Topology optimization of 3D structures with design-dependent loads

Topology optimization of continuum structures with design-dependent loads has long been a challenge. In this paper, the topology optimization of 3D structures subjected to design-dependent loads is investigated. A boundary search scheme is proposed for 3D problems, by means of which the load surface can be identified effectively and efficiently, and the difficulties arising in other approaches can be overcome. The load surfaces are made up of the boundaries of finite elements and the loads can be directly applied to corresponding element nodes, which leads to great convenience in the application of this method. Finally, the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method is validated by several numerical examples.

Comparative Experimental and Numerical Study of Wave Loads on A Monopile Structure Using Different Turbulence Models

This study numerically and experimentally investigates the effects of wave loads on a monopile-type offshore wind turbine placed on a 1:25 slope at different water depths as well as the effect of choosing different turbulence models on the efficiency of the numerical model.The numerical model adopts a two-phase flow by solving Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier−Stokes(URANS)equations using the Volume Of Fluid(VOF)method and three differentk-ωturbulence models.Typical environmental conditions from the East China Sea are studied.The wave run-up and the wave loads applied on the monopile are investigated and compared with relevant experimental data as well as with mathematical predictions based on relevant theories.The numerical model is well validated against the experimental data at model scale.The use of different turbulence models results in different predictions on the wave height but less differences on the wave period.The baseline k-ωturbulence model and Shear-Stress Transport(SST)k-ωturbulence model exhibit better performance on the prediction of hydrodynamic load,at a model-scale water depth of 0.42 m,while the laminar model provides better results for large water depths.The SST turbulence model performs better in predicting wave run-up for water depth 0.42 m,while the laminar model and standard k-ωmodel perform better at water depth 0.52 m and 0.62 m,respectively.

常泰长江大桥组合索塔锚固结构钢-混传剪构造足尺模型试验研究

常泰长江大桥索塔锚固结构采用钢箱-核芯混凝土组合结构,为研究该新型组合索塔锚固结构钢-混传剪构造的受力特性,进行钢-混传剪构造足尺模型试验研究。制作2个锚固结构足尺节段试验模型,通过压剪试验研究锚固结构的荷载~滑移曲线及应力、应变分布等受力特性,并通过有限元模型分析锚固结构的传力机理和各组件的内力分配比例,推导剪力钉剪力计算方法。结果表明:在2.14倍单索最大索力荷载作用下,锚固结构保持弹性状态,钢壁板未产生明显滑移,钢-混界面最大滑移不超过0.25 mm,该锚固结构中钢-混传剪构造至少具有2.14倍的安全系数;荷载作用下,剪力钉剪力从上至下逐渐增大,锚腹板附近底部3排剪力钉剪力较大,钢-混传剪构造至少存在剪力钉和界面摩擦力2种传剪机制,钢-混传剪构造的承载能力显著提高;钢-混传剪构造受力过程分为粘结力传力阶段和局部滑移阶段,剪力钉剪力分布不仅与沿剪切方向长度分布有关,也与荷载的大小线性相关。

循环载荷作用下煤岩复合结构宏-细观破坏特征及能量-损伤本构模型

煤炭深部开采过程中,周期性开采扰动行为会使邻近煤层的煤岩复合结构承受循环载荷的作用,因此,研究不同循环载荷作用下煤岩复合试样的力学响应行为及宏-细观失效特征具有重要工程意义。选取3种不同的加(卸)载速率,开展了2种循环加卸载路径下的单轴循环压缩试验(同步测定声发射信号),分析了煤岩复合试样的损伤失效特征;基于能量耗散原理,构建了煤岩复合试样在循环载荷作用下的能量-损伤本构模型,最后结合试验实测数据进行验证。结果表明:加(卸)载速率与复合试样的峰值强度呈正相关,当加(卸)载速率从0.05 mm/min增大到0.15 mm/min时,恒定下限逐步循环加卸载路径(路径I)、变上下限等幅循环加卸载路径(路径II)下,试样的峰值应力分别增加了22.44%和28.89%;高加(卸)载速率下,试样的内部裂纹扩展越快,煤岩复合试样中煤组分的破碎程度加剧,分形维数随之增大,试样的内部裂纹扩展越快;随着加(卸)载速率的增大,煤组分中沿基质破坏增多。循环分级跨度大的路径(路径I)有助于试样内部的应力传递,为试样内部裂纹的发育提供了有利条件,导致对应试样的破坏程度更高。试验曲线和能量-损伤本构理论曲线具有较强的一致性,表明所建的能量-损伤本构模型能够很好地描述煤岩复合试样在循环加卸载过程中的变形行为。

Effects of fundamental structure parameters on dynamic responses of submerged floating tunnel under hydrodynamic loads

This paper investigates the effects of structure parameters on dynamic responses of submerged floating tunnel （SFT） under hydrodynamic loads. The structure parameters includes buoyancy-weight ratio （BWR）, stiffness coefficients of the cable systems, tunnel net buoyancy and tunnel length. First, the importance of structural damp in relation to the dynamic responses of SPT is demonstrated and the mechanism of structural damp effect is discussed. Thereafter, the fundamental structure parameters are investigated through the analysis of SFT dynamic responses under hydrodynamic loads. The results indicate that the BWR of SFT is a key structure parameter. When BWR is 1.2, there is a remarkable trend change in the vertical dynamic response of SFT under hydrodynamic loads. The results also indicate that the ratio of the tunnel net buoyancy to the cable stiffness coefficient is not a characteristic factor affecting the dynamic responses of SFT under hydrodynamic loads.

Design method of pile-slab structure roadbed of ballastless track on soil subgrade

Pile-slab structure roadbed is a new form of ballastless track for high speed railway. Due to lack of corresponding design code, based on the analysis of its structure characteristics and application requirements, it is proposed to carry out load effect combination according to ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state, and the most unfavorable combination of each state is chosen to carry through design calculation for pile-slab structure. Space model of pile-slab structure can be simplified as a plane flame model, by using the orthogonal test method, and the design parameter of pile-slab structure is optimized. Moreover, based on the engineering background of Suining-Chongqing high-speed railway, the dynamic deformation characteristics of pile-slab structure roadbed are further researched by carrying on the indoor dynamic model test. The test results show that the settlement after construction of subgrade satisfies the requirement of settlement control to build ballastless track on soil subgrade for high-speed railway. Slab structure plays the role of arch shell as load is transmitted from slab to pile, and the vertical dynamic stress of subgrade soil is approximately of ＂K＂ form distribution with the depth. The distribution of pile stress is closely related to soil characteristics, which has an upset triangle shape where the large dynamic stress is at the top. Pile compared with soil shares most dynamic stress. Pile structure expands the depth of the dynamic response of subgrade has limited effect on dynamic response. These results can provide subgrade. and improves the stress of subgrade soil, and the speed of train scientific basis for pile-slab structure roadbed used on soil

Dynamic ice loads on conical structures

Two series of model tests were performed to observe the dynamic ice loads on conical structures.The variable testing parameters include the water line diameter of the model cone and ice parameters.During small water line diameter tests,two-time breaking is found to be the typical failure of ice on steep conical structure,and also be controlled by other factors,such as ice speed and the cone angle.During big water line diameter tests,the ice sheet failed nonsimultaneously around the cone.Several independent zones of bending were found in the nonsimultaneous failure process of ice.With the increase of the ratio of D/h and the number of independent zones,the total ice force was found being gradually reduced.

Numerical Analysis of the Adhesive Forces in Nano-Scale Structure

Nanohairs, which can be found on the epidermis of Tokay gecko＇s toes, contribute to the adhesion by means of van der Waals force, capillary force, etc. This structure has inspired many researchers to fabricate the attachable nano-scale structures. However, the efficiency of artificial nano-scale structures is not reliable sufficiently. Moreover, the mechanical parameters related to the nano-hair attachment are not yet revealed qualitatively. The mechanical parameters which have influence on the ability of adhesive nano-hairs were investigated through numerical simulation in which only van der Waals force was considered. For the numerical analysis, finite element method was utilized and van der Waals force, assumed as 12-6 Lennard-Jones potential, was implemented as the body force term in the finite element formulation.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach for Predicting Pipeline Response to Various Blast Scenarios: A Numerical Modeling Study

Recent industrial explosions globally have intensified the focus in mechanical engineering on designing infras-tructure systems and networks capable of withstanding blast loading.Initially centered on high-profile facilities such as embassies and petrochemical plants,this concern now extends to a wider array of infrastructures and facilities.Engineers and scholars increasingly prioritize structural safety against explosions,particularly to prevent disproportionate collapse and damage to nearby structures.Urbanization has further amplified the reliance on oil and gas pipelines,making them vital for urban life and prime targets for terrorist activities.Consequently,there is a growing imperative for computational engineering solutions to tackle blast loading on pipelines and mitigate associated risks to avert disasters.In this study,an empty pipe model was successfully validated under contact blast conditions using Abaqus software,a powerful tool in mechanical engineering for simulating blast effects on buried pipelines.Employing a Eulerian-Lagrangian computational fluid dynamics approach,the investigation extended to above-surface and below-surface blasts at standoff distances of 25 and 50 mm.Material descriptions in the numerical model relied on Abaqus’default mechanical models.Comparative analysis revealed varying pipe performance,with deformation decreasing as explosion-to-pipe distance increased.The explosion’s location relative to the pipe surface notably influenced deformation levels,a key finding highlighted in the study.Moreover,quantitative findings indicated varying ratios of plastic dissipation energy(PDE)for different blast scenarios compared to the contact blast(P0).Specifically,P1(25 mm subsurface blast)and P2(50 mm subsurface blast)showed approximately 24.07%and 14.77%of P0’s PDE,respectively,while P3(25 mm above-surface blast)and P4(50 mm above-surface blast)exhibited lower PDE values,accounting for about 18.08%and 9.67%of P0’s PDE,respectively.Utilising energy-absorbing materials such as thin coatings of ultra-high-strength concrete,metallic foams,carbon fiber-reinforced polymer wraps,and others on the pipeline to effectively mitigate blast damage is recommended.This research contributes to the advancement of mechanical engineering by providing insights and solutions crucial for enhancing the resilience and safety of underground pipelines in the face of blast events.

The electronic structure of Nb＿3Al/Nb＿3Sn, a new test case for flat/steep band model of superconductivity

In this work, we choose Nb3Al/Nb3Sn as a new test case for flat/steep band model of superconductivity. Based on the density functional theory in the generalized gradient approximation, the electronic structure of Nb3Al/ Nb3Sn has been studied. The obtained results agree well with those of the earlier studies and show clearly fiat bands around the Fermi level. The steep bands as characterized in this work locate around the M point in the first Brillouin zone. The obtained results reveal that Nb3Al/Nb3Sn fits more to the ＂Flat/steep＂ band model than to the van-Hove singularity scenario. The fiat/steep band condition for superconductivity implies a different thermodynamic behavior of superconductors other than that predicted from the conventional BCS theory. This observation sets up an indicator for selecting a suitable superconductor when its large-scale industrial use is needed, for example, in superconducting maglev system or ITER project.

Crystal and Molecular Structure, and Spectral Characteristics of Sodium 3,5-Bis(Hydroxyimino)-1-Methyl-2,4,6-Trioxocyclohexanide

Sodium 3,5-bis(hydroxyimino)-1-methyl-2,4,6-trioxocyclohexanide C7H5N2NaO5 (I) has been isolated as the only product of the reaction of nitrosation of methylphloroglucinol. The structure of the titled compound has been determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The hydrated C7H5N2NaO52.5H2O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, with a(?) 16.408(3);b(?) 12.446(3);c(?) 13.716(3);(o) 126.34(3). The planar organic anion exists in a triketo-dihydroxyimino form with the C–O and C–N distances from 1.220(2) to 1.271(2)?? and from 1.292(2) to 1.293?? respectively. In the IR spectrum of I, the sharp absorption band occurred at 1681 cm-1 due to C=O stretching indicating the strong H-interactions. The correlations of theoretical (DFT-B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ) and experimental UV-vis absorption spectra in neutral and alkaline ethanolic solutions showed the existence of hydroxyimino-nitroso tautomerism while ionization of I.

热-水-力作用下圆孔花岗岩的动态损伤特征及结构模型

基于深层地热能开采时储能区井筒围岩所处的工程环境,采用高温加热、不同温度水浸泡、加热-循环次数及径向冲击加载的方法模拟井筒围岩经历的高温、遇水、循环采热及热冲击等造成的动力扰动等物理力学条件。同时,以不同内孔直径的同心圆孔岩样模拟深层地热井,采用分离式霍普金森压杆试验系统开展热-水-力作用下圆孔花岗岩的动态力学试验,并结合VIC-3D非接触应变测量及数值模拟分析技术监测冲击过程中圆孔岩样裂隙萌发、形成的历程和表面应变演化的规律,揭示热-水-力作用下圆孔岩样的动态损伤破坏机制。研究结果表明:径向冲击荷载作用下圆孔花岗岩先后经历弹性变形、塑性变形、结构失稳破坏3个典型阶段;内孔直径、加热温度、浸水温度、加热-浸水循环次数4因素都弱化了圆孔花岗岩抗外界荷载的能力,但未改变其整体的变形演化规律;圆孔花岗岩的破坏模式是动态拉伸破坏,先沿冲击方向由内孔壁向岩样外壁,再垂直冲击方向由岩样外壁向内孔壁萌发、贯通裂纹,形成近垂直的两组破裂面。最后,基于圆孔花岗岩的损伤变形特征及历程,在一定假设基础上,建立动态损伤结构模型,推演了结构方程,并结合试验结果确定了方程参数,通过对比分析发现,理论拟合曲线与试验曲线具有较好的一致性,验证构建的圆孔花岗岩动态损伤结构模型是合理的。研究成果不仅揭示了圆孔结构岩样的损伤破坏机制,也可为预测深部储能区地热井筒围岩损伤变形规律提供理论参考,具有一定的科学和工程实践意义。

Evaluation of Blast-Resistant Performance Predicted by Damaged Plasticity Model for Concrete

in order to evaluate the capacity of reinforced concrete （RC） structures subjected to blast Ioadings, the damaged plasticity model for concrete was used in the analysis of the dynamic responses of blast-loaded RC structures, and all three failure modes were numerically simulated by the finite element software ABAQUS. Simulation results agree with the experimental observations. It is demonstrated that the damaged plasticity model for concrete in the finite element software ABAQUS can predict dynamic responses and typical flexure, flexure-shear and direct shear failure modes of the blast-loaded RC structures.

Numerical analysis of the failure process of soil-rock mixtures through computed tomography and PFC3D models

Soil-rock mixture （SRM） is a unique type of geomaterial characterized by a heterogeneous composition and a complicated structure. It is intractable for the continuum-based soil and rock mechanics theories to accurately characterize and predict the SRM＇s mechanical properties. This study reports a novel numerical method incorporating microfocus computed tomography and PFC3D codes to probe the deformation and failure processes of SRM. The three-dimensional （3D） PFC models that represent the SRM＇s complex structures were built. By simulating the entire failure process in PFC3D, the SRM＇s strength, elastic modulus and crack growth were obtained. The influence of rock ratios on the SRM＇s strength, deformation and failure processes, as well as its internal mesoscale mechanism, were analyzed. By comparing simulation results with experimental data, it was verified that the 3D PFC models were in good agreement with SRM＇s real structure and the SRM＇s compression process, deformation and failure patterns; its intrinsic mesomechanism can be effectively analyzed based on such 3D PFC models.

SOIL PILE INTERACTION UNDER STATIC, DYNAMIC AND CYCLIC LATERAL LOADS AND A PROPOSAL OF p-y CURVE FORMULA

In this paper, the studies on soil-pile interaction behaviors in saturated sands under static, dynamic and cyclic lateral loads by model testing are described. By comparing with the field test results for piles in soft sandy clay, a formula of p-y curves based on constitutive relationship of soils applicable for both sandy and soft clays is proposed. Good agreements are obtained in comparison with the field test results performed by other investigators abroad. A p-y hysteresis curve formula based on the modified Masing's doubling criterion is also proposed, and the results are in satisfactory agreement with field test results.

Numerical study on wave loads and motions of two ships advancing in waves by using three-dimensional translating-pulsating source

A frequency domain analysis method based on the three-dimensional translating-pulsating （3DTP） source Green function is developed to investigate wave loads and free motions of two ships advancing on parallel course in waves. Two experiments are carried out respectively to mea- sure the wave loads and the free motions for a pair of side-by- side arranged ship models advancing with an identical speed in head regular waves. For comparison, each model is also tested alone. Predictions obtained by the present solution are found in favorable agreement with the model tests and are more accurate than the traditional method based on the three dimensional pulsating （3DP） source Green function. Numer- ical resonances and peak shift can be found in the 3DP pre- dictions, which result from the wave energy trapped in the gap between two ships and the extremely inhomogeneous wave load distribution on each hull. However, they can be eliminated by 3DTP, in which the speed affects the free sur- face and most of the wave energy can be escaped from the gap. Both the experiment and the present prediction show that hydrodynamic interaction effects on wave loads and free motions are significant. The present solver may serve as a validated tool to predict wave loads and motions of two ves- sels under replenishment at sea, and may help to evaluate the hydrodynamic interaction effects on the ships safety in replenishment operation.

桥梁结构挠度-温度-车辆荷载监测数据相关性模型

运营状态下桥梁结构挠度、车载和温度的相关性复杂,高精度的车载、温度与挠度相关性模型对桥梁结构健康监测具有重要意义。为此,提出了基于门控循环单元(gated recurrent unit,GRU)神经网络的桥梁挠度监测数据建模方法。为解决车辆荷载监测数据在时域内离散分布的问题,提出了基于挠度影响线的车载影响参数计算方法;在此基础上建立了基于GRU神经网络的车载影响参数、环境温度和桥梁挠度相关性模型。以一座悬索桥为例,分别建立了短时段、中长时段的相关性模型,考察了相关性模型对加劲梁挠度的预测能力,并利用相关性模型提出了一种温度和车载挠度分量的分离方法。悬索桥实例研究表明:短时段相关性模型的挠度预测值与实时监测数据基本吻合,而中长时段相关性模型则对一定时间窗口内的挠度极值具有精确的预测能力;采用相关性模型计算得到的温度与车载挠度分量与小波分解结果具有良好的一致性。

Hydrocarbon-Generating Model of the Area Covered With Volcanic Rock

The distribution of Oil & gas fields shows their close relationship with the most active tectonic regions. This is not a coincidence but having a scientific reasons. The crustal active regions, refer to the places where the active natural earthquake, volcanic activities, underground water happened, and the areas of the leaking Off of natural gas to the surface of the crust. The magma of volcanic activities brings the organic "kitchen range body" hydrocarbon - generating model and inorganic genetic hydrocarbon to the regions covered by volcanic rock. Underground water brings a catalytic hydrocarbon generating model for organic matter, and the leaking - off of H2 and CO2 contributes a synthetic hydrocarbon - generating model. Volcanic activities bring the assemblage of Source, Reservoir and Seal formed by the sediments and magma the sedimentary basins, and the hydrocarbon - generating system with a "water - volcano" binary structure is formed. All these conditions are favorable and excellent for the formation of oil & gas fields. The distribution of AInerican oil & gas fields have very close relationship with the mines of Fe, Mn, Cr, Mo, W and V, deposits of Zn, Cu, V, Pb, Al and Hg, and the deposits of fluorite, sulfur, potassium salt, phosphate and halite, and the distribution of sulfate - chloride of river water. The reason why few oil & gas fields discovered in the regions covered by volcanic rock in western America maybe because of the view of "inconsistency between petroleum and volcano". Further more, It’s very difficult to carry out a geophysical exploration in such kinds of regions. This paper examined a few hydrocarbon - generating models (systems) mentioned above and came up with some flesh ideas on the exploration in the areas covered with volcanic rocks.

疲劳荷载作用后钢-混凝土组合外接式节点静载性能试验研究

为研究疲劳荷载对钢桁腹-混凝土组合外接式节点静力性能的影响,设计并制作了3个1∶3节点模型,分别进行了静载破坏试验和疲劳后静载破坏试验,获得了节点破坏模式、荷载-位移曲线及节点板荷载-应变曲线,研究了节点屈服荷载、极限荷载、节点刚度及延性系数等力学性能指标的变化.试验结果表明:节点板是组合节点受力关键构件,节点板破坏是外接式节点的典型破坏模式;疲劳荷载对节点屈服前的受力性能影响较小,但对节点屈服后的受力性能影响显著;与仅承受静载的试件相比,未疲劳破坏试件的极限承载力减小4%,延性系数减小28%,有疲劳破坏试件的极限承载力减小25%,延性系数减小52%;疲劳裂纹引起了节点板应力重分布,增大了无疲劳裂纹区域的应变,且应变增长率随着与疲劳裂纹距离的增加而减小.

基于黏聚单元法的冰-柱碰撞流固耦合计算方法研究

在采用黏聚单元法模拟海洋结构物与海冰的相互作用过程中,大多未考虑水的作用,与实际应用场景不符。基于LS-DYNA有限元软件,构建两种不同厚度的黏聚单元冰模型,采用S-ALE流固耦合方法,对圆柱体直立结构与层冰碰撞进行了数值模拟,研究了碰撞过程中层冰的破坏模式及柱体所受冰载荷,数值模拟结果与实际观测现象相吻合。随后分析了流场网格大小对耦合效果及冰载荷的影响。结果表明:柱体所受冰载荷与流场网格呈正相关,当流场网格为冰体单元的2倍时,计算时间及耦合效果最佳。