在扩大。数字经济不仅能够直接推动中国的乡村振兴发展,还能通过促进产业结构升级助推乡村振兴;异质性表明,数字经济对乡村振兴发展的赋能作用呈现出“中部>西部>东部”“南方>北方”的区域性特点。进一步门槛效应分析表明,当社会保障投入程度、农业机械化水平、科技创新水平等民生和技术指标超过特定阈值后,数字经济对中国乡村振兴发展的边际效应将会扩大。因此要积极促进区域乡村振兴水平协调发展,强化数字乡村建设,健全乡村产业体系,加大对乡村地区民生、农业生产、技术水平的投入,以此更好发挥数字经济对乡村振兴的助推作用。

农村低保财政支出的救助水平:一个主观评价——基于三角模糊数的满意度分析

主客观福祉共同构成一个真实的福祉水平。以顾客满意度理论为指导并构建满意度评价的指标体系,能了解低保救助对象“实际感受同预期的差距”,得出救助水平的一个主观福祉评价。对问卷数据进行三角模糊数的处理,能较好地解决评价客体只能被模糊度量的问题,研究发现,低保对象对农村低保财政支出救助水平的主观评价为“基本满意”。其中,制约满意度的薄弱指标是“农村低保对象参与低保标准的制定”以及“与预期效益相比的满意程度”。为此,应引导低保救助对象的合理预期,重视考察财政支出效能;在低保救助补差审核确认、家庭经济状况定期核查等重要节点设置告知环节,提升低保对象诉求表达的感知度与参与度;将保基本生存转变为适当考虑家庭正常运转。

新型职业农民社会保障权实现路径探析

新型职业农民队伍是全面实现乡村振兴战略的重要人才基础。加强新型职业农民各项权利的法治化保障,有利于人才队伍建设,促进新型职业农民社会保障权的完满实现,具有深厚的理论意义和现实需求。当前,新型职业农民社会保障权在法律实现这一层面上面临着权利内涵阐释不足、老龄化压力使权利实现难度增加、社会保障权权利供给的法律制度不完善等困境。推动社会保障权内涵阐释与认知转型,优化新型职业农民培育与配套医疗服务体系,完善社会保障权的权利供给法律制度,是推动新型职业农民社会保障权实现的有效路径。

长期护理保险的制度定位与模式选择

2016年以来,长期护理保险试点城市(地区)已扩大到49个并取得了长足发展,各试点地区因地制宜出现了诸多制度创新,但也存在明显的政策碎片化现象。本文着重讨论了长期护理保险制度碎片化现象较为明显的四个问题,包括享受待遇的目标人群、服务方式的供给结构、服务项目的侧重比例、两大制度板块的覆盖边界等;着重分析了模式选择的四个不同做法,包括运行模式、保障模式、筹资模式、经办模式等,并逐一提出相应的政策建议。根据“摸着石头过河与顶层设计相结合”的方法论,本文认为,应尽快结束试点,进入顶层设计阶段,以减少沉没成本;根据不同国家建立长期护理保险的时间节点,我国建立长期护理保险制度充分体现了“尽力而为、量力而行”的基本原则,是推进中国式现代化和实现共同富裕的重要举措;根据人口老龄化发展趋势,建议以2035年为界进行“两阶段推进”,以期平稳过渡到全国一盘棋的统一制度。

农村劳动力流动是否降低了家庭金融脆弱性?

本文基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)三期数据,实证研究农村劳动力流动对家庭金融脆弱性的影响。结果发现:农村劳动力流动能显著降低家庭金融脆弱性,在低消费家庭和未进行商业保险投保的家庭中,农村劳动力流动对缓解家庭金融脆弱性的作用更强。经过替换解释变量、替换被解释变量、倾向得分匹配法及工具变量法等检验,结果依然稳健。机制分析表明,农村劳动力流动通过提升收入、积累社会资本和缓解流动性约束等途径影响家庭金融脆弱性。进一步分析发现,农村劳动力流动能更显著地缓解存在金融脆弱性家庭的相对贫困。

数字鸿沟与农村老年人幸福感

数字鸿沟是影响农村老年人幸福感的重要潜在因素。文章基于2020年中国乡村振兴综合调查数据(CRRS),考察数字鸿沟对农村老年人幸福感的影响。研究发现:数字鸿沟对农村老年人幸福感有显著负向影响;数字鸿沟可以通过相对抑制社会联结和削弱健康水平间接负向影响农村老年人幸福感;数字鸿沟对农村老年人幸福感的负向影响在高龄和教育水平较低群体中表现不显著,在低龄和教育水平较高群体中表现显著,在东部和非平原地区群体中表现则更加突出。研究结论为理解数字鸿沟的影响提供了新证据,为如何增进农村老年人幸福感、实现共同富裕提供了新思路。

走出灵活就业社保困境的路径选择

灵活就业是诸多劳动者实现就业、获得收入的重要途径之一,其产生的时间虽然远远早于固定就业,但在当代中国则是改革开放之后伴随着几亿农民进城务工而蓬勃发展起来的。正因为如此,在我国社保体系中灵活就业一直是相对薄弱的环节。本文在分析了我国灵活就业产生发展的特殊历史背景的基础上,揭示了灵活就业社保所面临的困境,提出了构建适应新型就业形态社保体系的政策建议,其中包括对风险进行分类管理,搭建并夯实多元主体共同参与的多层次社会保障制度体系,创新社会保险征缴和经办制度。

乡村振兴背景下大学生返乡意愿提升的组态路径探索

乡村振兴,人才是关键。研究大学生乡村振兴投身意愿的影响因素与提升路径对推动乡村振兴事业持续发展具有重要意义。基于计划行为理论和行为激励理论,通过社会网络分析法和文本挖掘法提取影响大学生乡村振兴投身意愿的关键因素,并以山西省高校大学生为调查对象,通过模糊集定性比较分析方法对影响因素进行组态分析并对组态解开展典型案例分析,以探究提升大学生乡村振兴投身意愿的差异化驱动路径。研究发现:(1)任一影响因素都不能单独作为提升大学生乡村振兴投身意愿的必要条件,大学生乡村振兴投身意愿是多种要素协作的结果;(2)提升大学生乡村振兴投身意愿共存在四种组态路径,分别是“多元协同驱动型”路径、“认知—经验双驱动型”路径、“双重环境型”路径和“保障型”路径;(3)乡村振兴认知、成长环境和社会保障是提升大学生乡村振兴投身意愿的重要条件。

企业机器人渗透度与社保缴费水平——来自制造业上市公司的证据

机器人对劳动力市场的影响已延伸至社会保险领域,考察机器人渗透度对企业社保缴费水平的影响至关重要。研究发现:机器人渗透度的提高降低了企业的社保缴费水平。异质性分析发现,机器人渗透度对社保缴费水平的负向影响在劳动力密集程度更高、融资约束更强和非国有企业中更为显著。机制检验发现,企业机器人的应用通过要素替代效应、技术偏向效应和挤出效应降低了企业社保缴费的意愿和水平。因此,需要从制度设计出发来完善现行的社会保险制度,兼顾企业的经营效率与社会保险责任的承担,从而保障社会保险基金的可持续性。