Application of the Conditional Inverse Matrix Theory for Estimation of Origin-Destination Trip Matrices from Link Traffic Flows

This study focuses on estimating O-D （origin-destination） trip demand from link traffic flows. Equality relationship among link traffic flow, path flow, and O-D trip matrices are used to establish a linear equation system. Solution characteristics are analyzed based on the relationship between the rank of the link/path incidence matrix and column variables. And under the solution framework of conditional inverse matrices, a column exchange method and a path flow proportion method have been developed. Network testing results verify that the proposed methods yield good results.

INSTANTANEOUS THERMAL EXPANSION BEHAVIOR OF HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS WITH A WORK-HARDENING ELASTOPLASTIC MATRIX AND ELASTIC SPHEROIDAL INHOMOGENEITIES

The instantaneous thermal expansion behavior of-two-phase heterogeneous materials subjected to a uniform temperature change is explored in the present study. The matrix phase is assumed to be a work-hardening ductile metal and the dispersive phase is assumed to consist of either aligned or randomly-oriented, elastic,, spheroidal inhomogeneities. The plastic flow and decreasing stiffness of the matrix during Eshelby's transformation strain of the equivalent inclusions are accounted for by using the deformation theory of plasticity. The explicit results of the instantaneous overall thermal expansion coefficients and the critical inelastic temperature changes are presented for aligned disc- and fiber-inclusions. For the spherical and randomly-oriented spheroidal inclusion, the present study demonstrates that when the yielding of the composites is governed by the average matrix stress, the overall response is always elastic in spite of the temperature change.

Fingered Intrusion of Shallow Saucer-shaped Igneous Sills: Insights from the Jiaojiang Sag, East China Sea

An extensive suite of igneous sills was intruded into the Tertiary sedimentary section of the Jiaojiang sag, East China Sea. This suite has been well imaged offshore through 2D and 3D seismic surveys, showing a close relationship with CO2 content in nearby gas discoveries. A new observational model, which incorporates simple upward propagation, simple horizontal propagation, and transgressive propagation, was proposed to interpret these sill intrusions. In this model, the source magma of the saucer-shaped sills was injected from their lowest points near the center. The transgressive propagation can be interpreted as a combination of the vertical and horizontal propagation. Most shallow sub-volcanic intrusions in the Jiaojiang sag exhibit fingered characteristics, both vertically and horizontally. The vertical fingered propagation produced saucer-shaped sills arranged in the flower style. Along the brims of lower sills could usually be found the upper sills, which are interpreted to have formed simultaneously with or later than the lower feeder sills. In the second type, the chilled paths of the older sills were reutilized by subsequent intrusions. The horizontal fingered propagation formed sheet intrusions that exhibit groove, lobate, tubular, and crevasse splay- like geometry in plan view. In 3D view, the sheet intrusions have still preserved the lower center and higher rim that similar with the sub-rounded saucer-shaped sills. Although fracture propagation may be important, flow inflation was the key mechanism of magma intrusion. Further consideration of the mechanisms underlying sill formation may help explain the fingered characteristics of sill propagation.

Numerical Study of the Intensity Correlation between Secondary Flow and Heat Transfer of Circle Tube-Finned Heat Exchanger with Vortex Generators

The application of vortex generators in tube-finned heat exchangers is very universal.The vortex generators can generate secondary flow,and as we all know secondary flow can obviously strengthen heat transfer.To use vortex generators much more efficiently in the circle tube-finned heat exchangers,the intensity correlation study between secondary flow and heat transfer is needed.22 different structures of circle tube-finned heat exchangers were numerically studied,including the plain fin cases and the cases with vortex generators.In addition,the influence of fin spacing,transverse and longitudinal tube pitch,heights and attack angle of vortex generators,positions of vortex generators and shape of vortex generators on heat transfer and fluid flow are studied,too.The non-dimensional parameter Se is applied to quantify the secondary flow intensity.The results show that Se can describe the secondary flow intensity very well.There is very close corresponding relationship between overall averaged Nu and volumetrically averaged Se for all the researched cases and the relational expression is obtained.However,there is no one-to-one correlation not only between Re and f but also between volumetrically averaged Se and f for all the studied cases.

Parameterizations of the Daytime Friction Velocity, Temperature Scale, and Upslope Flow over Gently Inclined Terrain in Calm Synoptic Conditions

A set of new parameterizations for the friction velocity and temperature scale over gently sloped terrain and in calm synoptic conditions are theoretically derived. The friction velocity is found to be proportional to the product of the square root of the total accumulated heating in the boundary layer and the sinusoidal function of the slope angle, while the temperature scale is proportional to the product of the boundary layer depth, the sinusoidal function of the slope angle and the potential temperature gradient in the free atmosphere. Using the new friction velocity parameterization, together with a parameterization of eddy diffusivity and an initial potential temperature profile around sunrise, an improved parameterization for the thermally induced upslope flow profile is derived by solving the Prandtl equations. The upslope flow profile is found to be simply proportional to the friction velocity.

Development of Risk Index of Uninterrupted Traffic Flow According to the Occurrence of Fog

The driver’s visibility is degraded when weather conditions deteriorate, which affects the traffic flow and induces traffic congestion or accidents. In particular, traffic accidents can be?led to chain reaction collisions, with high rate of fatality, when fog occurs in contrast to other weather factors that may restrict visibility. For the development of a traffic risk index, a deviation of the vehicle’s speed was set for the traffic risk index by referring to previous study results. In addition, factors that affected the deviation in a vehicle’s speed were selected as independent variables based on the traffic flow analysis during occurrences of fog. The visible distance, traffic volume, and speed were selected as the independent variables to estimate the optimal parameters in the regression model. The traffic risk index model during occurrences of fog proposed in this study is an exponential model, with the visible distance and the traffic volume defined as independent variables. According to the study model, traffic risk increased as the visible distance decreased and the traffic volume was lower. Thus, the visible distance that can affect traffic flow during occurrences of fog can be determined in the future based on the results of this study. The study results will be expected to contribute to not only traffic safety improvements, but also the facilitation of traffic flow as drivers and traffic operation managers intuitively recognize the level of risk.

A Review of Geothermal Type-Curves with Damage Effect: A Case of Practical Apply to a Mexican Geothermal Field

A review of the art state was developed about the inflow relationships and their application for reservoir characterization. The theoretical development of the methodology for determining the damage effect using type-curves of the inflow relationships was shown. We show the process followed for achieve the geothermal type-curve affected with damage for reservoirs with mean salinities of 30000 ppm and temperatures up to 350℃. This type-curve was applied using measurement production data in a Mexican geothermal field. According with the obtained results is shown that the methodology for determining the damage effect using production measurements is a sure alternative for the damage effect calculation. It was used an alternative methodology in order to validate the damage presence and the obtained results were consistent. Last thing shows that both methodologies can be combined as a confident manner.

A simple approach for the estimation of CO_2 penetration depth into a caprock layer

Caprock is a water-saturated formation with a sufficient entry capillary pressure to prevent the upward migration of a buoyant fluid. When the entry capillary pressure of caprock is smaller than the pressure exerted by the buoyant CO2plume, CO2gradually penetrates into the caprock. The CO2penetration depth into a caprock layer can be used to measure the caprock sealing efficiency and becomes the key issue to the assessment of caprock sealing efficiency. On the other hand, our numerical simulations on a caprock layer have revealed that a square root law for time and pore pressure exists for the CO2penetration into the caprock layer. Based on this finding, this study proposes a simple approach to estimate the CO2penetration depth into a caprock layer. This simple approach is initially developed to consider the speed of CO2invading front. It explicitly expresses the penetration depth with pressuring time, pressure difference and pressure magnitude. This simple approach is then used to fit three sets of experimental data and good fittings are observed regardless of pressures, strengths of porous media, and pore fluids(water,hydrochloric acid, and carbonic acid). Finally, theoretical analyses are conducted to explore those factors affecting CO2penetration depth. The effects of capillary pressure, gas sorption induced swelling, and fluid property are then included in this simple approach. These results show that this simple approach can predict the penetration depth into a caprock layer with sufficient accuracy, even if complicated interactions in penetration process are not explicitly expressed in this simple formula.

On the Analysis and Numerical Formulation of Miscible Fluid Flow in Porous Media Using Chebyshev Wavelets Collocation Method

In this paper, the Chebyshev wavelet method, constructed from the Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind is proposed to numerically simulate the single-phase flow of fluid in a reservoir. The method was used together with the operational matrices of integration which resulted in an algebraic system of equations. The system of equation was solved for the wavelet coefficient and used to construct the solutions. The efficiency and accuracy of the method were demonstrated through error measurements. Both the root mean square and the maximum absolute error analysis used in the study were within significantly close range. The Chebyshev wavelet collocation method subsequently was observed to closely approximate the analytic solution to the single phase flow model quite well.

Relationship between the Interannual Variations of Total Ozone in the Northern Hemisphere and the QBO of Basic Flow in the Tropical Stratosphere

The harmonic analyses of monthly mean total ozone in the atmosphere over the Northern Hemisphere for 26 years (1960-1985) are made by using the Fourier expansion. The analysed results show that there is obviously a quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the interannual variations of the amplitudes of total ozone. Generally, the amplitudes of wavenumber 1 and 2 during the westerly of the equatorial QBO are larger than those during the easterly. In the early winter, the amplitude of wavenumber 1 during the easterly phase is larger, and in the late winter, it is larger during the westerly phase. These are in good agreement with the observational distributions.

The relationship of tension and blood flow of the expanded pedicled fasciocutaneous flap in pig

Objective To evaluate the effect of wound closure tension on the blood flow of the expanded pedicled fasciocutaneous flap,so as to find the best tension for the blood supply of the flap.Methods 8 piglets,aged 9-12 months,were used.On

Effects of plant roots on soil preferential pathways and soil matrix in forest ecosystems

To characterize effects of plant roots on preferential flow（PF）,we measured root length density（RLD）and root biomass（RB） in Jiufeng National Forest Park,Beijing,China.Comparisons were made for RLD and RB between soil preferential pathways and soil matrices.RLD and RB declined with the increasing soil depth（0–10,10–20,20–30,30–40,40–50,50–60 cm） in all experimental plots.RLD was greater in soil preferential pathways than in the surrounding soil matrix and was 69.5,75.0 and72.2 % for plant roots of diameter（d） ／1,1 ／ d ／ 3 and3 ／ d ／ 5 mm,respectively.Fine root systems had the most pivotal influence on soil preferential flow in this forest ecosystem.In all experimental plots,RB content was the sum of RB from soil preferential pathways and the soil matrix in each soil depth.With respect to 6 soil depth gradient（0–10,10–20,20–30,30–40,40–50,50–60 cm） in each plot,the number of soil depth gradient that RB content was greater in soil preferential pathways than in the soil matrix was characterized,and the proportion was68.2 % in all plots.

On-site rapid detection of multiple pesticide residues in tea leaves by lateral flow immunoassay

The application of pesticides (mostly insecticides and fungicides) during the tea-planting process will undoubtedly increase the dietary risk associated with drinking tea. Thus, it is necessary to ascertain whether pesticide residues in tea products exceed the maximum residue limits. However, the complex matrices present in tea samples comprise a major challenge in the analytical detection of pesticide residues. In this study, nine types of lateral flow immunochromatographic strips (LFICSs) were developed to detect the pesticides of interest (fenpropathrin, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, pyraclostrobin, and iprodione). To reduce the interference of tea substrates on the assay sensitivity, the pretreatment conditions for tea samples, including the extraction solvent, extraction time, and purification agent, were optimized for the simultaneous detection of these pesticides. The entire testing procedure (including pretreatment and detection) could be completed within 30 min. The detected results of authentic tea samples were confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), which suggest that the LFICS coupled with sample rapid pretreatment can be used for on-site rapid screening of the target pesticide in tea products prior to their market release.

Influence of matrix physical properties on flow characteristics in dual network model

The tight oil formation develops with microfractures and matrix pores,it is important to study the influence of matrix physical properties on flow characteristics.At first,the representative fracture and matrix samples are selected respectively in the dual media,the fracture and matrix digital rocks are constructed with micro-CT scanning at different resolutions,and the corresponding fracture and matrix pore networks are extracted,respectively.Then,the modified integration method is proposed to build the dual network model containing both fracture and matrix pore-throat elements,while the geometric-topological structure equivalent matrix pores are generated to fill in the skeleton domain of fracture network,the constructed dual network could describe the geometric-topological structure characteristics of fracture and matrix pore-throat simultaneously.At last,by adjusting the matrix pore density and the matrix filling domain factor,a series of dual network models are obtained to analyze the influence of matrix physical properties on flow characteristics in dual-media.It can be seen that the matrix system contributes more to the porosity of the dual media and less to the permeability.With the decrease in matrix pore density,the porosity/permeability contributions of matrix system to dual media keep decreasing,but the decrease is not significant,the oil-water co-flow zone decreases and the irreducible water saturation increases,and the saturation interval dominated by the fluid flow in the fracture keeps increasing.With the decrease in matrix filling domain factor,the porosity/permeability contributions of matrix system to dual media decreases,the oil-water co-flow zone increases and the irreducible water saturation decreases,and the saturation interval dominated by the fluid flow in the fracture keeps increasing.The results can be used to explain the dual-media flow pattern under different matrix types and different fracture control volumes during tight oil production.

Applying a modified conduit flow process to understand conduit-matrix exchange of a karst aquifer

Due to the high heterogeneity and complexity of water flow movement for multiple karst water-bearing mediums,the evaluation,effective development,and utilization of karst water resources are significantly limited.Matrix flow is usually laminar,whereas conduit flow is usually turbulent.The driving mechanisms of water exchange that occur between the karst conduit and its adjacent matrix are not well understood.This paper investigates the hydrodynamic characteristics and the mechanism of flow exchange in dual water-bearing mediums(conduit and matrix)of karst aquifers through laboratory experimentation and numerical simulation.A karst aquifer consisting of a matrix network and a conduit was proposed,and the relationship between the water exchange flux and hydraulic head differences generated from the laboratory experiments was analyzed.Two modes of experimental tests were performed with different fixed water level boundaries in the laboratory karst aquifer.The results indicate that the water exchange capacity was proportional to the square root of hydraulic head differences.The linear exchange term in the conduit flow process(CFP)source program was modified according to experimental results.The modified CFP and the original CFP model experimental data results were compared,and it was found that the modified CFP model had better fitting effects.These results showed that the water exchange mechanism between conduit and matrix is very important for solid-liquid interface reaction,water resource evaluation,and understanding of karst hydrodynamic behavior.

Strongly nonlinear long interfacial waves in uniform basic flows and their dispersion relationship

In this paper, long interfacial waves of finite amplitude in uniform basic flows are considered with the assumption that the aspect ratio between wavelength and water depth is small. A new model is derived using the velocities at arbitrary distances from the still water level as the velocity variables instead of the commonly used depth-averaged velocities. This significantly improves the dispersion properties and makes them applicable to a wider range of water depths. Since its derivation requires no assumption on wave amplitude, the model thus can be used to describe waves with arbitrary amplitude.

Exploring Application Layer Protocol Relationships in SoftSwitch

Relationships between application layer protocols in softswitch are explored in this paper.Two notions, i.e.protocol relationship and protocol grouping, are proposed, which are not clearly defined and even not paid much attention to before.On the basis of a well known protocol relationship named protocol conversion, three novel protocol relationships including protocol collaboration relationship, protocol cooperation relationship and protocol independent relationship are presented, so that protocol relationships are classified into four types.According to the functionality and purpose of each protocol, main protocols related to softswitch are divided into five groups.As to protocol conversion in softswitch, information flow trail(IFT) is utilized to facilitate problem solving.A decision rule for protocol conversion mode is proposed to guide how to choose between direct conversion and indirect conversion.A property of protocol relationships in softswitch is induced from all kinds of service scenarios of softswitch.This property summarizes protocol relationships within each protocol group or between two specific protocol groups.A merit of protocol grouping together with classification of protocol relationship is also presented.The effort of this paper pushes the protocol engineering to go ahead.

Effects of Solid Matrix and Porosity of Porous Medium on Heat Transfer of Marangoni Boundary Layer Flow Saturated with Power-Law Nanofluids

The effect of the solid matrix and porosity of the porous medium are first introduced to the study of power-law nanofluids, and the Marangoni boundary layer flow with heat generation is investigated. Two cases of solid matrix of porous medium including glass balls and aluminum foam are considered. The governing partial differential equations are simplified by dimensionless variables and similarity transformations, and are solved numerically by using a shooting method with the fourth-fifth-order Runge-Kutta integration technique. It is indicated that the increase of the porosity leads to the enhancement of heat transfer in the surface of the Marangoni boundary layer flow.

Mobility matrix of a weakly coupled parallel multi-DIM isolator based on axial force solution

A mobility matrix modeling strategy based on axial force solution for a weakly coupled parallel multi-dimentional(multi-DIM)isolator is proposed.Mobility power flow and transmissibility through the isolator are derived from the mobility matrix.Comparison between simulation and experimental results shows the correctness of the proposed modeling strategy.

Traditional Chinese medicine Kang Xian Fu Fang Ⅰ is effective for prophylaxis and treatment of alcoholic liver disease in rats

BACKGROUND: Reversal of liver fibrosis is one of the key steps in the prevention and treatment of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), but the mechanism is unknown. This study was to investigate the effects of the Chinese medicine Kang Xian Fu Fang Ⅰ (KXⅠ) on prophylaxis and treatment of ALD in rats and its possible mechanism of action. METHODS: Eighty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control; ALD model; treatment of ALD with KXⅠ; and prophylaxis of ALD by KXⅠ. At the end of 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks, five rats from each group were anesthetized and their livers were removed for pathological studies using hematoxylin-eosin and Masson stain, immunohistochemical studies, and flow cytometry for matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Blood samples were taken for hyaluronic acid (HA) assay. RESULTS: Serum HA level and liver collagen content were lower in the groups given KXⅠ for prophylaxis and treatment than in ALD model group (P<0.05). The levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were also decreased in the prophylaxis and treatment groups (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed immunoreactive MMP-2 in endothelial cells of the hepatic artery and portal vein, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and sinusoidal cells. Immunoreactive MMP-9 occurred in the hepatic cells around the veins and sinusoidal cells. CONCLUSIONS: KXⅠ can effectively inhibit or reverse the course of ALD. This may be attributable to its capacity to inhibit the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9.