Nature reserve construction and its contribution to the biodiversity conservation in China mainland

By the end of 1993, 763 nature reserves were established in China with a total area of 66184.1 kha, occupied proximally 6. 84% of the whole country's land area.The reserves concerning biodiversity conservation include ecosystem categories of forest, grassland, desert, terrestrial wetland and waters, ocean and coast and categories of wild animal and wild plant. Based on the construction of the reserves, the contributions of the reserves of various categories to the biodiversity conservation and the existed shortages for the reserve construction in China were analyzed thoroughly in this paper.

Perspectives on Zonation in Ramsar Sites, and Other Protected Areas: Making Sense of the Tower of Babel

Zonation of land or water areas is a tool frequently used to clarify management objectives, assist with monitoring of the effectiveness of those objectives and reconcile user conflicts. The Ramsar Convention has promoted zonation for wetlands as a management tool, but in a rather unstructured way, in contrast to the highly structured three-zone system of UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserves. At the same time, over the last 40 years IUCN has been developing a categorisation system for protected areas, currently based on management and monitoring objectives. Research undertaken primarily on wetlands in China, but with desk-top study in other regions has shown that by using these management and monitoring objectives as guiding principles, and building on the Biosphere Reserve zonation system, a new approach is possible for wetland protected or conserved areas. Developing from the three-zone system of Biosphere Reserves this new approach proposes four zones, offering more utility and flexibility for managing, monitoring and comparing wetland conservation sites, both spatially and temporally.

Dynamic change and diagnosis of physical, chemical and biological properties in bauxite residue disposal areas

Vegetation encroachment occurred in bauxite residue disposal area(BRDA)following natural weathering processes,whilst the typical indicators of soil formation are still uncertain.Residue samples were collected from the BRDA in Central China,and related physical,chemical and biological indicators of bauxite residue with different storage years were determined.The indicators of soil formation in bauxite residue were selected using principal component analysis,factor analysis,and comprehensive evaluation to establish soil quality diagnostic index model on disposal areas.Following natural weathering processes,the texture of bauxite residue changed from silty loam to sandy loam.The pH and EC decreased,whilst porosity,nutrient element content and microbial biomass increased.The identified minimum data set(MDS)included available phosphorus(AP),moisture content(MC),C/N,sand content,total nitrogen(TN),microbial biomass carbon(MBC),and pH.The soil quality index of bauxite residue increased,and the relative soil quality index decreased from 1.89 to 0.15,which indicated that natural weathering had a significant effect on improveing the quality of bauxite residue and forming a new soil-like matrix.The diagnostic model of bauxite residue was established to provide data support for the regeneration on disposal area.

Assessing site-safeguard effectiveness and habitat preferences of Bar-headed Geese (Anser indicus) at their stopover sites within the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using GPS/ GSM telemetry

Background:The Bar-headed Goose(Anser indicus)breeds across the high plains and plateau of Central Asia and winters in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP),the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Indian sub-continent.Of the two recognized discrete flyways of the Bar-headed Goose,the Eastern Tibetan Flyway(ETF)is the larger,comprising at least six migration routes.However,we remain ignorant about their migratory connectivity,habitat use and effectiveness of site-safeguard mechanisms set in place for the species.Methods:We tracked 30 ETF Bar-headed Geese from Chinese and Mongolian breeding areas to their wintering grounds using GPS/GSM transmitters,to determine their migration routes and stopover staging patterns within the QTP,overlaying these upon GIS layers of protected area status and habitat type,to model their habitat selection.Results:In total,14 tagged Bar-headed Geese provided information on their entire autumn migration and 4 geese on their entire spring migration.Qinghai Lake marked birds overwintered in the QTP(n=2),geese tagged in Mongolia wintered either in the QTP(n=3)or in India/Bangladesh(n=9),representing three of the migration routes within the ETF.In total,tagged birds staged at 79 different stopover sites within QTP in autumn and 23 in spring,of which 65%(autumn)and 59%(spring)of all fixes fell within the boundaries of either National Nature Reserves(NNRs)or Important Birds Areas(IBAs)in the QTP.Bar-headed Geese predominantly occurred on four land-cover types:grassland(mostly by day),water bodies(at night),wetlands and bare substrates(salt flats,dry lake/river substrates and plough)with little change in proportion.Generalized linear mixed models comparing presence with pseudo-absence data suggested geese strongly selected for wetlands as staging habitat,avoiding bare substrates in spring.Conclusions:Based on our limited observations of these tagged geese,this study is the first to show that the current designated National Nature Reserves in place in the staging areas within the QTP appear adequate to protect this increasing population.In addition,Hala Lake in Qinghai Province and adjacent areas used as initial QTP staging during autumn migration(currently outside of designated as NNRs/IBAs)are recommended for protection,based on their use by tagged birds from this study.Habitat modelling confirmed the importance of natural wetlands as feeding areas and safe areas of open water as roosting places.

Contrasting habitat use and conservation status of Chinese-wintering and other Eurasian Greater White-fronted Goose(Anser albifrons)populations

Background:GPS/GSM tracking data were used to contrast use of(i)habitats and(ii)protected areas between three Arctic-nesting Greater White-fronted Geese(Anser albifrons,GWFG)populations throughout the annual cycle.We wished to demonstrate that the East Asian Continental Population(which winters on natural wetlands in the Chinese Yangtze River floodplain and is currently declining)avoids using farmland at multiple wintering sites.We also gath-ered tracking evidence to support general observations from two increasing population of GWFG,the North Sea-Baltic(which winters in Europe)and the West Pacific(which winter in Korea and Japan)winter mostly within farmland landscapes,using wetlands only for safe night roosts.Methods:We tracked 156 GWFG throughout their annual cycle using GPS/GSM transmitters from these three popu-lations to determine migration routes and stopover staging patterns.We used Brownian Bridge Movement Models to generate summer,winter and migration stopover home ranges which we then overlaid in GIS with land cover and protected area boundary at national level to determine habitat use and degree of protection from nature conserva-tion designated areas.Results:Data confirmed that 73%of European wintering GWFG homes ranges were from within farmland,com-pared to 59%in Japan and Korea,but just 5%in China,confirming the heavy winter use of agricultural landscapes by GWFG away from China,and avoidance of farmland at multiple sites within the Yangtze River floodplain.The same GWFG used farmland in northeast China in spring and autumn,confirming their experience of exploiting such habi-tats at other stages of their annual cycle.Chinese wintering birds showed the greatest overlap with protected areas of all three populations,showing current levels of site safeguard are failing to protect this population.Conclusions:Results confirm the need for strategic planning to protect the East Asian Continental GWFG popu-lation.While the site protection network in place to protect the species seems adequate,it has failed to stop the declines.Buffalo grazing could serve as one simple strategy to improve the condition of feeding habitats at Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake in the Yangtze,where vast Carex meadows exist.In addition,while we warn against pushing GWFG to winter farmland feeding in China because of the long-term potential to conflict with agricultural interests,we recommend experimental sacrificial,disturbance-free farmland within designated refuge areas adjacent to the Yangtze River floodplain wetland reserves as a manipulative experiment to improve the conservation status of this population in years when natural food sources are limited.

近30年西藏色林错国家级自然保护区湖泊演化研究

根据1990、2000、2010和2020年卫星遥感资料和近30年气温、降水量和蒸发量等气候资料分析研究藏北高原色林错国家级自然保护区湖泊演化。结果表明,保护区湖泊数量呈增多—减少—增多的趋势,湖泊面积呈扩张—加速扩张—扩张减缓的阶段性增长趋势。近30年湖泊总面积扩大88 676.49 hm^(2),其中,1990—2000年、2000—2010年和2010—2020年面积分别增长23 897.12、57 176.60和7 602.77 hm^(2),增长幅度分别为5.63%、12.75%和1.50%。通过对保护区1 000 hm^(2)以上湖泊面积分析,西区湖泊以色林错、仁错面积变化率较大,东区湖泊以错愕、乃日平错以及蓬错变化显著。近30年色林错保护区气候为气温升高、降水量增多和蒸发量减少,气候呈现出暖湿化发展趋势。冰川萎缩速率、降水量和蒸发量变化与色林错保护区湖泊阶段性变化规律相关性高。

北京市自然保护地发展历史、存在问题及对策研究

北京市自然保护地体系经过40余年的发展,在整合优化、生态修复、生物多样性保护、科普宣教等方面取得了一定成绩。但也存在着体系机构不完善、专管机构缺失、监测监管软硬件不健全、民众自然保护意识不足等问题。针对上述问题,结合国家及北京市发展方向,本文对未来北京市自然保护地建设提出以下建议:推动国家公园建设,健全自然保护地体系;加快完善设立保护地专管机构,落实“一个保护地、一套机构、一块牌子”的统一管理体系;推进生物多样性保护工作,助力北京市生物多样性之都建设;完善保护地配套体制政策,提升监管能力;建设智慧自然保护地,推动保护地智能化管理;提升公众参与度,充分发挥保护地文化教育与生态服务功能。

1970−2021年阿尔金山国家级自然保护区湖泊面积变化研究

以阿尔金山国家级自然保护区内湖泊为研究对象,通过对大比例尺地形图和中高分辨率遥感影像的配准和目视解译,并结合保护区周边4个气象站1970−2021年气温、降水、蒸散量数据,系统分析了区内面积>1 km2湖泊的面积变化及其对气候因子的响应.结果表明:1)近51 a保护区的湖泊呈现扩张、稳定和萎缩3种变化趋势,但大部分湖泊处于扩张状态.其中:大型湖泊均呈扩张之势,并以20世纪90年代中期为节点,前期扩展缓慢,后期出现明显扩展增速;中型湖泊面积变化呈现扩张、稳定和萎缩3种趋势;小型湖泊面积变化呈现扩张和萎缩2种趋势;湖泊面积的变化趋势与湖泊自身的规模无关,只与其补给和支出平衡有关.2)沙子湖、小沙子湖是部分河段被沙埋的流经湖,多年湖面积变化较小,湖泊周围沙丘未出现大范围朝湖向移动.3)保护区湖泊的面积与气温和降水呈正相关,与蒸发量呈显著负相关,气温和降水对湖泊面积的影响大于蒸发.保护区内湖泊属降雨和冰川融水补给型湖泊,且冰川融水的补给量大于降水.研究结果有助于了解该地区气候变化控制下水资源演变过程,可作为进一步评估区域气候变化和湖泊变化的依据.

中国自然保护区空间分布特征

我国自然保护区经过60余年建设,在维护国家生态安全、保护生物多样性、保存自然遗产和改善生态环境质量等方面发挥着重要作用。研究系统整理了我国现有2672个自然保护区空间分布数据,形成了较为完整的空间信息数据库,从发展历程、保护类型、建设规模等方面进行了特征统计。运用地理集中指数和核密度指数等方法,对全国自然保护区从海陆分布、省级分布、时空分布、集聚分布等不同维度进行了空间分布特征分析。结果表明:(1)我国自然保护区数量和类型丰富,大致经历了“起步-停滞缓慢发展-稳步发展-快速发展-稳固完善”的5个发展阶段,以中小型的森林生态系统、野生动物、内陆湿地和水域生态系统自然保护区为主;(2)空间上为集聚分布,省域分布差异悬殊,沿“胡焕庸线”呈“西少东多、西聚东散”的特点;(3)不同类型和管理级别的自然保护区分布集群态势差异明显,形成了黄山-怀玉山、粤东北丘陵、南岭、武夷山等11个显著聚集区;(4)建设规模和连片聚集效应自西向东呈递减趋势,与我国地形的三级阶梯构造变化趋势存在紧密联系。最后,本文讨论了形成我国现有自然保护区空间格局的主要原因,包括客观自然条件及主观人为等因素,并结合我国自然保护区空间分布和建设发展中存在的问题进行了分析,从建立布局完善和海陆统筹的保护区网络,科学界定保护地类型,逐步优化自然保护区边界及稳步提升科研监测成效等方面提出了发展建议。在我国自然保护地体系由自然保护区向国家公园为主体的全面深化改革阶段,本研究弥补了现有研究成果的局限性和时效性问题,以期为未来自然保护区的空间布局优化及发展提供科学参考。

全球世界自然遗产地的空间分布及潜力区筛选建议

世界自然遗产地对于保护生物多样性至关重要。然而,当前世界自然遗产地对生物多样性保护的贡献与差距仍不明晰。为此,该文分析了世界自然遗产地数量和面积的时空变化特征,并识别了当前世界自然遗产地在全球生物多样性重要分布区中的保护空缺,旨在为未来筛选世界自然遗产地潜力区提供参考。结果表明:(1)截至2021年7月,世界自然遗产地共257项,有189项以保护生物多样性为主要目的被列入到名录中,占总数的73.54%。(2)在189项以保护生物多样性为目的的世界遗产地中,有80项分布在16个生物多样性超级丰富的国家;89项分布在全球30个生物多样性热点区内;134项分布在全球关键生物多样性区;170项分布在12个植被生物群落中。(3)世界自然遗产地数量的空间分布差异主要受到自然环境、经济发展水平、人口分布等因素的共同影响。(4)世界自然遗产地为生物多样性保护作出了重要贡献但仍存在空缺。未来可从3个方向考虑世界遗产地的申报,即列入类别上可扩展不可再生地质类遗址与生物多样性世界遗产地的名单,生物多样性保护上对未受到保护的优先区予以重视并增强有效性保护,地理分布上加强代表性不足的遗址分布数量。以上研究成果对于指导探寻那些具有独特生物多样价值但还尚未列入世界自然遗产保护的区域有重要参考价值。

宁夏沙坡头国家级自然保护区土壤特征及其分析

【目的】本研究旨在探究宁夏沙坡头国家级自然保护区土壤的理化特性及空间异质性,以期为干旱半干旱地区的生态恢复提供科学依据。【方法】选取宁夏沙坡头国家级自然保护区内的19个土属,对土壤样本进行了详细的理化特性分析,包括土壤有机质、碳酸钙、全氮、全磷、全钾和pH等指标。同时,采用统计学方法评估了各指标的空间异质性,特别是在不同土层深度的变化。【结果】研究发现,宁夏沙坡头国家级自然保护区绝大部分地段的土壤类型为砂土、壤砂土和砂壤土,这些土壤的有机质和养分含量普遍较低,呈现出土壤肥力贫瘠的状态。具体而言,有机质的空间异质性在所有指标中最为显著,且随着土层深度的增加,有机质的空间异质性逐渐增大。土壤碳酸钙的空间异质性也相对较大,特别是在20 cm土层处,其空间异质性最为显著。相比之下,全钾的空间异质性最小。这些空间异质性的结果在一定程度上反映了该保护区生态恢复的正效果。【结论】宁夏沙坡头国家级自然保护区的土壤以砂土、壤砂土和砂壤土为主,土壤肥力贫瘠。然而,土壤有机质、碳酸钙等指标的空间异质性较大,表明在生态恢复过程中,土壤性质正在发生积极变化。这些变化为该地区的生态恢复提供了有利条件,同时也提示我们在未来的工作中需要更加注重对土壤性质的监测和管理,以促进生态恢复的持续进行。

白山地区自然保护地整合优化方案探析

本文介绍了白山地区自然保护地概况,针对其存在的主要历史问题与现实冲突,提出了整合优化预案,分析了整合优化成果,为推进白山地区自然保护地体系建设提供参考。

白马雪山滇金丝猴展示区生态旅游现状及管理研究

通过实地走访、调查访谈、查阅资料对白马雪山滇金丝猴展示区生态旅游现状进行调研。结果表明:展示区游客量和旅游收入逐年增加;游客旅游目的为观赏滇金丝猴,渴望深度的文化体验;当地居民以少数民族为主,普遍受教育程度低,旅游服务技能薄弱;展示区旅游服务基础设施简陋,产品体验单一,游道和放牧道重合,影响环境卫生,存在疾病传播风险。基于调查结果,提出加强滇金丝猴科研和保护、加大展示区基础设施投入及宣传力度、成立社区发展机构、开展生态旅游服务技能培训等措施,实现保护区与社区协同发展。

自然保护地实施重点生态区位商品林赎买研究

生态文明建设是人类生存的基础性建设,在生态文明建设中自然保护地建设是重中之重。在自然保护地中实施重点生态区位商品林赎买项目,为解决保护与发展的矛盾开辟了一条崭新路径,也是贵州省实施赎买项目的创新之举。以大沙河保护区为例,对自然保护地实施赎买进行了归纳分析,系统阐述了自然保护地实施赎买的模式与对象、赎买意义、赎买情况、赎买成效,为以后形成“贵州经验”打下了坚实的基础。

山西霍山省级自然保护区黎霍高速影响评价区的生物多样性调查

青兰国家高速公路长治至延安(G2211)山西境黎城至霍州段工程(太岳山隧道)穿越山西霍山省级自然保护区,文章对自然保护区内的项目影响评价区开展了野生动植物资源调查,结合霍山自然保护区以往调查资料,项目影响评价区内共记裸子植物2科3属4种,被子植物60科156属213种,蕨类植物14科17属29种,苔藓植物7科14属15种,大型真菌共43种。有脊椎动物18目43科74种,其中,鱼类1目1科1种,两栖类1目2科3种,爬行类1目3科5种,鸟类10目28科53种,哺乳类5目9科12种。影响评价区有6种山西省重点保护植物、12种国家二级重点保护野生动物和33种山西省重点保护野生动物。

森林防火治理能力现代化初探——以山东昆嵛山国家级自然保护区威海片区为例

以山东昆嵛山国家级自然保护区威海片区为例,阐述了森林防火的工作举措和方法,旨为其他森林生态系统自然保护区实现森林防火治理能力现代化提供借鉴。

信阳黄缘闭壳龟省级自然保护区(浉河片区)两栖爬行动物种群结构及区系分析

2021年3月至2023年10月,对信阳黄缘闭壳龟省级自然保护区(浉河片区)两栖爬行动物资源进行了初步调查。本次调查共观察记录两栖爬行动物实体2041只,经鉴定隶属3目14科16属40种。其中两栖类实体803只,隶属1目4科13种,其中新记录物种、外来入侵物种各1种;蛙科种类最多8种,占两栖动物种类的61.54%;两栖动物区系组成以东洋界物种为主,共5种,占物种数38.46%。爬行动物实体1238只,隶属2目7科16属27种;本土物种25种,外来物种2种;龟鳖目2科5种,占爬行动物种类18.52%;有鳞目5科22种,占种类的81.48%;游蛇科种类最为丰富,共15种,占总种类的55.56%;爬行动物区系组成以东洋界物种为主,共14种,占物种数51.85%。40种两栖爬行动物中,属于国家二级重点保护动物5种,占物种数量12.5%;属于省级保护动物3种,占物种数量7.5%;属于中国特有物种3种,占物种数量7.5%。调查结果对自然保护区两栖爬行动物资源的有效保护、持续利用、科学管理提供了科学参考。

基于红外相机的龙陵小黑山自然保护区大雪山片区的地面层和林冠层鸟兽多样性

【目的】从森林垂直分层视角调查云南省龙陵小黑山省级自然保护区大雪山片区的鸟兽多样性,分析林冠层与地面层的鸟兽群落组成,探讨林冠层与地面层结合的红外相机监测方法的应用。【方法】2021年11月至2022年7月,将40台红外相机安装在林冠层(23台)与地面层(17台),监测大雪山片区(海拔2000~3000 m)的鸟兽多样性。【结果】共监测到42种鸟兽,包括20种鸟类(隶属4目12科)和22种兽类(隶属5目12科)。所有相机拍摄到的相对丰富度指数(relative abundance index,RAI)较高的鸟类依次为白鹇(Lophura nycthemera,RAI=1.121)和蓝眉林鸲(Tarsiger rufilatus,1.007),RAI较高的兽类依次为中缅灰叶猴(Trachypithecus melamera,12.873)、帚尾豪猪(Atherurus macrourus,7.212)、云南鼯鼠(Petaurista yunnanensis,5.605)、赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus,3.570)、珀氏长吻松鼠(Dremomys pernyi,2.282)、赤麂(Muntiacus vaginalis,1.974)、毛耳飞鼠(Belomys pearsonii,1.460)、红面猴(Macaca arctoides,1.430)。调查记录到1种国家一级重点保护野生动物,即中缅灰叶猴;16种国家二级重点保护野生动物,如鹰雕(Nisaetus nipalensis)、灰林鸮(Strix nivicolum)、白鹇、红面猴、熊猴(M.assamensis)和亚洲黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)等。林冠层拍摄到23个物种(鸟类5、兽类18),地面层拍摄到36个物种(鸟类18、兽类18),t检验结果表明林冠层和地面层拍摄到的鸟兽物种数差异显著(P=0.006),但拍摄鸟兽独立照片数无显著差异(P=0.910)。林冠层与地面层调查的鸟类群落Jaccard相似度指数为0.15,为极不相似;林冠层与地面层的兽类群落Jaccard相似度指数为0.61,为中等相似。中缅灰叶猴(RAI=11.745)是林冠层相对丰富度最高的物种,明显高于地面拍摄(RAI=1.128);地面层相对丰富度最高的物种为帚尾豪猪(7.212)。【结论】大雪山片区有较高的鸟兽多样性,与高黎贡山国家级自然保护区南段的多样性水平相似。中缅灰叶猴是该区域的优势物种和旗舰物种,建议加强其保护和调查。地面层拍摄的物种数高于林冠层,而且林冠层和地面层拍摄的物种组成差异显著。建议使用红外相机进行森林动物监测和研究时兼顾林冠层和地面层监测,以便全面反映生物多样性的水平和分布特征。

我国海洋特别保护区制度变迁研究

贯穿我国海洋特别保护区制度建设过程的主题是基于保护的开发以及与开发相协调的保护,但实践中这一主题在保护与开发2个端点之间游移,未实现制度设计的初衷,又因体制机制改革而发生制度变迁。新时代海洋自然公园制度、海洋自然保护区制度替代海洋特别保护区制度,并与海洋生态保护红线制度等相关制度相互配合,协同推进海洋自然保护地的分类分区管控。

双柏县自然保护地整合优化分析

分析云南省双柏县自然保护地存在的历史遗留矛盾冲突问题,提出了自然保护地整合优化思路,调整自然保护地保护范围,大幅减少了自然保护地历史遗留矛盾冲突涉及的土地及人口等问题,完善了自然保护地空间布局。