Characteristics and dynamics analysis of Populus euphratica populations in the middle reaches of Tarim River

Populus euphratica Oliv. is widely distributed along the Tarim River. Maintaining stability of P. euphratica population is important to local development. This study explored the static life table, survivorship curves and four function curves (survival rate, cumulative mortality rate, mortality density, and hazard rate), and development index of P. euphratica population in the middle reaches of Tarim River. The results indicated that the age structure of P. euphratica population belonged to positive pyramidal type, which meant young age-class individuals occupied most populations. The number ofⅠ-Ⅱage classes accounted for 66.2% of whole population, and this indicated that there were abundant subsequent seedlings resources to support the growth of P. euphratica population in the middle reaches of Tarim River. The survivorship curve of P. euphratica belonged to the Deevey Ⅲ (concave-type) and the development index was 47.72%. Four function curves revealed that the individuals of P. euphratica sharply decreased at the initial stage and then leveled off at the late stage of survival curve. Time sequence prediction models predicted that the number of midlife individuals would increase in future 10, 20, 30 years, and P. euphratica population grew steadily as a result of rich saplings.

Population dynamics and considerations for the conservation of the rare Cycas fairylakea in China

Quantitative dynamics and viability of a rare and wild Cycas fairylakea population were studied with a time-specific life table, a Leslie matrix model and a survival function in order to provide scientific guidance for its protection. The results of the time- specific life table show that this C. fairylakea population suffered a high death rate in three age classes, i.e., age class 1 （0-15 years）, V （61-75 years） and VI （76-90 years）. The Leslie matrix model suggests that the number of plants would decline from the present 1613 to 59 per hectare in 150 years. Furthermore, the viability analysis indicates that seedlings have the highest mortality density rate and that middle-aged plants （i.e., 61-75 years, 76-90 years） have high mortality density rate and hazard rate. These conditions affect natural regeneration of the population and lead to a lack of seedlings which in turn causes the extinction of the population. An in situ conservation of the population should be established and protection measures taken as soon as possible.

Analyses of Numerical Responses and Main Life Parameters for Determining the Suppression of Amblyseius cucumeris on Panonychus citri

In this paper, the numeral response and main parameters of experimental population life table were analyzed for determining the suppressing ability of Amblyseius cucumeris on Panonychus citri. The result showed that: (1) Under 21-31°C and 1 - 9 prey densities/leaf fragment condition, the prey consumptions of A. cucumeris increased with the temperature or prey density; (2) In 1:3 predator-prey ratio treatment, the suppression of P. citri (Ro=34.0053; T=19.4369; t=3.8204) was rather weak, it was enhanced as the ratio over 5:30, and the populations of P. citri in these treatments can be fully controlled within 4-5 days; (3) Under 25±1°C, 80-85% RH and 15L: 9D illumination conditions, the net reproductive rate, mean generation duration and the time for population double increase of P. citri (Ro=34.0053; T=19.4369; t=3.8204) were higher than those of A. cucumeris (Ro=21.8750; T=16.8943; t=3.7954). While the intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase of the former (rm=0.1814; λ=1.1989) were lower than those of the latter (rm=0.1826; λ=1.2004). These results indicated that A. cucumeris is a desirable bio-control agent to suppress P. citri at lower population stage in citrus orchard.

Life Table of Natural Population of Gastrolina depressa

[Objective]The paper was to understand the population development regularity of Gastrolina depressa in natural environment in Guizhou Province.[Method]The population dynamics of G.depressa was studied by establishing life table of natural population of G.depressa via field observation and calculating dynamic trend index of population.[Result]The mortality rates in egg stage,pupal stage and adult stage accounted for 26.42%,10.96%and 8.22%of the total mortality rate,respectively.The mortality rate in larval stage was the highest,accounting for 54.40%of the total mortality rate,higher than the total mortality rate in the other three stages.The population dynamic trend index I=9.25,I>1 indicated that the population showed an upward trend.[Conclusion]Under the natural conditions,the population of G.depressa shows upward trend,and human intervention is needed to control the population.The larval stage is the weak stage of the insect,which is the best time to control the insect.

The biology and demographic parameters of Aedes albopictus in northern peninsular Malaysia

Objective:To generate life table characteristics for the dengue vector Aedes albopictus(A. albopictus) under uncontrolled conditions,incorporating both the aquatic and the adult stages. Methods:Ten females derived from wild pupae were allowed to fully blood-feed on restrained mice.774 eggs were hatched in seasoned water.F1 larvae were followed for development until their F2 counterparts emerged as adults.Some population parameters were monitored(Fl) or estimated(F2).Results:A.albopictus exhibited increased fecundity and egg hatch success. Immature development was quick.Immature survival was high,with lowest rate in the pupal stage.Adult emergence was about 81%and sex ratio was close to 1:1.Generational mortality(K) was about 28%.A high proportion of females completed a reproductive cycle and the obtained parity rate was predicted to lead to higher fecundity in the next generation.Conclusios:It can be concluded that natural A.albopictus populations in Penang seem largely determined by quick development in combination with low immature loss and increased oviposition.

QUANTITATIVE DYNAMICS OF LARCH CATERPILLAR (DENDRALIMUS SUPERANS [BULLER]) AND THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

The relationship between pest population and other factors is rather complex within the forest ecosystem. A number of environmental factors, such as extreme climatic conditions,infection of natural enemies, may cause the death of pest insects directly. The effect of these factors reflects basically the situation and cause of death of insects at different stages of entire process of growth and development, so that they may be cmployed as the basic records of the quantitative dynamic of the population, and are of important value to the study of population quantitative dynamics of pests. Since Morris and Miller (1954) applied the life table technique to study natural population of insects, the insect lif e table technique has becoming an important means for the study of quantitative dynamics of pest populations. In foreign countries, the study of the life table of forest pest began in 50 year’s already. Moreovcr. the rcsults of invcstigation were applicd to the productive practice, such as thc sprucc budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens),winter moth (Opperophtera brumala Linnaeus), while in our country, the quantitative dynamics of many forest pests were not investigated. The larch caterpillar is one of the great pest of larch plantation in China. Every ycar, the outbrcak of this pcst occur in some places, causing large economic loss. Many studies wcre performcd on the biological and chenlical controls, but the investigation on quantitative dynamics of the natural population of larch caterpi1Iar was lacking.Since 1980, we studicd the quantitative dynamics of the natural population of larch caterpillar in Shangzhi County, Heilongiiang Province and worked out lif e tables of two generations.

Estimating index of population trend by re-sampling techniques （jackknife and bootstrap） and its application to the life table study of rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis （Lepidoptera： Pyralidae）

Taking a published natural population life table of rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis （Lepidoptera： Pyralidae）, as an example, we estimated the population trend index, I, via re-sampling methods （jackknife and bootstrap）, determined its statistical properties and illustrated the application of these methods in determining the control effectiveness of bio- agents and chemical insecticides. Depending on the simulation outputs, the smoothed distribution pattern of the estimates of I by delete-1 jackknife is visually distinguishable from the normal density, but the smoothed pattern produced by delete-d jackknife, and logarithm- transformed smoothed patterns produced by both empirical and parametric bootstraps, matched well the corresponding normal density. Thus, the estimates of I produced by delete-1 jackknife were not used to determine the suppressive effect of wasps and insecticides. The 95% percent confidence intervals or the narrowest 95 percentiles and Z-test criterion were employed to compare the effectiveness of Trichogrammajaponicum Ashmead and insecticides （powder, 1.5% mevinphos ＋ 3% alpha-hexachloro cyclohexane） against the rice leaf roller based on the estimates of I produced by delete-d jackknife and bootstrap techniques. At a = 0.05 level, there were statistical differences between wasp treatment and control, and between wasp and insecticide treatments, if the normality is ensured, or by the narrowest 95 percentiles. However, there is still no difference between insecticide treatment and control. By Z-test criterion, wasp treatment is better than control and insecticide treatment with P-value 〈 0.01. Insecticide treatment is similar to control with P-value 〉 0.2 indicating that 95% confidence intervals procedure is more conservative. Although similar conclusions may be drawn by re-sampling techniques, such as the delta method, about the suppressive effect of trichogramma and insecticides, the normality of the estimates can be checked and guaranteed, and the correlation among sequential life stages of rice leaf roller is also considered in the estimation. Judged by the P-values from Z-test, the delta method is more conservative.

江苏宝华山宝华玉兰种群结构与动态特征分析

为了揭示极危(CR)植物宝华玉兰〔Yulania zenii(W.C.Cheng)D.L.Fu〕野生种群的结构和动态特征,对江苏省句容市宝华山宝华玉兰野生资源进行全面调查,并运用静态生命表、存活曲线和生存分析等方法综合分析宝华玉兰种群结构和动态变化。结果表明:宝华山全境现存宝华玉兰野生开花植株115株,主要分布于宝华山北坡中部。宝华玉兰种群以中树和大树〔10 cm≤胸径(DBH)<25 cm〕为主,占比达66.1%,属于衰退型种群。从静态生命表看,宝华玉兰种群的生命期望随着径级的增加逐渐下降,种群存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型。生存分析结果显示:宝华玉兰种群趋势具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。种群动态量化分析结果表明:宝华玉兰种群动态总体呈增长趋势,但增长极为缓慢。基于上述研究结果,建议采取人工播种、补植实生苗等方式加强对宝华玉兰种群的保护和管理,促进其种群的更新和良性发展。

川黔地区濒危植物红豆树种群结构与数量动态特征

红豆树(Ormosia hosiei)是我国南方特有珍稀濒危植物,具有极高的经济价值和人文价值。为了解红豆树种群在川黔山区的生存现状及制约种群发展的原因,该文以川黔4个区域红豆树自然种群为调查对象,采用典型样地调查的方法,根据不同种群的分布特征,每个种群分别设置2个面积为20 m×20 m的具有代表性的样地进行调查,通过编制种群静态生命表、绘制存活曲线、计算数量动态指数、利用生存函数及时间序列模型分析了川黔山区不同红豆树种群的结构与动态特征。结果表明:(1)河株村和干耳盘村种群龄级结构呈倒“J”型结构,陈家湾村和绒春村种群呈不规则“哑铃”型结构,红豆树种群自然更新能力强,但中龄级个体容易缺失。(2)4个种群均为增长型,存活曲线接近于Deevey-Ⅱ型,其中河株村、陈家湾村和绒春村种群消失率和死亡率呈“多峰型”,种群在生长中期容易受到外界干扰。(3)红豆树种群数量动态变化表现为幼龄级个体死亡率高,成熟龄级个体数量动态稳定的特点,其形成原因与山区地形特点和红豆树种子传播特性有关。(4)RDA排序结果显示,海拔和坡度是影响幼龄个体数量结构的主导因子,干扰强度是影响种群中高龄个体数量结构的主要因素。综上表明,川黔山区红豆树天然种群结构与数量特征的形成受制于山区地形特点、红豆树自身繁殖特性以及环境压力;通过对种群幼龄个体密度控制和中龄个体生长空间进行管理,可以提高种群幼苗存活率,促进中龄个体健壮生长,维持红豆树天然种群稳定性。

铁心杉种群结构与动态特征

【目的】杉木是南方生长最快的主要树种之一,而铁心杉是心材比例高、具有防腐的特殊性质的杉木新品种,但其野生种群分布范围窄。研究铁心杉种群结构与动态特征,可以为铁心杉种群的恢复以及种质资源的培育提供理论基础。【方法】以湖南小溪国家级自然保护区小溪乡的铁心杉天然林为研究对象,通过实地调查以胸径代替龄级,制作年龄结构图;以静态生命表制作存活、死亡和消失率曲线;以生存函数估计值制作生存函数曲线;计算了种群动态变化指数;预测了种群数量的时间序列。【结果】1)铁心杉种群的龄级结构属于不规则金字塔形,种群有一定的更新能力,第Ⅰ龄级储备丰富,但幼龄阶段死亡率高,铁心杉种群存活曲线趋Deevey-Ⅲ型;2)铁心杉种群在整个龄级中的死亡率和消失率曲线走向一致,在第XIII龄级出现最大值,而第Ⅰ龄级次之,因此铁心杉种群的更新和结构受到了空间资源的限制;3)经过生存分析,发现铁心杉的生存能力相对较差,在早期阶段会出现剧烈的下降,中期保持稳定,后期则会出现衰退;4)时间序列分析显示,整个铁心杉种群向中、高龄级集中,低龄的缺失会导致种群衰退。【结论】应尽快确定铁心杉的生态学地位,并采取就地保护以确保种群的更新;同时建议通过组织培养、引种栽培来保护铁心杉种质资源,扩大其分布范围。

新疆库尔勒八字地老虎在不同温度下的种群生命表及灯下成虫种群动态

【目的】研究温度对新疆库尔勒八字地老虎Xestia c-nigrum生长发育和繁殖的影响,明确其对环境温度的适应能力。【方法】利用两性生命表方法比较15, 20, 25, 30和35℃下八字地老虎卵孵化率、幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率、发育历期及繁殖力,分析不同温度对其种群生命表参数的影响,并计算不同发育阶段的发育起点温度和有效积温。利用灯诱监测数据分析2020-2022年期间新疆库尔勒农区八字地老虎种群动态与日平均温度变化的关系。【结果】15℃时八字地老虎幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率均低于30%,30℃时幼虫存活率、化蛹率低于10%且蛹不能正常羽化,35℃时幼虫不能存活。八字地老虎各发育阶段历期随温度升高而缩短,15, 20, 25, 30和35℃时卵历期分别为15.52, 7.40, 5.47, 4.88和3.88 d;15, 20, 25和30℃时幼虫历期分别为109.43, 40.53, 26.48和24.55 d;15, 20和25℃时蛹历期分别为41.43, 18.00和12.54 d。15℃时种群呈负增长,20和25℃时种群呈正增长,其中25℃时内禀增长率(r_m)最大。八字地老虎卵、1-6龄幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为9.81, 8.43,9.95, 10.26, 12.52, 13.58, 12.60和10.81℃,有效积温依次为79.62, 92.17, 56.09, 57.03, 39.35, 38.16, 80.72和172.39日·度。2020-2022年灯诱监测数据表明,八字地老虎在新疆库尔勒每年发生3代,成虫高峰期分别在5月中旬、7月下旬和9月上旬,对应的日平均温度在19.5~26.5℃之间。【结论】低于15℃时八字地老虎种群呈负增长,超过30℃时不能完成生活史,而20~25℃比较适合八字地老虎的生长与繁殖,该结果为明确新疆库尔勒八字地老虎的温度适应能力及其发生规律提供了科学依据。

上海崇明东滩湿地潮滩梯度下芦苇种群动态分析

芦苇(Phragmites australis)是崇明东滩湿地潮间带的优势种,具有良好的水土保持与净化功能。芦苇种群主要在中、高潮滩呈带状分布,但在低潮滩也有小斑块状分布。作为典型根茎型克隆植物的芦苇种群,在盐沼湿地不同潮滩表现出怎样的种群动态特征,进而反映出怎样的差异化的适应能力,值得深入研究。以分布在崇明东滩湿地低、中、高3个潮滩上的芦苇种群为研究对象,全程定位追踪起始于4、6月的同生群在整个生长季的生长、发育过程,并定量分析它们的动态生命表、生存曲线、生存率和累积死亡率,系统揭示分布于3个潮滩的芦苇种群典型动态特征。结果表明:(1)起始于4月的处于低、中、高3个潮滩上的芦苇同生群,其生存曲线存在差异,它们分别趋近于Deevey-Ⅰ型、Deevey-Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型的过渡型,以及Deevey-Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型的过渡型;(2)起始于6月的处于低、中潮滩上的芦苇同生群,其生存曲线呈现出与4月同生群相似的特征,高潮滩同生群则由Deevey-Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型的过渡型转变成Deevey-Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型的过渡型;(3)经综合分析,高潮滩芦苇同生群稳定性最强,低潮滩同生群相对不稳定,中潮滩同生群在生长初期不稳定而在生长中后期趋于稳定;(4)基于上述研究结果,针对东滩湿地沿潮滩梯度分布的芦苇种群的保育与管理提出了合理建议。

草地贪夜蛾取食桑树的生命周期研究

【目的】探究取食桑叶对草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)生长发育的影响,为后续探索草地贪夜蛾对桑园的为害提供理论依据和参考。【方法】利用年龄-龄期两性生命表方法建立取食人工饲料和桑叶的草地贪夜蛾种群,测定其发育历期、产卵量、蛹重和化蛹率等生长发育和繁殖指标,使用两性生命表软件TWOSEX-MS Chart 2024计算种群参数,并进行方差分析及绘制曲线图。利用TIMING-Mschart软件预测取食桑叶和人工饲料草地贪夜蛾种群未来90 d种群动态。【结果】取食桑叶和人工饲料草地贪夜蛾均可完成世代发育,总发育历期分别为44.18(±0.93)、32.30(±0.26)d,幼虫存活率分别为41.17(±5.88)%、55.56(±12.73)%,蛹重分别为174.4(±34.2)、225.9(±23.7)mg/头,单雌产卵量分别为499.58(±278.67)、877.40(±440.79)粒,卵孵化率均为100%。取食桑叶和人工饲料草地贪夜蛾种群内禀增长率分别为0.10(±0.01)、0.14(±0.01)/d,周限增长率分别为1.11(±0.01)、1.16(±0.01)/d,种群净增殖率分别为128.57(±36.37)、250.64(±77.14)粒/头,世代平均周期分别为47.03(±1.42)、37.86(±0.34)d。【结论】取食桑叶和人工饲料草地贪夜蛾均可完成世代发育,与取食人工饲料相比,取食桑叶草地贪夜蛾生长发育速度较慢、发育整齐度低,存活率和产卵量较低。自然条件下,当虫口密度过大或者最适寄主植物缺少时,草地贪夜蛾可能会对桑树构成威胁。

茫荡山杉木天然种群结构与生态位特征

【目的】了解杉木在天然林中的种群结构及其生态位特征,为杉木近自然经营提供依据。【方法】以茫荡山国家级自然保护区内有杉木分布的天然林为研究对象,设立3200 m^(2)的样地,进行样地内乔木、灌木及草本种类和数量的全面调查,绘制杉木种群径级结构,计算种群结构动态变化指数,编制静态生命表,对2、4、6、8个龄级时间后的杉木种群进行时间序列预测,计算生态位宽度及杉木与其他物种的生态位重叠指数。【结果】杉木天然种群幼苗能够正常更新,但Ⅱ、Ⅲ龄级个体数量较少。随着龄级的增加,杉木种群的个体数量先增加后减少,年龄结构呈纺锤型分布,总体呈现衰退趋势。杉木种群中死亡率为负的龄级较多,整体表现出波动趋势。杉木种群的生命期望随龄级增加呈下降趋势。经过2、4、6、8个龄级时间后,杉木种群中小龄级个体数量略微下降,大龄级个体数量略微增加。杉木种群的相对优势度、相对密度、相对频度和重要值均处于群落前列,属群落建群种。不同杉木种群的生态位宽度值较大,与其他物种的生态位重叠指数也较高,说明其对环境资源的竞争激烈。【结论】在茫荡山天然林中,杉木幼苗能够正常更新,但存活率较低。杉木对群落环境资源的利用并没有明显的优势,杉木种群总体呈衰退趋势。

极小种群野生植物狭叶坡垒种群结构与动态特征

【目的】研究极小种群野生植物狭叶坡垒[Hopea chinensis(Merr.) Hand.-Mazz.]的种群结构特征和数量动态特征,探讨种群发展潜力和濒危原因,为狭叶坡垒种质资源的保护和恢复提供参考依据。【方法】采用样地调查法对广西十万大山区域8个狭叶坡垒自然集中分布区进行调查,以空间代替时间分析狭叶坡垒种群结构特征,绘制种群静态生命表和存活曲线,分析种群动态指数及种群生存函数,对种群未来发展趋势进行预测。【结果】狭叶坡垒野生种群龄级结构呈倒J型,幼龄个体数占比较高,表现为增长型结构,种群个体幼龄期淘汰率较高;种群动态指数、随机干扰敏感指标和随机干扰风险概率分别为52.61%、4.38%和8.33%,对外界干扰敏感,环境对个体有较强的选择作用。狭叶坡垒野生种群存活曲线为DeeveyⅡ型的B1亚型,狭叶坡垒种群生存率在Ⅰ~Ⅵ龄级期间随龄级增加而减小,累积死亡率随龄级增加而增加,危险率在Ⅵ龄级达最高值,狭叶坡垒种群在Ⅵ龄级之后进入生理衰退期。时间序列分析表明,除Ⅻ龄级的个体数经过4个龄级时间后保持不变,经过4、6、8、10个龄级时间后,狭叶坡垒各龄级的个体数均呈增加趋势,其中Ⅳ~Ⅷ龄级逐渐成为种群的主体,狭叶坡垒种群总体呈增长状态。【结论】狭叶坡垒野生种群为增长型,种群处于波动变化状态中,对外界干扰敏感。幼苗数量充足,在生境不被破坏的前提下,具有较好的恢复潜力。但幼苗向幼树、幼树向小树转换过程中存在增补限制,制约狭叶坡垒种群发展。

准噶尔盆地荒漠绿洲过渡带地下水埋深对人工梭梭林年龄结构及动态特征的影响

针对准噶尔盆地荒漠绿洲过渡带3个不同地下水埋深(GW1=4.78 m,GW2=9.39 m,GW3=11.76 m)条件下的人工梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)种群进行了深入的年龄结构特征分析,旨在揭示种群的生存状况,并预测种群未来的发展趋势,为荒漠绿洲过渡带梭梭种群的经营与恢复提供理论依据。研究基于静态生命表、存活曲线对种群结构进行分析,结合时间序列模型预测了未来2、4、6个龄级后种群的变化趋势。研究结果表明:(1)3个梭梭种群年龄结构呈金字塔型,均为增长型种群,其中GW1种群生长潜力最大,幼龄林比例达73%。(2)3个种群的存活曲线均趋近于Deevey-Ⅱ型,种群在各年龄段死亡率相对稳定,地下水位的降低限制了幼苗的生长,导致种群自疏现象提前出现。(3)3个种群均为易受干扰的增长型种群,幼林数量基本可以补充由于中、老龄级个体死亡造成的缺失。对于水分补给有限的种群出现树龄大、树高小的小老树,幼苗稀少,种群提前进入衰退期的现象应该予以关注,需加强对衰老龄级个体的精准抚育管理。

miR-263干扰对麦长管蚜生命表参数的影响

【目的】麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae是小麦生产的首要害虫。本研究旨在明确miR-263干扰对麦长管蚜室内种群的影响,为小麦蚜虫的绿色防控提供技术支持。【方法】以纳米材料为载体,利用400 nmol/L miR-263 agomir干扰麦长管蚜1龄若蚜,采用两性生命表评价miR-263干扰对其生长发育、繁殖和种群增长的影响,以清水阴性对照(water negative control, NCW)和纳米材料阴性对照(nanomaterial negative control, NCS)作为对照组。【结果】miR-263干扰后,与NCW和NCS相比,麦长管蚜1和2龄若蚜历期显著延长,3龄若蚜历期没有显著差异,4龄若蚜历期要显著短于NCW组,整个若蚜历期显著延长;全生育期(25.42 d)显著长于NCS的(23.73 d),与NCW (23.84 d)没有显著差异;成蚜寿命和繁殖历期有所延长,单雌产蚜量有所增加,但与NCW和NCS的比没有显著差异。miR-263干扰后麦长管蚜成蚜前存活率为43.33%,显著低于NCW和NCS的(分别为91.34%和91.32%)。种群生命表数据显示,miR-263干扰后内禀增长率(r)、周限增长率(λ)、净增殖率(R_0)均显著低于NCW和NCS的,平均世代周期(T)比NCW和NCS显著延长;种群预测结果显示,在miR-263干扰60 d时麦长管蚜种群约为8万头,显著低于NCS的454万头和NCW的394万头。【结论】miR-263干扰主要影响低龄若蚜的历期和存活率,并对麦长管蚜的种群增长具有抑制作用,研究结果为麦长管蚜RNAi生物农药的研发提供了候选基因。

牯牛降自然保护区浙江桂生境群落及种群结构特征

浙江桂经济价值高,野生资源有限。基于2hm^(2)固定样地调查数据,通过分析其群落特征,编制静态生命表、绘制存活曲线、计算数量动态指数、引入时间序列模型等,研究了安徽省牯牛降国家级自然保护区浙江桂生境群落结构及种群动态特征。结果表明:(1)样地内共记录物种198种,木本以樟科、壳斗科、杜鹃花科为主;(2)甜槠是建群树种,其龄级组成以老龄级(V级)为主(占总株数的78.92%),其它优势种有香桂、马银花、新木姜子等,以幼龄级(Ⅰ和Ⅱ级)为主(占总株数90%以上);(3)浙江桂种群龄级组成呈倒“J”型,幼龄级个体占总数的85.15%,但幼苗转化成体折损率高;(4)时间序列预测分析表明,浙江桂种群未来个体数量呈增加趋势。基于这些研究结果我们提出就地封育保护为主,辅以低龄级幼株的精准抚育管理,以促进其种群的恢复。

极小种群野生植物朱红大杜鹃的种群结构与动态特征

朱红大杜鹃是中国极小种群野生植物,也是国家二级重点保护野生植物。为了厘清朱红大杜鹃的群落特征,评估其种群的生存潜力,通过样地调查,分析群落物种组成,编制静态生命表,研究朱红大杜鹃的径级结构、种群动态。结果显示:(1)样方中重要值>1%的木本植物有17种,其中窄叶青冈、白穗石栎、云南越桔和云南松为群落优势种。(2)朱红大杜鹃种群第Ⅱ龄级个体数量最多,占总体数量的17.06%,各龄级的个体数量随着龄级的增加先增加后减少,种群径级结构呈“纺锤”型,种群年龄结构属于衰退型。(3)朱红大杜鹃存活曲线趋近DeeveyⅠ型分布,种群的死亡高峰出现在X龄级,死亡率为40%,种群动态变化指数(V_(pi))和受外界干扰种群动态变化指数(V′_(pi))均大于0,但V′_(pi)较小,种群在外部环境干扰下承担的风险概率最大值(P_(max))为0.07%,说明该种群受外界随机干扰时增长趋势不明显。建议对朱红大杜鹃种群进行就地保护,以提高幼苗和小树的存活率,促进种群的自然更新和恢复。

群体饲养生命表:资料分析理论与转化为个体生命表的方法

本文介绍群体饲养生命表的资料分析基本原理及转换为个体生命表的方法。每日群体饲养生命表的记录实际上即年龄-龄期两性生命表的矩阵N,而每日所有雌虫的总繁殖力记录即为矩阵F_(total)。利用矩阵N与矩阵F_(total)可以计算年龄-龄期存活率矩阵S、繁殖力矩阵F及各种群参数。以桃蚜Myzus persicae和马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella为例,阐明群体饲养生命表分析的理论依据,证明群体饲养生命表得到的各项参数可靠,并介绍了一种将群体饲养生命表转化为个体生命表的方法。比较了群体饲养生命表和个体饲养生命表的特点。利用群体饲养研究昆虫生命表可以节省大量人力、时间与经费,群体饲养生命表可用于设计大量饲养生物防治天敌、鱼与鸟的饲料昆虫以及可供人类食用的昆虫。