Experimental study on the forming characteristics of 1.5 GPa ultrahigh-strength dual-phase steel

The DP1500 steel series successfully produced by Baosteel is a marked improvement over the cold-rolled hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel series.Sufficient parameter data related to forming characteristics are needed for the successful application of dual-phase steel series in engineering structures.Therefore,differences in the mech-anical properties,forming limit,hole expansion ratio,and stretch bend limit of the 1.5 GPa ultrahigh-strength steel,including DP1500,QP1500,and MS1500,have been systematically studied.Results show that the DP1500 exhibits good plastic deformation performance and approximately 5% uniform elongation,and its true major strain minimum on the forming limit curve(FLC_(0)) value is approximately 0.083,which is higher and lower than the FLC_(0) values of MS1500 and QP1500 of the same strength grade,respectively.DP1500 also exhibits good flanging and pore expansion capabilities and superior performance to QP1500 and MS1500.The minimum radius-to-thickness(R/T) ratio(1.4) of DP1500 in the 90° bend tests transverse to the rolling direction is between the R/T ratios of MS1500 and the QP1500.Overall,the formability performance of DP1500 is between that of MS1500 and QP1500.Its excellent crash energy absorption and formability performance render it a suitable structural component,and it has been successfully tested and verified on a typical complex ultrahigh-strength steel skeleton structure.

Study on the Forming Limit Nomogram of Tensile Stamping Operations

Based on plasticity theory and physical experiments, the quantitative relationships between elongation δ obtained byuniaxial tensile test and forming limits of tensile stamping operations are given, which mainly resolves the problem thatforming limits can be derived from simple tensile test. The forming limit nomogram of tensile stamping operationsis also established to apply to engineering.

Theoretical prediction and experimental investigation on formability of tailor-welded blanks

Based on the elastoplastic mechanical properties of the weld and heat affected zone metals obtained by a nanoindentation test, a theoretical calculation model was established for the forming limit diagram（FLD） of tailor-welded blanks（TWBs） on the basis of plastic constitutive relations and Hosford yield criteria. Hemispherical punch bulging tests were performed to verify the FLD theoretical calculation results. The results demonstrated that not only the FLD theoretical calculation of base materials but also that of TWBs had a good agreement with their experiments. Besides, poorer formability of TWBs caused its FLD significantly lower than that of base materials. The theoretical calculation model offers a reliable approach to obtain the specific FLD of TWBs.

Effect of Plastic Anisotropy on the Formability of Aluminum 6016-T4 Sheet Material

Sheet metal formed of lightweight materials such as aluminum sheeting has received great attention related to the reduction of vehicle emissions. This paper evaluates the anisotropic yield locus using Kuwabara＇s biaxial tensile tester and stretches formability using Hecker＇s hemispheri- cal punch stretching test for aluminum 6016-T4 sheet material. The anisotropic yield locus of the A16016-T4 sheet measured is fitted well by the modified Drucker yield func- tion. Moreover the best fitting to the experimental stress- strain curve from the tensile test was obtained by taking an appropriate hardening model. Analytical study to predict the stretch formability by using Hora＇s Modified Maximum Force Criterion （MMFC） was performed. The predicted forming limit curves （FLC） based on various yield functions were compared with the experiments and discussed.

Fall cone tests considering water content, cone penetration index, and plasticity angle of fine-grained soils

This paper analyzed the consistency of some parameters of soils in the literature and experimental results from fall cone test and its application to soil plasticity classification.Over 500 data from both literatures and experiments using fall cone and Casagrande methods were compiled to assess the relationships among specified water content,cone penetration index ebT,and plasticity angle eaT of finegrained soils.The results indicate that no unique correlation exists among b,liquid limit of the fall cone test(LLc)and a.The water content at 1 mm cone penetration eC0T correlates well with b,plasticity ratio eRpT(i.e.the ratio of plastic limit to liquid limit),and a.Finally,the potential of using the btan a diagram to classify soil plasticity was also discussed.

Warm forming behavior of high strength aluminum alloy AA7075

The formability of aluminum alloy AA7075 at elevated temperature was investigated through experiment. Stress-strain relationship at different temperatures and forming speeds were investigated through tensile testing. Deep drawing and stretch formability were also tested through limiting drawing ratio （LDR） and limiting dome height （LDH） tests. Finally, post forming mechanical property testing was conducted to investigate the effects of exposure to warm forming temperatures on the mechanical properties. Results show that deep drawing and stretch formability of AA7075 can be significantly improved when the blank is heated to 140-220 °C. At temperature over 260 °C, formability and post forming mechanical properties begin to decrease due to the effect of the heating and forming processes on the material＇s temper.

The Permutation Test as an Ancillary Procedure for Comparing Zero-Inflated Continuous Distributions

Empirical estimates of power and Type I error can be misleading if a statistical test does not perform at the stated rejection level under the null hypothesis. We employed the permutation test to control the empirical type I errors for zero-inflated exponential distributions. The simulation results indicated that the permutation test can be used effectively to control the type I errors near the nominal level even the sample sizes are small based on four statistical tests. Our results attest to the permutation test being a valuable adjunct to the current statistical methods for comparing distributions with underlying zero-inflated data structures.

Development and evaluation of a hot-rolled 780 MPa steel sheet with an ultra-high expansion ratio

This paper explores the development of a 780 MPa hot-rolled high-strength steel with an ultra-high hole expansion ratio(HER) by using a nanoprecipitation-controlled technology.Systematic analysis and evaluation of an industrially produced steel sheet have been performed to investigate the microstructure, nanoprecipitates, tensile properties, HER,bendability, and forming limit diagram.The newly developed 780 MPa hot-rolled high-strength steel sheet is composed of a fully ferritic microstructure of approximately 5 μm with precipitates of approximately 4-5 nm in ferrite grain interiors.The yield strength and tensile strength can reach above 700 and 780 MPa, respectively.Moreover, the fractured elongation is higher than 19% in the transversal direction, and the average HER exceeds 70%.Furthermore, the newly developed 780 MPa high-strength steel has good bendability reaching R/t=0.2 at 90°.Compared with the conventional 780 MPa high-strength steel, the newly developed 780 MPa high-strength steel exhibits superior forming ability, which is suitable for the production of complex components.High-cycle fatigue indicates that the fatigue limit of the newly developed high-strength steel is 430 MPa under a stress ratio of r=-1,indicating good fatigue properties.The excellent combined mechanical properties of the newly developed 780 MPa high-strength steel are attributed to the grain-refined ferritic microstructure with nanoprecipitates in ferrite grain interiors.

先进高强度双相钢板料成形极限研究

随着先进高强度双相钢的工业需求量日益增加,亟需实现双相钢板料成形极限曲线的精确预测,由于根据国标采用的胀形试验较难准确获取FLC_(0)点使FLC不准确。本文基于DP590、DP780、DP980、DP1180在常温下的胀形试验结果,结合MMC断裂模型的数值模拟,建立了4种板料的胀形断裂预测模型,通过模拟准确求出FLC_(0),结合试验数据,建立了基于MMC断裂准则的成形极限曲线(FLC),并进行参数化研究。结果表明,基于MMC准则的成形极限曲线拥有较好的准确性。

GLARE层板液压胀形成形极限研究

纤维增强金属层板(FMLs)凭借其卓越的力学性能在众多领域中得到了广泛应用,成为当今研究的焦点。为解决未固化层板成形性及破裂形式不清晰的问题,本研究采用液压胀形试验,探讨了在不同边界条件下GLARE层板的成形极限。首先,借助理论方法建立了胀形顶点区域各组分材料受力表达式,并讨论了层间摩擦对成形极限的影响。其次,通过液压胀形试验分析了流体压力作用下纤维增强金属层板的失效形式,并建立了典型成形极限曲线图。最后,借助有限元仿真对上述试验进行了复现,研究结果表明,层间摩擦的增加显著降低了纤维增强金属层板的成形性,与理论分析及实验数据一致。该成形极限图不仅可以对成形效果进行评估,也为工艺参数优化提供参考依据。

大尺寸岩石在低频周期扰动载荷下的力学特性试验研究

岩石长期处于高静应力状态且频繁受到周期扰动载荷的影响是引发各种地质灾害的关键因素。利用自制的CX-8568冲击扰动围岩试验系统对大尺寸红砂岩开展了低频周期扰动载荷下的力学特性试验,分析了高应力状态下不同扰动平均应力、不同扰动载荷幅值下岩石的应变、损伤变量的演化规律。结果表明:岩石在周期扰动载荷下的破坏存在门槛值,其载荷低于门槛值时岩石不会发生破坏,岩石弹性模量存在强化现象;高扰动平均应力、高扰动载荷幅值均为岩石破坏的不利因素;当扰动上限应力超过岩石单轴抗压强度后,扰动平均应力和扰动载荷幅值的增大对岩石破坏时的循环次数影响愈发显著;当扰动上限应力相同,但扰动平均应力和扰动载荷幅值不同时,岩石破坏对扰动平均应力的敏感度高于扰动载荷幅值;周期扰动载荷下岩石破坏较静态加载更剧烈;随着扰动平均应力或扰动载荷幅值的提高,岩石破坏形态由以拉剪破坏为主导过渡至以拉伸劈裂破坏为主导。

Forming Limit Stress Diagram Prediction of Aluminum Alloy 5052 Based on GTN Model Parameters Determined by In Situ Tensile Test

The conventional forming limit diagram （FLD） is described as a plot of major strain versus minor strain. However, FLD is dependent on forming history and strain path. In the present study, a forming limit stress-based diagram （FLSD） has been adopted to predict the fracture limit of aluminum alloy （AA） 5052-O1 sheet. Nakazima test is simulated by plastic constitutive formula derived from the modified Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman （GTN） model. An in situ tensile test with scanning electron microscope （SEM） is proposed to determine the parameters in GTN model. The damage evolution is observed and recorded, and the parameters of GTN model are identified through counting void fraction at three damage stages of AA5052-O 1. According to the experimental results, the original void volume fraction, the volume fraction of potential nucleated voids, the critical void volume fraction, the void volume fraction at the final failure of material are assigned as 0.002 918, 0.024 9, 0.030 103, 0.048 54, respectively. The stress and strain are obtained at the last loading step before crack. FLSD and FLD of AA5052-O 1 are plotted. Compared with the experimental Nakazima test and uniaxial tensile test, the predicted results show a good agreement. The parameters determined by in situ tensile test can be applied to the research of the forming limit for ductile metals.

Defining laboratory reference values and decision limits＇ populations, intervals, and interpretations

This article provides a brief overview of various approaches that may be utilized for the analysis of human semen test results. Reference intervals are the most widely used tool for the interpretation of clinical laboratory results. Reference interval development has classically relied on concepts elaborated by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry Expert Panel on Reference Values during the 1980s. These guidelines involve obtaining and classifying samples from a healthy population of at least 120 individuals and then identifying the outermost 5% of observations to use in defining limits for two-sided or one-sided reference intervals. More recently, decision limits based on epidemiological outcome analysis have also been introduced to aid in test interpretation. The reference population must be carefully defined on the basis of the intended clinical use of the underlying test. To determine appropriate reference intervals for use in male fertility assessment, a reference population of men with documented time to pregnancy of 〈 12 months would be most suitable. However, for epidemiological assessment of semen testing results, a reference population made up ofunselected healthy men would be preferred. Although reference and decision limits derived for individual semen analysis test results will undoubtedly be the interpretational tools of choice in the near future, in the long term, multivariate methods for the interpretation of semen analysis alone or in combination with information from the female partner seem to represent better means for assessing the likelihood of achieving a successful pregnancy in a subfertile couple.

Stress-strain analysis on AA7075 cylindrical parts during hot granule medium pressure forming

Hot granule medium pressure forming(HGMF) is a technology in which heat-resistant granules are used to replace liquids or gases in existing flexible-die forming technology as pressure-transfer medium. Considering the characteristic of granule medium that seals and loads easily, the technology provides a new method to realize the hot deep-drawing forming on high strength aluminum alloy sheet. Based on the pressure-transfer performance test of granule medium and the material performance test of AA7075-T6 sheet, plastic mechanics analysis is conducted for the areas, such as the flange area, force-transfer area and free deforming area, of cylindrical parts deep-drawn by HGMF technology, and the function relation of forming pressure is obtained under the condition of nonuniform distribution of internal pressure. The comparison between theoretical result and experimental data shows that larger deviation occurs in the middle and later period of forming process, and the maximum theoretical forming force is less than the experimental value by 24.6%. The variation tendency of the theoretical thickness curve is close to the practical situation, and the theoretical value basically agrees well with experimental value in the flange area and the top area of spherical cap which is in the free deforming area.

Prediction of plane-strain specimen geometry to efficiently obtain a forming limit diagram by Marciniak test

Plane-strain forming limit strain （also known as FLD0） is an important data point on a forming limit diagram （FLD）. The effects of friction coefficients and material parameters on the specimen width associated with the FLDo （W FLD0） in Marciniak test were studied by finite element simulation. WFLD0 was expressed as a function of the Lankford coefficients, n-value, k-value and sheet thickness and validated with various sheet materials. The determination of W FLD0 is of significance not only to reduce iterative attempts to accurately obtain FLDo, but also to obtain a full valid FLD with the least number of test specimens, which largely increases the efficiency and reduces cost to experimentally measure valid FLDs.

MIMO-OFDM系统中一种新的有限反馈及调度方法

在多输入多输出正交频分复用(MIMO-OFDM)系统中,利用OFDM子载波信道的相关性,将子载波动态关联分组,并对每一子载波,用所关联子载波上的波束进行匹配,获得更准确的信道方向信息,提高平均系统流量.再对子载波分组的信道状态信息采用有限反馈,供基站进行用户调度,减少了上行反馈信息量,提高了上行反馈效率.仿真表明,该方法的上行反馈信息量约为子载波独立有限反馈时的30%,平均系统流量超过模拟反馈信干噪比时的1%.

流线型箱梁颤振形态非线性特征的风洞试验研究

以南京长江第四大桥流线型箱梁断面为研究对象,基于节段模型自由振动风洞试验,详细测试了断面在不同攻角下的颤振性能。探讨了断面运动形态非线性特征随风速和攻角的演化规律,及非线性特征演化的动力学机理。研究表明,负攻角下,动力系统多非稳态极限环随风速增大逐渐减小的特征使得系统响应依赖于初始振幅,并导致了颤振性能随初始激励增大急剧减弱的现象;正攻角下,多稳态极限环随风速增大而增大的特征使得系统颤振响应表征为典型的软颤振;高风速下,极限环的消失使得系统响应表征为硬颤振,且不依赖于初始振幅;最后,从模态阻尼随振幅的演化规律,解释了系统颤振形态在各攻角下异同的动力学机理。

基于风洞试验的板桁分离及板桁结合梁颤振性能对比研究

为研究大跨度桥梁断面形式差异对颤振性能的影响,以赤水河桁架桥为研究对象,通过节段模型风洞试验分别对板桁结合断面与板桁分离断面进行颤振性能测试。试验结果显示,两种梁型在颤振特性上存在显著差异,板桁分离梁的颤振形态表现为自限幅弯扭耦合软颤振,且其起振风速、稳态振幅和颤振频率等模态特性随风攻角由负到正而增大、减小和增大;板桁结合梁的颤振形态包含发散型硬颤振与自限幅软颤振两种,其起振风速、颤振频率与耦合程度等特征随风攻角的变化无明显规律。最后基于试验数据,提取了振幅依存的模态阻尼比,初步探讨了颤振形态变化的力学机理,结果显示,板-桁分离间隙对模态阻尼演化曲线的改变,会进一步提高负攻角下系统的颤振发散风速,改善系统的颤振性能。

超高强钢QP980材料成形极限试验及仿真研究

使用板材成形试验机和DIC光学测量系统进行QP980钢的成形极限试验,得到材料成形极限曲线;借助AutoForm软件构建材料卡片,建立成形极限仿真模型,进行仿真对标分析和准确性验证。试验结果表明,QP980成形极限曲线FLD0点最大主应变值为0.174;对比同强度级别材料成形性能,QP980成形性能优于同强度级别的DP980,达到双相钢DP780性能水平。仿真结果表明,成形极限仿真的FLD0点最大主应变值为0.173,平均误差绝对值为0.578%,其余不同标距下的实验结果与仿真结果的误差绝对值均在8%以内,平均误差3.306%,材料仿真卡片能准确反映材料的实际成形性能,材料卡片准确、可靠。

板料成形极限理论与实验研究进展

成形极限是板材成形领域中重要的性能指标和工艺参数。文章在阐述成形极限在板料成形中的意义的基础上,综述并分析了成形极限在理论和实验方面的研究进展。成形极限图受应变路径的影响,给工业生产应用带来极大不便。以极限应力构成的成形极限应力图不受应变路径的影响,作为复杂加载路径的成形极限判据更加方便和实用。FLSD研究与FLD相结合,成为精确地确定破裂判别准则的主要途径之一,是近来研究的热点。十字形双向拉伸是实现复杂加载路径有效实用的试验方法。最后对成形极限应力图和十字形双向拉伸试验需要解决的关键问题作了阐述。