Maximum sustainable yield estimation of enhancement species with the characteristics of movement inside and outside marine ranching

Marine ranching can be regarded as a type of artificial fishery,and its construction aims at the sustainable utilisation of fishery resources.Therefore,the sustainable yield level of target species in marine ranching has become one of the concerns of stakeholders.The enhancement surplus production model proposed by Wang(2021)based on the traditional surplus production model can be used to assess the sustainable utilisation of settled species in marine ranches.However,when the target species has the characteristics of migration inside and outside marine ranches,its sustainability assessment will be aff ected.Based on the movement range and resource density levels of enhancement species inside and outside marine ranches,we built a biomass change model that is suitable for enhancement species with migration characteristics inside and outside marine ranches(migration enhancement biomass model).Moreover,we simulated the effects of factors,such as the ratio of the movement range and the ratio of resource density within and outside marine ranches and the fishing strategy for the enhancement species in marine ranches,on the estimation of maximum sustainable yield(MSY).Results show that the large movement range of enhancement species outside marine ranches was associated with the obvious advantage of the proposed migration enhancement model over the traditional enhancement production model.A small difference in the densities of enhancement species inside and outside marine ranches was highly beneficial for improving the accuracy of MSY estimation.The migration enhancement biomass model proposed in this study provides an idea for estimating the MSY of an enhancement species that migrates inside and outside marine ranches.Researchers can adjust the parameters of the model in accordance with the actual situation of resource distribution and changes to improve the scientificity of fishery stock assessment.

Applying the Catch-MSY model to the stock assessment of the northwestern Pacific saury Cololabis Saira

The Pacific saury(Cololabis saira)is one of the major harvested species in the temperate waters of the northwestern Pacific Ocean(NPO).The Catch-MSY model uses catch data and basic life history information to estimate the Maximum Sustainable Yield(MSY)for data-limited fisheries.Since there is considerable uncertainty in the current status of the Pacific saury stock in the NPO,the Catch-MSY model was used in this study to estimate MSY on the basis of catch data and life history information from the North Pacific Fisheries Commission(NPFC).During the process,17 scenarios,according to different prior distributions of the intrinsic rate of increase(r)and carrying capacity(K),were set for sensitivity analysis.Moreover,the influence of different catch time series and different process errors were taken into account.The results show the following:(1)there was a strong negative correlation relationship between ln(r)and ln(K);the MSY increases with an increase in the lower limit of r;(2)The time series of catch data had a limited impact on the assessment results,whereas the results of the model were sensitive to the annual catch in the first and last years;(3)The estimated MSYs of the Pacific saury were 47.37×10^4 t(41.57×10^4 t to 53.17×10^4 t)in scenario S1A and 47.53×10^4 t(41.79×10^4 t to 53.27×10^4 t)in scenario S1B.Given the uncertainty of the Catch-MSY model,maintaining a management target between 50×10^4 t and 70×10^4 t was a better management regulation.This study shows that the Catch-MSY model is a useful choice for estimating the MSY of data-limited species such as the Pacific saury.

基于体长世代分析法的秋刀鱼渔业资源评估研究

秋刀鱼(Cololabis saira)分布于西北太平洋亚热带到温带海域,是中国远洋渔业主要的捕捞对象之一。为探究其资源状况,根据2014—2018年西北太平洋秋刀鱼的渔获体长组成和生物学数据,对体长世代分析(Length-based cohort analysis,LCA)模型和基于生物量的体长世代分析(Biomass-based length-cohort analysis,B-LCA)模型进行性能检验和敏感性分析,并利用蒙特卡洛(Monte Carlo)方法估算模型参数、秋刀鱼资源量、捕捞死亡系数以及最大持续产量。结果表明:1)在5、10和15 mm体长间隔下,LCA和B-LCA模型均表现出优秀的拟合能力,且在5 mm体长间隔下,2种模型的拟合能力均更强;2)LCA模型对于以尾数为单位的渔业数据表现更佳,B-LCA模型对于以质量为单位的渔业数据表现更佳;3)LCA和B-LCA模型对生长因子(b)、渐近体长(L∞)的变化均较敏感,且对b的敏感程度更高;4)LCA模型估算的2014—2018年秋刀鱼平均资源质量约为65.93×10^(4)~171.51×10^(4) t,捕捞死亡系数为0.5292,最大持续产量为37.73×10^(4) t,而B-LCA模型估算的平均资源质量约为47.88×10^(4)~126.25×10^(4) t,捕捞死亡系数为0.5405,最大持续产量为33.02×10^(4) t。2种模型估算的最大持续产量均低于北太平洋渔业委员会(North Pacific Ocean Commission,NPFC)各成员国年均产量(40.98×10^(4) t),表明2014—2018年秋刀鱼资源处于过度捕捞状态。

Estimating biological reference points for Largehead hairtail(Trichiurus lepturus) fishery in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea

It is important to find a reliable method to estimate maximum sustainable yield(MSY)or total allowable catch(TAC)for fishery management,especially when the data availability is limited which is a case in China.A recently developed method(CMSY)is a data-poor method,which requires only catch data,resilience and exploitation history at the first and final years of the catch data.CMSY was used in this study to estimate the biological reference points for Largehead hairtail(Trichiurus lepturus,Temminck and Schlegel)in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea,based on the fishery data from China Fishery Statistical Year Books during 1986 to 2012.Additionally,Bayesian state-space Schaefer surplus production model(BSM)and the classical surplus production models(Schaefer and Fox)performed by software CEDA and ASPIC,were also projected in this study to compare with the performance of CMSY.The estimated MSYs from all models are about 19.7×104–27.0×104 t,while CMSY and BSM yielded more reasonable population parameter estimates(the intrinsic population growth rate and the carrying capacity).The biological reference points of B/BMSY smaller than 1.0,while F/FMSY higher than 1.0 revealed an over-exploitation of the fishery,indicating that more conservative management strategies are required for Largehead hairtail fishery.

Application of a catch-based method for stock assessment of three important fisheries in the East China Sea

Most fisheries in China do not have maximum sustainable yield（MSY） estimates due to limited and poor data.Therefore, finding a common method to estimate MSY or total allowable catch（TAC） for fishery management is necessary. MSYs of three important fisheries in the East China Sea were evaluated through a catch-based model.Estimates for intrinsic rate of increase（r） and five levels of process error were considered. Results showed hairtail Trichiurus japonicas（Temminck and Schlegel） and small yellow croaker Larimichthys polyactis（Bleeker） fisheries experienced overfishing from the mid-1990 s to the early 2000 s, and the suggested TACs were 55.8×10^4 t and9.06×10^4 t, respectively. Decades of overfishing in wintering and spawning grounds of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea（Richardson） caused the fishery＇s collapse in the 1980 s, and it has not recovered until today.The Catch–MSY model generated similar estimated MSYs with other methods and may be a useful choice for the assessment of regional stocks in China.

Evaluation of the fishery status for King Soldier Bream Argyrops spinifer in Pakistan using the software CEDA and ASPIC

Catch and effort data were analyzed to estimate the maximum sustainable yield （MSY） of King Soldier Bream, Argyrops spinifer （Forsskal, 1775, Family： Sparidae）, and to evaluate the present status of the fish stocks exploited in Pakistani waters. The catch and effort data for the 25-years period 1985-2009 were analyzed using two computer software packages, CEDA （catch and effort data analysis） and ASPIC （a surplus production model incorporating covariates）. The maximum catch of 3 458 t was observed in 1988 and the minimum catch of 1 324 t in 2005, while the average annual catch ofA. spinifer over the 25 years was 2 500 t. The surplus production models of Fox, Schaefer, and Pella Tomlinson under three error assumptions of normal, log-normal and gamma are in the CEDA package and the two surplus models of Fox and logistic are in the ASPIC package. In CEDA, the MSY was estimated by applying the initial proportion （IP） of 0.8, because the starting catch was approximately 80% of the maximum catch. Except for gamma, because gamma showed maximization failures, the estimated results of MSY using CEDA with the Fox surplus production model and two error assumptions, were 1 692.08 t （R^2=0.572） and 1 694.09 t （R^2=0.606）, respectively, and from the Schaefer and the Pella Tomlinson models with two error assumptions were 2 390.95 t （R^2=0.563）, and 2 380.06 t （R^2=0.605）, respectively. The MSY estimated by the Fox model was conservatively compared to the Schaefer and Pella Tomlinson models. The MSY values from Schaefer and Pella Tomlinson models were the same. The computed values of MSY using the ASPIC computer software program with the two surplus production models of Fox and logistic were 1 498 t （R^2=0.917）, and 2 488 t （R^2=0.897） respectively. The estimated values of MSY using CEDA were about 1 700-2 400 t and the values from ASPIC were 1 500-2 500 t. The estimates output by the CEDA and the ASPIC packages indicate that the stock is overfished, and needs some effective management to reduce the fishing effort of the species in Pakistani waters.

Application of a Delay-Difference Model for the Stock Assessment of Southern Atlantic Albacore(Thunnus alalunga)

Delay-difference models are intermediate between simple surplus-production models and complicated age-structured models. Such intermediate models are more efficient and require less data than age-structured models. In this study, a delay-differ- ence model was applied to fit catch and catch per unit effort （CPUE） data （1975-2011） of the southern Atlantic albacore （Thunnus alalunga） stock. The proposed delay-difference model captures annual fluctuations in predicted CPUE data better than Fox model. In a Monte Carlo simulation, white noises （CVs） were superimposed on the observed CPUE data at four levels. Relative estimate error was then calculated to compare the estimated results with the true values of parameters a and fl in Ricker stock-recruitment model and the catchability coefficient q. a is more sensitive to CV than fl and q. We also calculated an 80% percentile confidence interval of the maximum sustainable yield （MSY, 21756 t to 23408 t; median 22490 t） with the delay-difference model. The yield of the southern Atlantic albacore stock in 2011 was 24122t, and the estimated ratios of catch against MSY for the past seven years were approxi- mately 1.0. We suggest that care should be taken to protect the albacore fishery in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The proposed de- lay-difference model provides a good fit to the data of southern Atlantic albacore stock and may be a useful choice for the assessment of regional albacore stock.

A continuous time delay-difference type model(CTDDM) applied to stock assessment of the southern Atlantic albacore Thunnus alalunga

A continuous time delay-difference model(CTDDM) has been established that considers continuous time delays of biological processes.The southern Atlantic albacore(Thunnus alalunga) stock is the one of the commercially important tuna population in the marine world.The age structured production model(ASPM) and the surplus production model(SPM) have already been used to assess the albacore stock.However,the ASPM requires detailed biological information and the SPM lacks the biological realism.In this study,we focus on applying a CTDDM to the southern Atlantic albacore(T.alalunga) species,which provides an alternative method to assess this fishery.It is the first time that CTDDM has been provided for assessing the Atlantic albacore(T.alalunga) fishery.CTDDM obtained the 80%confidence interval of MSY(maximum sustainable yield) of(21 510 t,23 118 t).The catch in 2011(24 100 t) is higher than the MSY values and the relative fishing mortality ratio(F_(2011)/F_(MSY)) is higher than 1.0.The results of CTDDM were analyzed to verify the proposed methodology and provide reference information for the sustainable management of the southern Atlantic albacore stock.The CTDDM treats the recruitment,the growth,and the mortality rates as all varying continuously over time and fills gaps between ASPM and SPM in this stock assessment.

Developing an intermediate-complexity projection model for China's fisheries:A case study of small yellow croaker(Larimichthys polyactis)in the Haizhou Bay,China

Projection models are commonly used to evaluate the impacts of fishing.However,previously developed projection tools were not suitable for China’s fisheries as they are either overly complex and data-demanding or too simple to reflect the realistic management measures.Herein,an intermediate-complexity projection model was developed that could adequately describe fish population dynamics and account for management measures including mesh size limits,summer closure,and spatial closure.A two-patch operating model was outlined for the projection model and applied to the heavily depleted but commercially important small yellow croaker(Larimichthys polyactis)fishery in the Haizhou Bay,China,as a case study.The model was calibrated to realistically capture the fisheries dynamics with hindcasting.Three simulation scenarios featuring different fishing intensities based on status quo and maximum sustainable yield(MSY)were proposed and evaluated with projections.Stochastic projections were additionally performed to investigate the influence of uncertainty associated with recruitment strengths and the implementation of control targets.It was found that fishing at FMSY level could effectively rebuild the depleted stock biomass,while the stock collapsed rapidly in the status quo scenario.Uncertainty in recruitment and implementation could result in variabilities in management effects;but they did not much alter the management effects of the FMSY scenario.These results indicate that the lack of science-based control targets in fishing mortality or catch limits has hindered the achievement of sustainable fisheries in China.Overall,the presented work highlights that the developed projection model can promote the understanding of the possible consequences of fishing under uncertainty and is applicable to other fisheries in China.

南海北部刺鲳最大可持续产量的评估

根据2008—2020年渔港渔业生产抽样调查数据,开展了南海北部刺鲳(Psenopsis anomala)资源的评估,并采用剩余产量模型对12个单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)数据进行分析。统计结果表明,南海北部的刺鲳捕捞方式主要为拖网和刺网,分别占其产量组成的40.52%和53.14%。平衡Schaefer模型计算的最大可持续产量(MSY)为47402.96 t,平衡Fox模型计算的MSY为36739.93 t,非平衡Schaefer模型计算的MSY为29198.74 t。双拖400 kW以上、单拖100~200 kW、刺网50 kW以下等作业方式与功率段的捕捞努力量投入过度,其他的则未发生过度捕捞,资源利用总体处于安全水平。综合推断总可捕量可设定为2.8×104~3.2×104 t。

杭州湾北部凤鲚资源量及最大可持续产量分析

为研究杭州湾北部凤鲚(Coilia mystus)资源可持续利用状况,于2016—2019年每年的5—10月在杭州湾北部水域设立6个凤鲚张网监测点,每月大潮时对这几个监测点进行取样,共采集到样品5250尾。按照10 mm的组间距进行样品体长分组,获得了各体长组频率分布数据。根据体长组频率分布数据,利用体长股分析法估算得到杭州湾北部凤鲚的年平均资源量为723.8 t,最大可持续产量为546.5 t。凤鲚的渐近体长L∞=246.75 mm,生长参数K=1.3,自然死亡系数M=1.89,总死亡系数Z=3.04(r^(2)=0.9854),开发率E=0.378。研究结果表明,杭州湾北部凤鲚资源处于合理利用的状态。

海洋渔业总允许捕捞量管理的比较研究

探索科学的管理方法遏制过度捕捞造成的海洋渔业资源衰退已经成为我国海洋渔业可持续发展需要解决的关键问题。基于生物经济模型,计算和比较以经济最优为目标和以实现最大可持续产量为目标的总允许捕捞量管理在较长一段时期内的资源保护效果和经济效益。结果显示:1)总允许捕捞量管理对不同鱼种具有一般意义,相比于现在的渔业死亡率,总允许捕捞量管理能产生更高的生物量、捕捞量和经济利润;2)两种目标的管理效果存在差异,以经济最优为目标的管理能实现更高的生物量和经济利润,以实现最大可持续产量为目标的管理则能实现更高的产量水平。

Catch per unit effort,maximum sustainable yield and exploitation of demersal fish of Omani artisanal fishery

Objective:To evaluate exploitation status of the stocks of demersal fishes in Omani artisanal fisheries.Methods:Time-series data between 2005 and 2014 on catches and effort represented by the number of fishing boats were used to estimate catch per unit effort and maximum sustainable yields applying Schaefer surplus production model.Regression analyses were made online using GraphPad software.Results:The study revealed that increasing the number of boats on the fishery caused a decrease of catch per unit effort of some species.Maximum sustainable yields and exploitation status were estimated for these species applying.Conclusions:Some demersal fish species were found to be caught in quantities exceeding maximum sustainable yields during some fishing seasons indicating overexploitation of their stocks.

东海北部哈氏仿对虾的种群动态及其最高持续渔获量

哈氏仿对虾是东海北部主要的拖虾渔业对象。在雌性的体长组成中 ,70～ 90mm的个体占优势 ,占总数的6 3%。应用ELEFANⅠ和ELEFANⅡ技术对哈氏仿对虾每月的体长资料进行分析 ,结果表明 :生长参数K =1.7,极限体长L∞ =12 8mm ,自然死亡系数M =2 .742 7,总死亡系数Z =8.32 3 ,利用率E =6 7.0 6 % ,极限年龄为 1.32 34岁 ,选择体长为 5 9.6 7mm ,补充类型为二季补充型。通过单位补充量产量Y/R和单位补充量产值Yv/R分析表明 ,该群体的利用已到了相当充分的水平 ,若保持现有的捕捞水平 ,把开捕体长增大至 70mm时 ,单位补充量产量可增加 1.77% ,产值可增加 10 .78%。但若捕捞死亡水平继续增加 ,产量几乎不再增加 ,而产值却明显下降。

用剩余产量模型专家系统(CLIMPROD)评估东海鲐鲹鱼类最大持续产量

根据统计资料，利用剩余产量模型专家系统对东海鲐Ｓｈｅｎ鱼类最大持续产量作了谰估分析。结果表明；东海鲐Ｓｈｅｎ鱼类化整为零分析时的ＭＳＹ在３４．５－４４．２万吨之间，按种类分别评估时，鲐鱼的ＭＳＹ为１６．１万吨、蓝圆Ｓｈｅｎ万吨，按区域分析时，鲐Ｓｈｅｎ鱼类东海北部群的ＭＳＹ为１２．５－１３．２万吨，福建沿海群为２０．１万吨。

河北省海洋渔业资源可持续利用分析

河北省海洋渔业资源的形势愈来愈严峻,但海洋捕捞量却年年增加,这不难使人们联想到海洋渔业资源正在严重退化。文章引用了Walter＆Hilborn提出的非平衡产量模型对资源进行评估,计算出了最大持续产量(MSY)和最适捕捞努力量(fopt)。同时对海洋渔业资源退化进行了经济损失估算,并对海洋渔业资源开发利用合理性进行评价。旨在为早日实现河北省海洋渔业资源的合理有序开发利用和可持续发展提供参考。

台湾海峡及其邻近海域渔业资源生产力和最大持续产量

应用营养动态模式和Cushing模式估算台湾海峡及其邻近海域渔业资源生产力分别为 3 0 6.0 9× 10 4t和3 0 3 .84× 10 4t;Gulland和最大持续产量Yms简单模式估算该海域的最大持续产量分别为 15 5 .0 6× 10 4t和 15 2 .4 9× 10 4t ;Schaefer和Fox剩余产量模式估算其最大持续产量分别为 187.0 8× 10 4t和 15 7.89× 10 4t,扣除非可捕群体后 ,实际为 15 9.0 2× 10 4t和 13 4 .2 1× 10 4t;估算以 1996年福建动力拖网渔船单位kW渔捞效率为标准的最适捕捞力量分别为 168.0 4× 10 4kW和 199.4 4× 10 4kW。

药用植物资源的可持续利用及其种群生态学研究与展望

论述了药用植物资源可持续利用的内涵、药用植物资源受威胁的状况和因素、实现药用植物资源可持续利用的途径以及种群生态学在药用植物资源可持续利用研究中的重要地位。笔者认为野生药用植物资源可持续利用的本质是种群更新、收获和如何控制利用量的问题。这些问题的阐明涉及到种群的繁殖系统、个体数量、年龄结构、更新能力、增长模式、收获技术及其与生物和非生物环境的关系等。

福建近海渔业资源生产量和最大可持续开发量

根据2000-2001年福建近海渔业资源的现场调查和检测结果，并结合福建近海多年海洋科学调查研究所获得的初级生产力资料，应用生态系统营养动力学模型估算渔业资源（包括鱼类、甲壳类和头足类）生产量和最大可持续开发量．研究结果表明：营养动态模型和Cushing模型估算福建近海渔业资源生产量分别为267．91×10^4和294．58×10^4t，平均为281．25×10^4t．Cadima模式估算的最大可持续开发量为164．46×10^4t，而1994年以来福建近海实际年渔获量在179．81×10^4～239．39×10^4t，已连续10年超过了渔业资源的最大可持续开发量；投入的捕捞力量也已连续10年超过剩余产量模式估算的最大可持续捕捞力量，呈现渔获量和捕捞力量“双超”的局面．

珠江广东鲂的年龄、生长及其最大持续渔获量

本文对珠江广东鲂的年龄、生长及其种群最大持续渔获量进行了渔业生物学分析。用鳞片鉴定年龄,年轮形成时间为 3～6月,随着年龄增加而略有推迟。von Bertalanffy生长方程适用于广东鲂的体长、体重与年龄的关系。通过渔获物样本统计资料,在目前捕捞作业情况下,3 龄完全进入渔具选择,年总死亡率 φ=0.58,捕捞死亡率 E=0.27,自然死亡率 D=0.31。若能把首次捕捞年龄从 3 龄提高到 4 龄,捕捞强度控制在 F=0.35,渔获量可以比原来提高 16％左右,且产量也能持续下去。