A Comparative Study on Chemical Composition of Supercritical CO_2 Extraction Products in Peels of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. from Changqing District

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the differences in chemical composition of supercritical CO2 extraction products in peels of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. from Changqing district. [Method] Supercritical fluidextraction （SFE） and GCMS method were applied to determine and analyze the chemical components of the extracts in peels of three strains of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. [Result] The chemical components of supercritical CO2 extraction products in peels of three strains of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. varied., and the number of chemical components with normalized percentage content higher than 1% was 5, 7 and 8, respectively. There are 14 kinds of common components, and the relative content of hexadecanoic acid was the highest. [Conclusion] Supercritical CO2 extracts in peels of different strains of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. contain different chemical components, providing scientific basis for breeding excellent varieties and the development and utilization of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.

Lowering fasting blood glucose with non-dialyzable material of cranberry extract is dependent on host genetic background,sex and diet

Background:Type 2 diabetes(T2D)is a polygenic metabolic disease,character-ized by high fasting blood glucose(FBG).The ability of cranberry(CRN)fruit to regulate glycemia in T2D patients is well known.Here,a cohort of 13 lines of the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross(CC)mouse model was assessed for the effect of non-dialyzable material(NDM)of cranberry extract in lowering fasting blood glucose.Methods:Eight-week-old mice were maintained on either a standard chow diet(con-trol group)or a high-fat diet(HFD)for 12 weeks,followed by injections of intraperi-toneal(IP)NDM(50 mg/kg)per mouse,three times a week for the next 6 weeks.Absolute FBG(mg/dl)was measured bi-weekly and percentage changes in FBG(%FBG)between weeks 0 and 12 were calculated.Results:Statistical analysis showed a significant decrease in FBG between weeks 0 and 12 in male and female mice maintained on CHD.However,a non-significant in-crease in FBG values was observed in male and female mice maintained on HFD dur-ing the same period.Following administration of NDM during the following 6 weeks,the results show a variation in significant levels of FBG lowering between lines,male and female mice and under the different diets.Conclusion:The results suggest that the efficacy of NDM treatment in lowering FGB depends on host genetic background(pharmacogenetics),sex of the mouse(phar-macosex),and diet(pharmacodiet).All these results support the need for follow-up research to better understand and implement a personalized medicine approach/uti-lization of NDM for reducing FBG.

Dynamic analysis of heat extraction rate by supercritical carbon dioxide in fractured rock mass based on a thermal-hydraulic-mechanics coupled model

Heat production from geothermal reservoirs is a typical heat transfer process involving a cold working fluid contacting a hot rock formation.Compared to the thermal-physical characteristics of water,supercritical CO_(2)(scCO_(2))has a higher heat storage capacity over a wide temperature-pressure range and may be favored as a heat transfer fluid.Singularly characteristic of scCO_(2)-based heat extraction is that the hydraulic-thermal properties of the scCO_(2) vary dramatically and dynamically with the spatial pressure gradient during unsteady-state flow along fracture.This highly nonlinear behavior presents a challenge in the accurate estimation of heat extraction efficiency in scCO_(2)-based EGS.In this paper,a thermal-h ydraulic-mechanical(THM)coupled model is developed by considering deformation of the fractured reservoir,non-Darcy flow and the varying thermal-physical properties of scCO_(2).The proposed model is validated by matching the modeling temperature distribution with published data.The results show that during continuous injection of scCO_(2),the fracture first widens and then narrows,ultimately reopening over the long term.The sequential fracture deformation behaviors are in response to the combined impacts of mechanical compression and thermally-induced deformation.By controlling the injection parameters of the scCO_(2),it is found that the heat extraction rate is positively correlated to its pore pressure or mass flow rate.The heat extraction rate can be significantly enhanced,when the inlet temperature of scCO_(2) is below its critical temperature.As a result,the heat increment recovered per unit mass of scCO_(2) decreases as the hot rock is gradually cooled.Meanwhile,the heat increment recovered per unit mass of scCO_(2) decreases by increasing the inlet temperature of scCO_(2) or its mass flow rate,but increases as the outlet pressure rises.Furthermore,multi-linear regression indicates that controlling the inlet temperature of the scCO_(2) can significantly improve the thermodynamic efficiency of heat extraction.

Extraction of Heavy Metals from Solid Material by Supercritical CO_2

Extraction of heavy metal ions from solid matrix by means of an incorporation of chelating agents with supercritical carbon dioxide（scCO2） was investigated experimentally. Four commercially available chelating agents, diethylammonium diethyldithiocarbamate（Et2NH2DDC）, trifluoroacetylacetone（TFA）, hexafluoroacetylacetone（HFA） and thenoyltrifluoroacetone（TTA） were tested. The extraction experiments were conducted at 50 °C and 1.39×107― 2.80×107 Pa. According to the experimental results, for the extraction of Cu2＋, all the chelating agents investigated here are effective. For other metal ions, such as Pb2＋, Ni2＋ and Cd2＋, Et2NH2DDC exhibited a better extraction result, while other chelating agents were less effective. This investigation is expected to provide a tentative evaluation on the scCO2-based metal extraction from solid media.

Supercritical Fluid Carbon Dioxide in the Extraction of Lanolin and Its Alcohol

The use of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SFCO2) in extraction of lanolin and its alcohol is superior to the conventional solvent extraction method. Its distinctive advantages include high extractive ratio, nontoxic and nonflammable solvents, and minimal by -product pollution. The resulting refined lanolin and its alcohol have light color and little odor, and can be used as raw materials for high grade cosmetic products.

Effect of Allelochemicals of Chinese-fir root extracted by supercritical CO_2 extraction on Chinese fir

Allelochemicals of Chinese-fir root was extracted by technology ofsupercritical CO_2 extraction under orthogonal experiment design, and it was used to analyzeallelopathic activity of Chinese-fir through bioassay of seed germination. The results showed thatas to the available rate of allelochemicals, the pressure and temperature of extraction were themost important factors. The allelochemicals of Chinese-fir root extracted by pure CO_2 and ethanolmixed with CO_2 have different allelopathic activities to seed germination, and the allelochemicalsextracted by ethanol mixed with CO_2 had stronger inhibitory effects on seed germination than thatextracted by pure CO_2.

Extraction of betulin from bark of Betula platyphylla by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Betulin, which is a medicinal pentacyclic triterpene, is abundant in the bark of white birch (Betula platyphlly). The bark of birch was collected at Tayuan Forest Farm of Jiagedaqi, Heilongjiang Province in September 2000. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) that is a new separation technology has been used for the processing pharmaceutical and natural products. In this paper, the extraction of betulin from the bark of birch by supercritical CO2 extraction was studied. The authors investigated and analyzed a few parameters such as modifier dosage, extraction pressure and extraction temperature. The optimal extrac-tion conditions showed that the modifier dosage used for per gram bark powder was 1.5 mL, the extraction pressure was at 20 Mpa, and the extraction temperature was at 55 C. The velocity of flow of liquid CO2 was at 10 kg/h. The pressure and tem-perature in separation vessel were at 5.5 Mpa and 50 C, respectively.

Effect of Allelochemicals of Chinese-fir root extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction on Chinese fir

Allelochemicals of Chinese-fir root was extracted by technology of supercritical CO2 extraction under orthogonal experiment design, and it was used to analyze allelopathic activity of Chinese-fir through bioassay of seed germination. The results showed that as to the available rate of allelochemicals, the pressure and temperature of extraction were the most important factors. The allelochemicals of Chinese-fir root extracted by pure CO2 and ethanol mixed with CO2 have different allelopathic activities to seed germination, and the allelochemicals extracted by ethanol mixed with CO2 had stronger inhibitory effects on seed germination than that extracted by pure CO2.

Measurement and Correlation of the Solubility of Ligusticum Chuanxiong oil in Supercritical CO_2

Extraction of the Ligusticum Chuanxiong oil with supercritical CO2 （SC-CO2） was investigated at the temperatures ranging from 55℃ to 70℃ and pressure from 25 MPa to 35 MPa. The mass of Ligusticum Chuanxiong oil extracted increased with pressure at constant temperature. The initial slope of the extraction was considered as the solubility of oil in SC-CO2. Chrastil equation was used to correlate the solubility data of Ligusticum Chuanxiong oil. An improved Chrastil equation was also presented and was employed to correlate the solubility data, The correlation results show that the values of the average absolute relative deviation are 5.94% and 3.33% respectively, indicating the improved version has better correlation accuracy than that of Chrastil equation.

Kinetics of Reactive Extraction of Nd from Nd2O3 with TBP-HNO3 Complex in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

The process based on supercritical fluid extraction for reprocessing of the spent nuclear fuel has some remarkable advantages over the plutonium-uranium extraction(PUREX) process.Especially,it can minimize the generation of secondary waste.Dynamic reactive extraction of neodymium oxide(Nd2O3) in supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO2) containing tri-n-butyl phosphate-nitric acid(TBP-HNO3) complex was investigated.Temperature showed a positive effect on the extraction efficiency,while pressure showed a negative effect when the unsaturated TBP-HNO3 complex was employed for the dynamic reactive extraction of Nd2O3 in SC-CO2.Both temperature and pressure effects indicated that the kinetic process of the reactive extraction was controlled by the chemical reaction.A kinetic model was proposed to describe the extraction process.

Supercritical fluid extraction of useful compounds from sage

A qualitative analysis of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of the medically useful compound, sage (Salvia officinalis) is presented in this study. Carbon dioxide was used as a supercritical solvent. Effects of operating conditions such as temperature, pressure, and extraction time were investigated. The effect of addition of cosolvents was also studied. The extracted useful compounds were identified and analyzed using GC-MS chromatography. The analysis of the extract obtained by SFE showed certain significant major compounds that are considered medically important. These major compounds are 1R-.alpha.-Pinene, D-Limonene, l-Camphene, and b-Pinene, and Eucalyptol. Although, there was no consistent trend with respect to the effect of the studied parameters on the composition of the extract, the selectivity of these major compounds are dependant on the operating conditions, manily the operating pressure. An increase in the pressure resulted in an increase in herb extraction yield;this is true for certain group of extracts, while the inverse is also true for other group of compounds. The effect of certain cosolvents on the extractability of sage showed a significant improvement of the yield of some particular constituents of sage.

Experimental and Simulating Study of Supercritical CO_2 Extraction of Ginger Essential Oil

An experimental setup for separating ginger essential oil by supercritical fluid extraction is established. The effects of the extraction pressure, temperature, CO2 flow rate and particle size of raw material on the extraction rate are investigated, and the optimum process conditions of supercritical CO2 extraction are determined. A mathematical simulation model is established based on the mass conservation in differential units of extraction bed. The total mass transfer driving force and the equilibrium absorption constant are evaluated by the linear driving force theory. The results from numerical simulation agree well with the experimental data.

Study on the Composition and Super Critical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Chinese Hickory (<i>Carya cathayensis</i>Sarg.) Kernel Oil

Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.) is one of the most productive woody oil-bearing plant in China. Four different extraction methods were explored and supercritical CO2 was selected as green and non-toxic solvent to extract Chinese kernel oil. Four experiment factors, particles size, extraction time, extraction temperature and extraction pressure, were selected to carry out the single factor experiments. According to the results of orthogonal experiments design, the condition of B3C2A2D2 was the optimum reaction parameters. When the experiments were carried out at the optimum parameters, the yield of Chinese hickory kernel oil was 74.5%. The oil fatty acids profiles were analyzed, the results showed that total unsaturated fatty acids were 93.05%. Among them, oleic acid was 66.5 ± 0.44 as the main component. Saturated fatty acids were 6.92 ± 0.21.

Influence of Modifier in Supercritical CO₂on Qualitative and Quantitative Extraction Results of <i>Eucalyptus</i>Ecential Oil

A supercritical CO2 extraction behavior of Eucalyptus oil was investigated under different conditions of pressure, temperature and time with or without cosolvent. The pressure range was from 8 to 25 MPa, temperature from 35 to 55&deg;C and CO2 flow rate from 10 to 26 g/min. For 1,8-cineole the appropriate extracting pressure was 15 MPa and temperature was 45&deg;C. When CO2 flow rate was 18 g/min, it was benefit to extract the other three substances (limonene, p-cymene and γ-terpinene, respectively) except 1,8-cineole. Prolonging extraction time could not obviously increase the extract concentration, but the extract yield would increase. The results also indicated that ethanol as a modifier could improve extraction velocity and extraction concentration.

Extraction and Characterization of Oil from <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Using Supercritical CO₂and Traditional Solvents

The present work presents a first characterization of the oil from the Moringa (Moringa oleifera) kernel as a potential candidate for biodiesel production. Moringa is an indigenous tree in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, where there is a nascent biodiesel industry. Several extraction methods are compared in terms of the extraction yields, including solvent extraction (n-hexane and ethanol), and supercritical extraction (Sc-CO2). The results are also compared against previ- ously reported data. For supercritical extraction pressures of 200 to 400 bar and temperatures of 40℃ and 60℃ were tested. Gas Chromatography analysis reveals that the main fatty acids in Moringa oil are oleic acid (69%), palmitic acid (10%), and stearic acid (8%).

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Uncrushed Jordanian Olives

Announcement from Editorial Board ? The following article has been retracted due to special reason of the authors. This paper published in Vol.2 No. 3, 2012, has been removed from this site. ? Title: Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Uncrushed Jordanian Olives Authors: Awni Al-Otoom, Sameer Al-Asheh, Mamdouh Allawzi, Khalid Mahshi, Nahawand Alzenati, Bader Banat, Bdour Alnimr ? ACES Editorial Board? May 19,

Isolation of Organochlorine Pesticide from Ginseng with Supercritical CO_2

The feasibility of removal of the organochlorine pesticides residues of hexachlorocyclohexane(BHC) from radix ginseng with supercritical CO2 was explored. Some factors, such as extraction pressure, extraction temperature, and kinds of co-solvents were investigated. The experimental results indicate that it is possible to reduce BHC residues in radix ginseng to the level of 0.1 × 10^-6 with supercritical CO2 in the presence of suitable amount of co-solvent, such as water.

Separation of Erucic Acid from Rape-Seed Oil Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide with Entrainer

Separation of erucic acid from rape-seed oil using supercritical carbon dioxide with entrainer was carried on a pilot column with an inner diameter 14 mm and an effective total height 2.2 m. Experiments were focused on the effects of entrainers, i.e. acetone, ethanol and ethyl acetate, on the extraction. It is showed that entrainers made selectivity lower, but separation time shorter.

Production of Submicroparticles of β-Sitosterol Using an Aerosol Solvent Extraction System

The submicroparticles of β-sitosterol were produced by using an aerosol solvent extraction system （ASES） and characterized by scanning electronic microscope （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） analysis. The effects of operational parameters including pressure, temperature, solution concentration, and ratio of flow rate （CO2/solution, r） on particle size （PS）, yield, and morphology were investigated. The results showed that microparticles of β-sitosterol （less than 1000 nm size and larger than 70% yield） could be obtained at 10-15 MPa, 35 50℃, 15 mg·ml^-1, 10/1（r）; β-sitosterol particles were found to occur as three mophologies： flakes, rods, and spheres by varying ratio of flow rate or solution concentration. In contrast, the crystallinity of β-sitosterol decreased, whereas its molecular structure remained almost unchanged after being ASES-treated. Therefore, ASES was an effective method to produce submicroparticles of β-sitosterol.

超临界二氧化碳与页岩相互作用机制

超临界二氧化碳与页岩相互作用机制及规律对页岩油气开发非常重要。目前缺少对超临界二氧化碳注入页岩储层后页岩润湿性、孔隙度和渗透率变化规律的研究。为了明确在不同条件下经过超临界二氧化碳浸泡处理后页岩矿物成分和微观结构的变化规律,以四川盆地龙马溪地区页岩为研究对象,对其总有机碳含量、矿物成分、表面形貌及低压N2和CO_(2) 吸附进行了测试。通过对不同浸泡时间、压力和含水条件下页岩处理前、后的物理性质和微观结构进行定量表征,研究了超临界二氧化碳对页岩孔隙度、渗透率以及润湿性的影响。研究结果表明:①随着浸泡时间和浸泡压力的增加,页岩中的黏土矿物和碳酸盐矿物(方解石和白云石)含量降低,石英含量增加,有机质含量降低明显。②扫描电镜图像显示页岩中微观孔隙结构变化受萃取作用、溶蚀作用和吸附膨胀作用共同影响。页岩中微观孔隙结构的变化导致了页岩孔隙度和渗透率的改变。页岩渗透率变化受到黏土矿物、碳酸盐矿物和有机质含量的影响。③超临界二氧化碳浸泡处理后页岩的润湿性发生改变,随着浸泡时间和压力的增加,页岩-水接触角增大,页岩的润湿性由强水湿转变为弱水湿和中等润湿。